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PubMed1999

State of the art in the treatment of gastric cancer: from the 71st Japanese Gastric Cancer Congress.

The recent literatures has few reports of the state of the art and latest results in the treatment of gastric cancer, although such information is necessary for conducting new clinical trials and for obtaining informed consent from patients. In the panel discussions at the 71st Gastric Cancer Congress of Japan (held in Tokyo, June 1999), 18 representative institutions and hospitals in Japan reported their latest results for the surgical treatment of gastric cancer, indicating the state of the art in the treatment of gastric cancer. Here we report a summary of these sessions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Using photoshop filters to create anatomic line-art medical images.

There are multiple ways to obtain anatomic drawings suitable for publication or presentations. This article demonstrates how to use Photoshop to alter digital radiologic images to create line-art illustrations in a quick and easy way. We present two simple to use methods; however, not every image can adequately be transformed and personal preferences and specific changes need to be applied to each image to obtain the desired result. There are multiple ways to obtain anatomic drawings suitable for publication or to prepare presentations. Medical illustrators have always played a major role in the radiology and medical education process. Whether used to teach a complex surgical or radiologic procedure, to define typical or atypical patterns of the spread of disease, or to illustrate normal or aberrant anatomy, medical illustration significantly affects learning (). However, if you are not an accomplished illustrator, the alternatives can be expensive (contacting a professional medical illustrator or buying an already existing stock of digital images) or simply not necessarily applicable to what you are trying to communicate. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how using Photoshop (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA) to alter digital radiologic images we can create line-art illustrations in a quick, inexpensive, and easy way in preparation for electronic presentations and publication.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed2006

Body art: piercing, tattooing, and scarification.

Body art, particularly piercings and tattoos, is becoming more common. Many patients get their first piercing or tattoo during adolescence or young adulthood. Clinicians should understand the potential complications of these procedures and their management. It also is important for clinicians to feel comfortable counseling adolescents and their families about practices in safer body art facilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Advanced assisted reproduction technologies (ART) in goats.

Assisted reproduction technologies (ART) are reviewed with special emphasis on goat genetic improvement programs. Estrous synchronization and artificial insemination are the most commonly used ART worldwide because of their simplicity and excellent cost/benefit, especially when proven sires are used. Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) has not become widely used due to its unpredictability. In vitro embryo production using oocytes collected by laparoscopy from valuable donors has the potential to improve the results obtained from MOET and expand its applications (for example, using prepubertal donors). However, the costs and inefficiencies of the system might restrict its use to special situations. Finally, transgenesis and cloning are expected to have a significant impact on the future genetic improvement of livestock. However, because of low efficiencies and high costs, their present use is restricted to applications with high returns such as the production of recombinant proteins of pharmaceutical and biomedical interest.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Knowledge discovery in traditional Chinese medicine: state of the art and perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: As a complementary medical system to Western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) provides a unique theoretical and practical approach to the treatment of diseases over thousands of years. Confronted with the increasing popularity of TCM and the huge volume of TCM data, historically accumulated and recently obtained, there is an urgent need to explore these resources effectively by the techniques of knowledge discovery in database (KDD). This paper aims at providing an overview of recent KDD studies in TCM field. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in both English and Chinese publications, and major studies of knowledge discovery in TCM (KDTCM) reported in these materials were identified. Based on an introduction to the state of the art of TCM data resources, a review of four subfields of KDTCM research was presented, including KDD for the research of Chinese medical formula, KDD for the research of Chinese herbal medicine, KDD for TCM syndrome research, and KDD for TCM clinical diagnosis. Furthermore, the current state and main problems in each subfield were summarized based on a discussion of existing studies, and future directions for each subfield were also proposed accordingly. RESULTS: A series of KDD methods are used in existing KDTCM researches, ranging from conventional frequent itemset mining to state of the art latent structure model. Considerable interesting discoveries are obtained by these methods, such as novel TCM paired drugs discovered by frequent itemset analysis, functional community of related genes discovered under syndrome perspective by text mining, the high proportion of toxic plants in the botanical family Ranunculaceae disclosed by statistical analysis, the association between M-cholinoceptor blocking drug and Solanaceae revealed by association rule mining, etc. It is particularly inspiring to see some studies connecting TCM with biomedicine, which provide a novel top-down view for functional genomics research. However, further developments of KDD methods are still expected to better adapt to the features of TCM. CONCLUSIONS: Existing studies demonstrate that KDTCM is effective in obtaining medical discoveries. However, much more work needs to be done in order to discover real diamonds from TCM domain. The usage and development of KDTCM in the future will substantially contribute to the TCM community, as well as modern life science.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2006

Ageing and ART: a waste of time and money?

In many societies, more and more young women are delaying childbearing until the fourth decade of life. It is well known that fertility is remarkably reduced with increasing age of women in both natural conceptions and assisted reproductive technology (ART). In this chapter, the effect of ageing on the pregnancy rate in ART, and the options available to improve the reproductive outcomes in women of advanced age will be presented after understanding the mechanism of reproductive ageing and the effects of ageing on the reproductive outcomes in normal women. It is important to identify the predictive factors associated with a better treatment outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The art and science of forming packed analytical high-performance liquid chromatography columns.

Columns of packed particles still are the most popular devices for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separations because of their great utility, excellent performance and wide variety. However, the forming of packed beds for efficient, stable columns traditionally has been an art where the basics of how to form optimum beds generally was not well understood. The recent development of monolith rods was introduced in part to overcome the difficulty of producing stable beds of packing particles. However, these materials are less versatile than packed particle columns. Technology developments in recent years have produced a better understanding among those skilled in the practice of how to form optimized packed beds, and this has led to widely available, high-quality commercial columns. This presentation discusses the developments that led to the present state of column packing technology. Important steps in the packing of efficient, stable beds are described. The key step of selecting the best solvent for the slurry packing method is emphasized. Factors affecting the mechanical stability of packed columns also are discussed. The early art of packing columns now has evolved into a more scientific approach that allows the packing of good columns with a minimum of effort and time.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2005

Antibacterial effects and physical properties of glass-ionomer cements containing chlorhexidine for the ART approach.

OBJECTIVES: Since atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) involves removal of carious lesions with manual instruments, improvement of filling materials to guarantee greater success should be considered. This study aimed to evaluate antibacterial, physical, and bonding properties of glass-ionomer cements (GIC) containing chlorhexidine (CHX), and to determine optimal concentrations for incorporation of agents to obtain antibacterial GICs for use with the ART approach. METHODS: CHX diacetate combined with CHX dihydrochloride was added to control GIC powder to obtain concentration ratios of 1/0, 2/0, 3/0, 1/1, or 2/2% w/w. Antibacterial activity of each cement against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei or Actinomyces naeslundii was examined using agar-diffusion methods, and release of CHX was analyzed by HPLC. Compressive strength, bond strength to dentin, and setting time were measured, and compared with those of control samples. RESULTS: All experimental GICs exhibited inhibition of three bacteria, but sizes of inhibition zones and concentrations of CHX released were not dependent upon CHX content. Incorporation of CHX diacetate at 2% or greater, significantly decreased compressive strength, and bond strength to dentin was adversely affected by addition of CHX diacetate at 2% or more (p<0.05, ANOVA, Fisher's PLSD test), although setting time was extended a little by addition of any concentrations of CHX. SIGNIFICANCE: The present results demonstrate that experimental GICs containing CHX are effective in inhibiting bacteria associated with caries, and incorporation of 1% CHX diacetate is optimal to give appropriate physical and bonding properties.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2006

State of the art therapy in multiple myeloma and future perspectives.

Treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) has changed beyond recognition in the past decades. While until the early 1980s, MM caused a slow progressive decline in quality of life until death after about two years, today's patients can expect a 50% chance of achieving a complete remission, a median survival time of five years and a 20% chance of surviving longer than ten years. State of the art therapy comprises: evidence-based supportive care; highly effective and well tolerated chemotherapeutic regimens; and for patients qualifying for intensive high-dose conditioning, autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an option. Maintenance therapy has become increasingly important since a majority of patients is able to achieve a good remission after front-line therapy which is aimed to be preserved as long as possible. In addition, improved understanding of the disease biology has led to the development of novel biological treatment agents, such as thalidomide, bortezomib and others, targeted at cellular mechanisms and interactions, e.g. with the bone marrow microenvironment. These strategies are incrementally integrated into modern MM care. This review considers recent clinical advancements in anti-myeloma strategies and provides an overview of the state of the art management of MM patients.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2003

How ordinary judges and juries decide the seemingly complex technological questions of patentability over the prior art.

Determinations of patentability over the prior art are often thought to raise questions that are so technologically complex that they require special training and judgment to answer, especially in fast-moving fields like modern biotechnology. This essay explores the somewhat counterintuitive argument that under the U.S. system they do not and should not. According to this view, determinations of patentability over the prior art are based entirely on factual inquiries that are best made by lay judges and juries, just like the factual determinations these people regularly make in any ordinary nonpatent trial. This is good because judges and juries are adept at these determinations, and because appellate courts are adept at reviewing them. It leads to a system that is cheaper overall in allowing private litigants to better predict outcomes that also better approximate the correct answer than would be possible under other regimes premised upon the expert technological knowledge and judgment of a decisionmaker.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2000

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) in humans: facts and uncertainties.

Since the first in vitro fertilization (IVF) in human, the number of patients using Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) has increased tremendously. ART technologies have increased in number and their spectrum has also widened. The first IVF babies are now more than 20 years old. All the retrospective analyses have demonstrated that the obstetrical and pediatrical impact has not really affected single births. The main problems observed occur with multiple pregnancies, including high costs for the couples and for society. The decrease in the number of embryos transferred has improved the situation and moreover does not impair the final results. IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is a more debatable and questionable technique with a real negative genetic impact. The main problem is chromosome abnormalities more specifically related to the sex chromosomes. The question of a systematic genetic work-up on the patients entering ICSI programs is discussed. No negative impact of cryopreservation has been demonstrated even though some controversy arises from time to time. Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is now a interesting tool for patients carrying genetic defects. Blastocyst biopsy now has a future role in reproductive medicine. Gender selection through sperm sorting is also now a reality. As with the other developing bio-technologies related to reproduction, there are ethical questions. The decisions concerning these technologies do not belong solely to scientists but are rather a matter for society to decide.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed2003

Evidence-based treatment of stuttering: V. The art of clinical practice and the future of clinical research.

UNLABELLED: This epilogue summarizes and expands on some of the many points raised in Parts I through IV, emphasizing that evidence-based practice is not in conflict with the "art" of clinical practice but may actually be synonymous. An evidence-based practice framework is also used to suggest some future directions for clinical research in stuttering. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: The reader will learn about and be able to (1) describe the similarities between evidence-based practice and the art of clinical practice, (2) explain how evidence-based practice provides a structure for future stuttering research, and (3) evaluate the importance of an evidence-based approach to stuttering treatment.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1999

Observation and image-making in Gothic art

Since the 16th century, art historians have debated the methods of medieval artists. A frequent topic of discussion and one that has been invoked at times to distinguish the medieval artist from his early modern successor is the extent to which medieval art is based on the observation of nature. In this vein, much recent commentary has focused on selected works whose descriptiveness challenges the schematism of most medieval imagery. As argued here, assessing these images and the visual evidence they present of the artist's working method requires a methodology that is sensitive to the syntax of visual communication.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Acute pain and pain control: state of the art.

Recognition and treatment of pain in the emergency department has undergone an evolution in the past decade. Emergency clinicians, educators, and researchers have begun to address the undertreatment of pain as well as challenge the long-standing dogmas concerning pain treatment. Well-described barriers, both psychological and educational, contribute to our providing inadequate pain relief. This state-of-the-art update describes the current perception of our practice with regard to pain relief and how it can be modified. Pain and pain control is such a broad and complex topic that only new advances and important principles relevant to the practice of emergency medicine are presented. Headache, pediatric pain, and procedural sedation and analgesia are not covered in this article as they will be addressed in future state-of-the-art articles.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2002

Lactate dehydrogenase estimation in follicular fluid: correlation with patient age, follicle size and super ovulation in ART cycles.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in human follicular fluids, and to define its relationship with follicle size, patient age, serum estradiol (E(2)) level, and the amount of gonadotropins administered during superovulation in ART cycles. STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective study, 21 women undergoing ART treatment were selected. Follicular fluid from the largest follicle of both ovaries was collected from each patient on the day of oocyte aspiration and analyzed for LDH. Serum oestradiol was estimated on the day of hCG administration. Relationship between LDH level and (1) patient age, (2) follicle size, (3) follicle stimulating hormone administered during superovulation period and (4) serum oestradiol was studied. RESULT(S): LDH activity increased with chronological age of the patient. As follicular size (diameter) increased, increase in the LDH concentration in follicular fluid was observed. Serum estradiol level did not show any relationship with LDH activity. Similarly, administration of various doses of follicle stimulating hormone during superovulation did not show any correlation with LDH level. CONCLUSION(S): Follicular fluid LDH level has shown association with patient age and the follicle size, however, no significant association was found with other parameters studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Motor perception and anatomical realism in Classical Greek art.

The rise of anatomical realism in sculpture with the Classical Greeks puzzles art historians. Recently, it has been discovered that the motor cortex perceives motor actions. I argue that Classical artists discovered a new aesthetic based on using art to stimulate not just, as previously, the visual cortex, but also the motor one.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2002

Projective ART for clustering data sets in high dimensional spaces.

A new neural network architecture (PART) and the resulting algorithm are proposed to find projected clusters for data sets in high dimensional spaces. The architecture is based on the well known ART developed by Carpenter and Grossberg, and a major modification (selective output signaling) is provided in order to deal with the inherent sparsity in the full space of the data points from many data-mining applications. This selective output signaling mechanism allows the signal generated in a node in the input layer to be transmitted to a node in the clustering layer only when the signal is similar to the top-down weight between the two nodes and, hence, PART focuses on dimensions where information can be found. Illustrative examples are provided, simulations on high dimensional synthetic data and comparisons with Fuzzy ART module and PROCLUS are also reported.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

State-of-the-art techniques for lossless compression of 3D medical image sets.

This paper explains the basic principles of lossless two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) image coding at a high level of abstraction. It discusses also a new inter-frame technique for lossless video coding based on intra-frame prediction and inter-frame context modelling. The performance of this technique is compared to that of state-of-the-art 2D coders on CT and MRI data sets from the Visual Human Project. The results show that the inter-frame technique outperforms state-of-the-art intra-frame coders, i.e. Calic and JPEG-LS. The improvement in compression ratio is significant in the case of CT data but is rather small in the case of MRI data.

Algorithms↗