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PubMed1983

The adolescent psychiatric patient with processing deficiencies: some personality characteristics and treatment strategies.

The relationship between perceptual processing and psychiatric conditions is of expanding clinical significance, and the two may be related because of the influence of processing on ego development. Adolescent psychiatric patients with processing difficulties demonstrate some unusual personality characteristics and modes of thought, including a replacement orientation (each event or relationship replaces another) rather than an additive orientation; omnivalence (all interests and relationships have equal attraction), and synecdochism. Special treatment strategies for such patients are suggested, which include: redaction in psychotherapy, a tracking system for scheduling, and reduction of the stimulus level in living arrangements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Growth at puberty.

Somatic growth and maturation are influenced by a number of factors that act independently or in concert to modify an individual's genetic potential. The secular trend in height and adolescent development is further evidence for the significant influence of environmental factors on an individual's genetic potential for linear growth. Nutrition, including energy and specific nutrient intake, is a major determinant of growth. Paramount to normal growth is the general health and well-being of an individual; in fact, normal growth is a strong testament to the overall good health of a child. More recently the effect of physical activity and fitness on linear growth, especially among teenage athletes, has become a topic of interest. Puberty is a dynamic period of development marked by rapid changes in body size, shape, and composition, all of which are sexually dimorphic. One of the hallmarks of puberty is the adolescent growth spurt. Body compositional changes, including the regional distribution of body fat, are especially large during the pubertal transition and markedly sexually dimorphic. The hormonal regulation of the growth spurt and the alterations in body composition depend on the release of the gonadotropins, leptin, the sex-steroids, and growth hormone. It is very likely that interactions among these hormonal axes are more important than their main effects, and that alterations in body composition and the regional distribution of body fat actually are signals to alter the neuroendocrine and peripheral hormone axes. These processes are merely magnified during pubertal development but likely are pivotal all along the way from fetal growth to the aging process.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Risky driving and lifestyles in adolescence.

Several studies have shown that risky driving is especially prevalent among young drivers and recent research has pointed out that driving in adolescence should be investigated in the more general context of adolescent development. The first aim of this contribution was to analyze involvement in risky driving in a normative sample of 645 Italian adolescents, boys and girls, aged 14-17, through a self-report questionnaire. A second aim was to evaluate the association between risky driving and lifestyle, defined as involvement in other health risk behaviors and leisure activities. The main results showed that many adolescents drove cars and motorcycles without the required driving license and the most frequent offences were speeding and failure to maintain a safe braking distance. Gender and age differences were also investigated. Results concerning the association between risky driving and lifestyle showed that risky driving was not an isolated behavior. Boys who displayed risky driving practices were more likely to adopt a lifestyle characterized by high involvement in antisocial behaviors, tobacco smoking, comfort eating and time spent in non-organized activities with friends. Girls involved in risky driving were more likely to be involved in other risk-taking behaviors, antisocial behaviors and drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Profiles and portfolios of adolescent school-based extracurricular activity participation.

The current study presented a new description of adolescent school-based activity participation, in the form of mutually exclusive activity portfolios, and described the kinds of youth that participate in each portfolio. These portfolios included (1) Sports Only, (2) Academics Only, (3) School Only, (4) Performance Only, (5) Multiple Activities, and (6) Non-Participation. Findings indicated that youth demographic characteristics and school size differentiated between different kinds of activity participation as well as nonparticipation. More detailed activity portfolios were also identified that were complex and demonstrate the difficulty of examining participation beyond larger, more inclusive groupings. The Multiple Activity portfolio emerged as a unique group worthy of further examination. Characteristics of non-participators included: lower socioeconomic status, lower grades, and attended larger schools. Hispanic adolescents were also less likely to participate in school-based extracurricular activities. Findings from this study inform ecological models of adolescent development as well as school and social policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Interpersonal relatedness, self-definition, and their motivational orientation during adolescence: a theoretical and empirical integration.

The authors examined a theoretical model linking interpersonal relatedness and self-definition (S.J. Blatt, 1974), autonomous and controlled regulation (E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan, 1985), and negative and positive life events in adolescence (N = 860). They hypothesized that motivational orientation would mediate the effects of interpersonal relatedness and self-definition on life events. Self-criticism, a maladaptive form of self-definition, predicted less positive events, whereas efficacy, an adaptive form of self-definition, predicted more positive events. These effects were fully mediated by the absence and presence, respectively, of autonomous motivation. Controlled motivation, predicted by self-criticism and maladaptive neediness, did not predict negative events. Results illustrate the centrality of protective, pleasure-related processes in adaptive adolescent development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Adult generativity and the socialization of adolescents: relations to mothers' and fathers' parenting beliefs, styles, and practices.

Mothers, fathers, and their adolescent children participated in two studies investigating the relations between Erikson's concept of generativityin adulthood and patterns of parenting. Study 1 involved 77 mothers and 48 fathers of 1st-year university students; Study 2 was part of an investigation of socialization processes in 35 families with an adolescent, aged 14-18. Parental generative concern was assessed by the Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) of McAdams and de St. Aubin (1992) in each study. In both studies, mothers demonstrated positive relations between scores on the LGS and an authoritative style of parenting, as well as between generativity and more positive, optimistic views of adolescent development. In Study 2, these more positive views in turn mediated some aspects of autonomy-fostering practices used with the adolescent. Variations in fathers' levels of generative concern were less consistently related to these indices of parenting, however.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The reproductive endocrine system in cystic fibrosis: 2. Changes in gonadotrophins and sex steroids following LHRH.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function was assessed in forty-seven patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) by the 3-hr infusion of 100 microgram of synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing factor. LHRH and the results compared with a group of children being evaluated for short stature and delayed puberty ('controls'). Levels of gonadotrophins and sex steroids were measured prior to and during the infusion. In prepubertal boys, LH and FSH release evoked by LHRH was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in 'control' subjects than in CF patients. In pubertal boys, LH and FSH release was also greater in 'controls' than in CF, though to a lesser degree (P less than 0.05). In pubertal girls, responses to LHRH were comparable for LH and slightly greater (P less than 0.05) in 'controls' for FSH. In the earliest pubertal groups of both sexes (male-Tanner genitalia stage 2; females-Tanner breast stage 2), LH secretion was similar in patients with CF and 'control' subjects. Significant increments of testosterone and oestradiol in pubertal CF patients do not occur until 6 h after the LHRH infusion begins, in contrast to a rise at 3 h in 'control' subjects. These data suggest that prepubertal boys with CF, who are the most impaired in height, weight and skeletal maturation, also have measurable abnormalities of LHRH-releasable gonadotrophin secretion. Despite continued impaired weight growth, pubertal patients do attain essentially normal gonadotrophin secretory responses to LHRH administration and are similar to subjects with constitutional delayed adolescent development in reproductive endocrine physiology.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The adolescent in accident & emergency.

The needs of adolescent patients attending accident and emergency departments may not be recognised by nurses due to ignorance of the nature of adolescent development, and prejudice over perceived self-injurious behaviours. The author unravels some of the mysteries behind the motivating forces of adolescent behaviours, and offers guidance to nurses who may be caring for what is understood to be a 'difficult' patient group.

Accidents↗
PubMed1992

The familial problems of Hungarian youth. Interaction of socialization and psychological health.

The study of teenager behaviour and adaptation in the family context is an important trend in psychology. This article records one attempt at evaluating the adolescent's adjustment in the family context, from the perspective of interaction of socialization and psychological health. It shows the problems in the family and home of adolescents and how the socialization effects the teenager's mental health and the behaviour of the family members, knowing that not only the parents' behaviour influences the adolescent adjustment, but adolescent development affects the parents' behaviour. The group differences in the behaviour problems among youths are presented. The younger, urban and female adolescents suffered more problems than older, rural, male adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Adolescent vicissitudes and medical judgement: a case study.

Professional concern about the widespread occurrence of adolescent pregnancy is based upon its negative impact on the social, developmental, and economic prospects of the mother and her infant. The usual presumption is that the pregnant adolescent is in good health but suffers from socioeconomic and cultural disadvantages, which the pregnancy will exacerbate. The problems of the pregnant adolescent are more complex when she also has a severe medical handicap. We draw upon such a case to illuminate the issues which arise when medical problems interact with the vicissitudes of adolescence. Although it is clear that the patient's own behavior contributed substantially to the tragic outcome of this case, we believe that greater professional anticipation of the contingencies of adolescent development might have produced a more favorable result.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Provision of adolescent services by Irish paediatricians.

A postal questionnaire was undertaken to assess the current facilities available for adolescents in Irish hospitals. A previous survey showned that no facilities existed whereas this survey demonstrates some improvements but adolescents are still admitted to adult wards, have inappropriate waiting facilities at outpatients and a limited number of joint Paediatric-Adult clinics. The ability of paediatricians to assess risk taking behaviour and the provision of age appropriate information at ward and outpatient level was assessed. The results demonstrate there is need for improvement in all aspects of adolescent care in Irish hospital services. This needs to be addressed promptly as 66% of the paediatricians surveyed were considering the development adolescent services in their hospitals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Abortion in adolescence.

Sexual attitudes and behavior of adolescent females have been the topic of much interest over the past decade. Feelings about contraception, conception, and abortion have been described in relation to the adolescents' beliefs about the possibility of becoming pregnant, who will or will not "protect" them, and the influence of significant others on their decision making. This study explores differences in 35 women who had abortions during their teenage years with 36 women whose abortions occurred after the age of twenty. A demographic questionnaire, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory were completed by women who were members of a patient-led support group. Premorbid psychiatric histories, the decision-making process itself, and distressing symptoms postabortion are reported. Specific differences in perceptions of coercion, preabortion suicidal ideation, and nightmares post-abortion were found in the adolescent group. Antisocial and paranoid personality disorders as well as drug abuse and psychotic delusions were found to be significantly higher in the group who aborted as teenagers. Hypotheses regarding the influences of adolescent development on mother/child relationships, power struggles, and the use of fantasy as a coping device are explored.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evolving meanings of death during early, middle, and later adolescence.

The relationships among death conceptions, death experiences, patterns of parent and peer attachment, and risk-taking behaviors in adolescents were examined in an effort to construct a revised notion of the meaning of death at different points in adolescent development. Students (N = 95) from middle schools, a high school, and a university were assessed with the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, a 10-item open-ended death conception questionnaire, and a demographic and death attitude survey. Results indicated that death experiences, discussions about death, belief in noncorporeal continuation (some form of life or energy after physical death), and parent attachments appear to increase during the course of adolescence. Parent attachment was found to be inversely associated with death experiences, conversations about death, and risk-taking behavior. Other findings are discussed with regard to the dialectical tensions of this phase of development; portraits of the early, middle, and later years of adolescence; and the notion of reconceptualizing the ideas of adolescents as cognitive death schema.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides accurate anatomical brain images without the use of ionizing radiation, allowing longitudinal studies of brain morphometry during adolescent development. Results from an ongoing brain imaging project being conducted at the Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health indicate dynamic changes in brain anatomy throughout adolescence. White matter increases in a roughly linear pattern, with minor differences in slope in the four major lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital). Cortical gray matter follows an inverted U-shape developmental course with greater regional variation than white matter. For instance, frontal gray matter volume peaks at about age 11.0 years in girls and 12.1 years in boys, whereas temporal gray matter volume peaks at about age at 16.7 years in girls and 16.2 years in boys. The dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, important for controlling impulses, is among the latest brain regions to mature without reaching adult dimensions until the early 20s. The details of the relationships between anatomical changes and behavioral changes, and the forces that influence brain development, have not been well established and remain a prominent goal of ongoing investigations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

The development of an adolescent life change event scale.

A questionnaire listing 31 personal, social and family changes believed stressful to adolescents was administered to 207 subjects aged eleven to eighteen. They were asked to rate the items on a scale of one to five to indicate how "upsetting" they believed the event was. They were also asked to indicate how many of the events they had actually experienced. The Adolescent Life Change Event Scale developed from this data is shown. It is recommended that the questionnaire be given to a much larger sample of adolescents from other socioeconomic, racial and cultural backgrounds before the final weightings are assigned to the scale. Once this has been done, the scale can be used to study relationships between life stress events and illness or other manifestations of stress in adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Evaluation and management of the child with delayed pubertal development.

The physical and hormonal changes of puberty are presented and the wide range of ages at which the pubertal process may begin is emphasized. The great variability in the timing of onset of adolescence, its rate of progression, and the age of completion are detailed. The causes of delayed adolescence in males and females are considered. The most common form of delayed adolescent development is termed constitutional delay in growth and development, which may occur sporadically, or may be the familial pattern of growth and development or may reflect a suboptimal nutritional environment. The evaluation of such children, including appropriate historical review, physical examination, and laboratory assessment, is outlined. In most patients with constitutional delay in growth and development, strong reassurance is sufficient therapy. In other subjects, treatment with androgens (boys) or estrogens (girls) may be indicated. In patients with primary systemic diseases accociated with delayed maturation, specific treatment which eradicates the illness will often be followed by resumption of growth and development. In subjects with primary disorders of the hypothalamus, pituitary, or gonads, replacement therapy with androgens or estrogens is indicated. If gonadal function is intact, these patients may eventually become fertile with appropriate use of hypothalamic and/or pituitary hormones.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Positive youth development: reducing the health risks of homeless youth.

This article outlines several preventive health strategies for reducing the health risks of homeless youth related to emotional distress, alcohol and other drug use/abuse, risky sex, and victimization, all of which are well documented as major health risks for homeless youth living on the street. These health risks interrupt normal adolescent development and are primary obstacles to exiting the street culture and lifestyle. Research indicates that risk exposures among adolescents can be moderated and/or buffered by a focus on individual strengths and environmental protective factors such as community support and mentoring.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Newman's theory and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in adolescence.

Application of Margaret Newman's theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness is presented as beneficial for both the school nurse and the adolescent with Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM). The tenets of Newman's theory are reviewed and application drawn to adolescent development, the management of IDDM, and the development of an Individualized Healthcare Plan (IHP). Implications of the theory for school nurse case management and the process of identifying an adolescent's meaning of health are explored.

Adolescent↗