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PubMed1993

[Effect of improving memory and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity by invigorating-qi and warming-yang recipe].

Invigorating-Qi and Warming-Yang (IQWY) had a good curative effect to some senile diseases such as senile dementia, senile hypomnesia etc. This experiment was designed for probing into the therapeutical mechanism of IQWY recipe. BALB/C pure bred mice were divided into five groups. Group I was taken per os of invigorating Qi (IQ), Group II warming Yang (WY), Group III IQWY drugs, Group IV was dysmnesia model, and Group V blank control group injected with normal saline only. All groups except Group V were injected scopolamine (5mg/kg) intraperitoneally to induce dysmnesia model after medication. IQ drug consisted of Codonopsis pilosula, Astragalus membranaceus, Poria cocos, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, WY drug of Cynomorium songoricum, Epimedium brevicornum and Cuscuta chinensis, while IQWY recipe consisted of both IQ and WY drugs. The results showed that IQ, WY and IQWY had an evident antagonistic action to Scopolamine induced dysmnesia mice, and could improve their memory. The erroneous times of the animal's reaction in Group I, II and III were less than those in Group IV, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in the mice could be inhibited by IQ, WY and IQWY also. The activity in Group I, II and III was less than that in Group IV and V, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01. The therapeutic mechanism of IQWY was in connection with its effect to M-cholinergic transmitters of central nervous system.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1993

[Effect of Astragalan on secretion of tumor necrosis factors in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells].

The extracts of Astragalus membranaceus have been further isolated by liquid chromatography. One of the fractions (Astragalan, M.W. 20,000-25,000) could enhance the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. After isolation of adherent and nonadherent mononuclear cells from PBMC, Astragalan increased the secretion of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta respectively. These results suggest further study of Astragalan would promote the application of Astragalan in cancer immunotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Clinical and experimental studies of effects of huayu decoction on scavenging free radicals].

Infantile pneumonia has been treated successfully with Huayu decoction (HYD) in our department for more than ten years. According to the principles of Huoxue Huayu of TCM, the composition of Huayu decoction is as follows: Angelica sinensis, Paeonia lactiflora, Ligusticum wallichii, Spathollobus suberectus, Hirudo nipponica, Tabanus bivittatus, Paeonia suffroticosa, Astragalus membranaceus . 49 cases of infantile pneumonia were treated with HYD. The activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutases (ESOD) was measured in these patients. The results showed that the activity of ESOD reduced in the acute stage and returned to normal in convalescence. There was significant statistical difference in activity of ESOD between the patient's group. In experimental studies, the producing of free radicals was induced by inhaling ozone in mice. It was found that HYD had the effect of scavenging free radicals in these animal models. The action of anti-oxidate of HYD was also detected in vitro. The mechanism of HYD in treating infantile pneumonia might be elucidated in some respects by these clinical and experimental studies.

Astragalus propinquus↗
PubMed1993

[Clinical and experimental study on yi-gan-ning granule in treating chronic hepatitis B].

This paper reports that 320 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) were treated with Yi-ganning Granule (YGNG) and the pharmacodynamics of YGNG in the animal study. As control, another 70 patients with CHB receiving oleanolic acid granule (OAG) were compared to 68 patients in YGNG group. YGNG is consisted of Astragalus membranaceus , Artemisia capillaris, Codonopsis pilosula, et al. Each patient has taken YGNG or OAG for 3 months. The result showed YGNG was effective on recovering the liver function and OAG had similar effect. The sero-negative conversion rates of HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAb and positive conversion rate of HBeAb in the YGNG group were 33.1%, 40.5%, 10.5% and 15.5% respectively, which were much better than that in OAG group (P < 0.05-0.001). The result of 6 months follow up showed that 60 of 62 patients receiving YGNG were in stabilized state. The result in the animal study demonstrated that YGNG had significant protection from the liver damage caused by CCl4. YGNG could decrease serum ALT level and protect the liver function of carbohydrate, fat, protein metabolism and detoxication. YGNG could induce interferon in vivo and play an important role in seroconversion of negative DHBV-DNA and improvement of pathological morphology in viral hepatitis B.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Clinical and experimental study on inhibitory effect of sanhuang mixture on platelet aggregation].

Sanhuang mixture (Xinmai capsule) is composed of Astragalus membranaceus, Coptis chinensis and Scutellaria baicalensis. It could inhibit platelet aggregation (PAG) induced by ADP in rats or by ADP and ADR in vivo. Patients with high PAG took Xinmai capsule for 4 weeks, the effective rate was 88.7%, which was same as the efficacy of aspirin 50 mg/day. In Syndrome Differentiation of TCM, the effective rate was the highest (92.3%) in the Syndrome of Qi Deficiency-Blood Stasis, and the lowest (72.7%) in the Syndrome of Stasis Phlegm and combined together.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[A study on combination therapy of Western and traditional Chinese medicine of acute viral myocarditis].

UNLABELLED: To investigate the combination therapy of Western and traditional Chinese medicine on treatment of acute viral myocarditis, 48 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. The 1st group consisted of 30 patients, receiving the combination therapy of Western and traditional Chinese medicine, including Astragalus membranaceus, taurine, coenzyme Q10 and antiarrhythmics, while the 2nd group consisted of 18 patients, receiving the conventional therapy, including glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK), coenzyme Q10 and also antiarrhythmics. RESULTS: The efficacy of combination therapy of western and traditional Chinese medicine was better than that of conventional therapy in improving the clinical manifestation, negative converting positive EVsRNA in peripheral leukocytes and controlling the premature beats. CONCLUSION: The combination therapy of western and traditional Chinese medicine was an effective method in treating acute viral myocarditis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Herbal medicines for viral myocarditis.

BACKGROUND: Herbal medicines are being used for treating viral diseases including viral myocarditis, and many controlled trials have been done to investigate their efficacy. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of herbal medicines on clinical and indirect outcomes in patients with viral myocarditis. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library 2003, Issue 3, MEDLINE (January 1966 to October 2003), EMBASE (January 1998 to October 2003), Chinese Biomedical Database (1979-2003), AMED (1985-2003), LILACS accessed in October 2003 and the trials register of the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field. We handsearched Chinese journals and conference proceedings. No language or publication restrictions were used. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of herbal medicines (with a minimum of seven days treatment duration) compared with placebo, no intervention, or conventional interventions were included. Trials of herbal medicine plus conventional drug versus drug alone were also included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data and evaluated trial quality. Study authors were contacted for additional information. Adverse effects information was collected from the trials. MAIN RESULTS: Forty randomised trials, involving 3448 people were included. All trials were conducted and published in China, and the methodological quality was assessed as generally low. No trial had diagnosis of viral myocarditis confirmed histologically, and few trials attempted to establish viral aetiology for the myocarditis. Twenty-five different herbal medicines were tested in the included trials, which compared herbs with supportive therapy (17 trials), other controls (three trials), or treatment of herbs plus supportive therapy with supportive therapy alone (20 trials). The trials reported electrocardiogram, myocardial enzymes, cardiac function, symptoms, and adverse effects. Astragalus membranaceus (either as single herb or compound of herbs) showed significantly effects on improving arrhythmia, CPK levels, and cardiac function. Salviae miltiorrhizae injection showed significant effects on decreasing the arrhythmia and reducing LDH levels. Shenmai and Shengmai injection (Ginseng preparation) showed significantly effects on reducing myocardial enzymes and improving cardiac function. No serious adverse effect was reported. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: Some herbal medicines may have anti-arrhythmia effect in suspected viral myocarditis. However, interpretation of these findings should be careful due to the low methodological quality, small sample size, and limited number of trials on individual herbs. In the light of the findings, some herbal medicines deserve further examination in rigorous trials.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed2005

Traditional Chinese Medicine improves dysfunction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein on abnormalities in lipid metabolism in ethanol-fed rats.

We report the effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) on alcohol-induced fatty liver in rats. TCM consists of Astragalus membranaceus, Morus alba, Crataegus pinnatifida, Alisma oriental, Salvia miltiorrhiza and Pueraria lobata. The rats were separated randomly into five groups; the CD group (n=10), which was fed a control diet for 10 weeks, the ED group (n=10), which was fed an isocaloric liquid diet containing ethanol for 10 weeks and given daily oral doses of TCM (0.222 g/kg/day; TCM222, 0.667 g/kg/day; TCM667, and 2.000 g/kg/day; TCM2000, n=10, respectively) over the last four weeks of the study. The ED group developed fatty livers, as determined by their lipid profiles and liver histological findings. Compared with the control group, liver/body weight, plasma triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), liver TG and TC, plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartic aminotransferase (AST) significantly increased in the ED group. Also, free fatty acids (FFA) levels increased in both plasma and liver during the administration of ethanol. On the other hand, when rats were administrated with TCM, their liver/body weight, plasma TG, TC and FFA, liver TG, TC and FFA, plasma ALT and AST decreased significantly and the degree of hepatic lipid droplets was markedly improved compared with those in the ED group. Proper function of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is essential for the regulation of hepatic fatty acid metabolism. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is essential for the secretion of triglycerides from the liver. mRNAs for PPARalpha and MTP were reduced in the livers of ethanol-fed rats. TCM restored the mRNA levels of PPARalpha and MTP, and prevented development of fatty livers in ethanol-fed rats. Impairment of PPARalpha and MTP function during ethanol consumption contributes to the development of alcohol-induced fatty liver, which can be overcome by TCM.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1978

A spontaneous ankle deformity in an inbred strain of mouse.

A spontaneous subluxation and subsequent dislocation of the bones of the ankle has been described in the males of an inbred strain of mouse (STR/ORT). It consisted of a gradual elevation of the calcaneum which eventually came to lie along the distal end of the tibia after 6--8 mth. The astragalus rotated forward. Articulations with the navicular and tarsal bones were severely disrupted with the accompanying development of peri-articular calcifications and ossifications. With one exception the arthropathy only occurred in male mice. Of the male members of the colony over the age of 3 mth, 26.7 per cent. had at least one ankle affected. Possible aetiological factors are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Astragalar morphology of late Eocene anthropoids from the Fayum Depression (Egypt) and the origin of catarrhine primates.

The phylogenetic relationships of the late Eocene anthropoids Catopithecus browni and Proteopithecus sylviae are currently a matter of debate, with opinion divided as to whether these taxa are stem or crown anthropoids. The phylogenetic position of Catopithecus is of particular interest, for, unlike the highly generalized genus Proteopithecus, this taxon shares apomorphic dental and postcranial features with more derived undoubted catarrhines that appear in the same region 1-2 Ma later. If these apomorphies are homologous and Catopithecus is a stem catarrhine, the unique combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features preserved in this anthropoid would have important implications for our understanding of the crown anthropoid morphotype and the pattern of morphological character transformations that occurred during the early phases of stem catarrhine evolution.Well-preserved astragali referrable to Proteopithecus, Catopithecus, and the undoubted early Oligocene stem catarrhine Aegyptopithecus have provided additional morphological evidence that allows us to further evaluate competing hypotheses of interrelationships among Eocene-Oligocene Afro-Arabian anthropoids. Qualitative observations and multivariate morphometric analyses reveal that the astragalar morphology of Proteopithecus is very similar to that of early Oligocene parapithecids and living and extinct small-bodied platyrrhines, and strengthens the hypothesis that the morphological pattern shared by these taxa is primitive within crown Anthropoidea. In contrast, Catopithecus departs markedly from the predicted crown anthropoid astragalar morphotype and shares a number of apomorphic features (e.g., deep cotylar fossa, laterally projecting fibular facet, trochlear asymmetry, mediolaterally wide astragalar head) with Aegyptopithecus and Miocene-Recent catarrhines. The evidence from the astragalus complements other independent data from the dentition, humerus and femur of Catopithecus that support this taxon's stem catarrhine status, and we continue to maintain that oligopithecines are stem catarrhines that constitute the sister group of a clade containing propliopithecines and Miocene-Recent catarrhines.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biomechanical topography of human ankle cartilage.

The material properties of normal cadaveric human cartilage in the ankle mortice (tibiotalar articulation) were evaluated to determine a possible etiologic mechanism of cartilage injury of the ankle when an obvious traumatic episode is not present. Using an automated indentation apparatus and the biphasic creep indentation methodology, creep indentation experiments were performed in five sites in the distal tibia, one site in the distal fibula, and eight sites in the proximal talus of 14 human ankles (seven pairs). Results showed significant differences in the mechanical properties of specific human ankle cartilage regions. Topographically, tibial cartilage is stiffer (1.19 MPa) than talar cartilage (1.06 MPa). Cartilage in the anterior medial portion of the tibia has the largest aggregate modulus (HA = 1.34 MPa), whereas the softest tissue was found to be in the posterior lateral (0.92 MPa) and the posterior medial (0.92 MPa) regions of the talus. The posterior lateral ridge of the talus was the thickest (1.45 mm) and the distal fibula was the thinnest (0.95 mm) articular cartilage. The largest Poisson's ratio was found in the distal fibula (0.08). The lowest and highest permeability were found in the anterior lateral regions of the astragalus (0.80 x 10(-15) m4N-1sec-1) and the posterior medial region of the tibia (1.79 x 10(-15) m4N-1sec-1), respectively. The anterior and posterior regions of the lateral and medial sites of the tibia were found to be 18-37% stiffer than the anatomically corresponding sites in the talus. The biomechanical results may explain clinically observed talar dome osteochondral lesions when no obvious traumatic event is present. Cartilage lesions in a repetitive overuse process in the ankle joint may be related to a disparity of mechanical properties between the articulating surfaces of the tibial and talar regions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Isolated fracture of Volkmann's triangle--a unique injury].

25 rare isolated fractures of the dorsal tibial margin out of 2500 ankle-lesions have been analysed. The mechanism consists of extensive plantar flexion followed by axial impact of the astragalus against the posterolateral part of the mortise. The tense condition of the syndesmotic apparatus forces it to pull off the dorsal insertion wedge on the distal tibia with an articular component of different size. Small and undislocated fragments are prevalent. Torn anterior tibiofibular ligament and parts of the interosseous membrane are typical concomitants of this lesion. Neither fibular nor medial structures of the ankle joint have been harmed. Orthotopic bony union of the tibial margin and ligament healing is safe within three weeks of non-weight-bearing immobilisation followed by the same period of walking cast. Large dislocated fragments require operation. Most patients have excellent or good results as our follow-up study confirms.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The tellurium content of vegetation.

Vegetation growing in the Ely mining district of White Pine County, NV has been analyzed for tellurium to discover whether Te accumulator plants existed similar to those that take up Se in great quantities. In addition, the variation in Te content among species growing in different geological settings was studied. Another objective of this study was to determine the range of Te concentration in vegetation in regions where the Te content of surface materials was high, as in the Ely mining district, and low as in various areas of western CO. Trees and shrubs (480 samples) as well as flowering plants (505 samples) and their associated edaphic materials were collected from six sites in the Ely region and all plant parts were analyzed for Te, Se, Fe, S, Zn, Cu, and Pb. One hundred and five plants were collected from three areas in western CO. There is a highly significant difference between Te uptake by trees and that of perennial flowering plants. Flowers contain significantly more Te on the average than other plant parts. An examination of the Te content of tree parts reveals that leaves sorb the most and branches the least. When the Te content of edaphic materials is high, there is a corresponding increase in the Te content of plants. Shallow perennial plants were not found growing in areas where soils contained more than 10 mg kg-1 Te. Seleniferous species of Astragalus contain larger quantities of Te than plants in the Ely area, whereas nonseleniferous members of this genus contain much less. The nitrotoxin producing Astragali contain concentrations of Te greater than that encountered in nonseleniferous species but less than that in seleniferous ones. No plants contained more than 1 mg kg-1 Te. Iron, Te, Se, and S are coherent in all plants and in most soils and rocks examined.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2007

The effects of long-term grazing exclosures on range plants in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey.

Over the last fifty years, almost half of the steppe rangeland in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey (CAR) has been converted to cropland without an equivalent reduction in grazing animals. This shift has led to heavy grazing pressure on rangeland vegetation. A study was initiated in June 2003 using 6 multiscale Modified-Whittaker plots to determine differences in plant composition between areas that have not been grazed in 27 years with neighboring grazed plant communities. A total of 113 plant species were identified in the study area with the ungrazed plots containing 32 plants more than the grazed plots. The major species were Astragalus acicularis, Bromus tomentellus, Festuca valesiaca, Genista albida, Globularia orientalis, Poa bulbosa, and Thymus spyleus ssp rosulans. Grazing impacts on forbs were more pronounced than for grasses and shrubs. Based on Jaccard's index, there was only a 37% similarity of plant species between the two treatments. Our study led to four generalizations about the current grazing regime and long-term exclosures in the steppe rangeland around the study area: (1) exclosures will increase species richness, (2) heavy grazing may have removed some plant species, (3) complete protection from grazing for a prolonged period of time after a long history of grazing disturbance may not lead to an increase in desirable plant species with a concomitant improvement in range condition, and (4) research needs to be conducted to determine how these rangelands can be improved.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Selenium distribution in topsoils and plants of a semi-arid Mediterranean environment.

Selenium was determined from 25 topsoils and 25 plants in the semi-arid Central Spain where large extents of soils are developed on evaporitic materials. Some species of vegetation associated with them are of the genera Astragalus, Salsola, Mercurialis, Phlomis, Thymus and Atriplex. Total selenium in soils was determined and its bioavailability assessed by chemical sequential fractionation. Se content in soils was adequate (in the range 0.17-0.39 mg kg(-1)) or large (in the range 0.50-4.38 mg kg(-1)) and appeared in highly and/or potentially available forms. Several plant species showed high Se levels (in the range 5-14.3 mg kg(-1)), which can be a potential risk of toxicity to animals. Data obtained from the study area can be used as a guide to the range of values in soils and plants of the European Mediterranean area that are relatively unpolluted from industrial sources, allowing comparison with more polluted areas.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed1984

Locoweed-induced neuronal storage disease characterized by meganeurite formation.

Golgi staining was performed on cerebral cortex and thalamus of adult animals chronically intoxicated with an alpha-mannosidase inhibitor found in locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus). The widespread occurrence of large, aspiny meganeurites was discovered on cortical pyramidal and thalamic principal neurons but aberrant spines and neurite growth were not observed. Ectopic neurite growth is known to be characteristic of alpha-mannosidosis of early onset in inherited and induced feline models. The absence of neuritogenesis in a storage disease known to be so characterized when induced in younger animals suggests that this unusual phenomenon is in some way linked to normal developmental processes associated with brain maturation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Composition of the gum from Combretum paniculatum and four other gums which are not permitted food additives.

Only three gum exudates are permitted for pharmaceutical and food use by international regulatory authorities, viz. gum tragacanth (Asiatic Astragalus spp.), gum karaya (Sterculia spp.) and gum arabic [Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.], but a wide range of other tree exudates is used for a variety of uses in their countries of origin. This paper presents analytical data for the gum exudates from Atalaya hemiglauca, Cassine aethiopica, Combretum paniculatum, Sclerocarya birrea, and Pseudocedrela kotschyi. These gums may have local technological applications, but are not recommended for addition to foodstuffs.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

Absorption of 3-nitropropanol (miserotoxin aglycone) from the compound stomach of cattle.

Miserotoxin, the toxic component of certain Astragalus spp. (Leguminosae), was rapidly hydrolyzed to 3-nitropropanol (NPOH) in the rumen of cattle dosed with timber milkvetch (A. miser var. serotinus). The aglycone showed a rapid rate of disappearance from the rumen with an average half-life of 1.24 h. In contrast to the passage of Co-EDTA, which showed an exponential rate of increase in the abomasum, NPOH was not detected in abomasal fluid collected from dosed cattle. Rapid absorption of NPOH from the rumen was shown by plasma levels of 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA) and inorganic nitrite, but conversion of NPOH to NPA was not observed to any significant extent in the rumen.

1-Propanol↗