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PubMed1977

[Advertising and safety in skiing (author's transl)].

Pertinent accident statistics show that, opposed to the need for safety which ought to be expected, there is an insufficiently practiced safety consciousness. The objective probability of getting into danger rises with the increasing readiness to take risks. Advertising tries to influence the potential customer quantitatively and qualitatively in such a way that he believes that his secret desires will be fulfilled by the acquisition and use of certain products. The mechanism of character transference through paralogical conclusions required for this shows parallels to the logic schizophrenia. Both sponsors and ad-men can contribute decisively to safety in skiing if they dispense with the use of certain attributes in their advertisements.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1995

[Legal and ethical problems in drug advertising and their resolution in practice].

Advertising of drugs and other preparations with an impact on human health is an integral part of the present time. The presented paper deals with different types of advertisements and legal and ethical problems associated with them. The authors in more detail discuss principles laid down in directive 92/28/EEC, which are mandatory from January 1993 for countries of the EEC.

Advertising↗
PubMed1993

Direct-to-the-consumer advertising of drug products.

Direct-to-the consumer advertising of prescription drug products is increasingly scrutinized by the federal Food and Drug Administration, spurred in part by growing concern about the potential for abuse posed by such advertising in the absence of effective regulation. Drug industry officials claim they are providing the public with valuable information, but many physicians and health care professionals are distressed by the new trend.

Advertising↗
PubMed1993

Ethics in pharmaceutical advertising.

Pharmaceutical manufacturing is one of the most financially lucrative industries in America due, in part, to massive marketing and advertising. The content of many symposia and medical journals as well as physician prescribing decisions seems to be influenced by the promotional efforts of pharmaceutical companies. In an effort to increase sales, the industry now advertises directly to the public. The role of the Food and Drug Administration and ethical standards established by medical organizations are discussed.

Advertising↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutritional health messages transmitted through television advertising. Trends and errors].

The present study analyzes de publicity messages with a alimentary-nutritional content (n = 448), aired by 2 television channels (one public and one private), during 6 hours a day in the first week of October 1993, examining the most frequent tendencies and errors, and whether or not they are adhering to the nutritional standards intended to improve the health of the population. With this aim, a questionnaire was designed, which was submitted to a control prior to doing the study, and which permitted the same study during the years 1991, 1992, and 1993. The message which was most used to promote the sales of the products, was the taste, followed by quality, novelty, health, nutritional and natural. The messages indicating that the product reduces or minimizes fat, cholesterol, sodium, sugar, alcohol, ... are few or lower than those observed in other populations. In some cases the messages may be useful in re-enforcing the standards of the nutritional educators and health care professionals who try to improve the diet and the health of the public. However, in the majority of cases, the message of the advertisements may mislead or confuse the consumer with irrelevant or incomplete information. They also frequently contribute to the promotion of an extremely thin body image, which guides the food choice of a large percentage of the population. The results of the study may help in the planning of nutritional education of the population, and they emphasize the need for a greater supervision and control of the advertisements.

Advertising↗
PubMed1996

Survival of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer through a television-advertised screening program.

OBJECTIVES: Although controversial, fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is advocated to reduce mortality due to colorectal cancer. Our aim was to determine whether a television-advertised screening program for colorectal cancer using fecal occult blood tests improved survival of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the stage and survival of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer in our 1986 and 1987 screening programs was conducted. The 5-yr survival rate of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer was determined in our screened population and compared with national survival data from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, End Results (SEER) program. RESULTS: In our screening programs, 75,633 FOBT were distributed and returned for analysis. Test slides were positive in 3.3%. Follow-up was available in 121 of 131 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. In our screened population, significantly more colorectal cancers were identified in a localized stage compared with the national average (76 vs 37%). Consequently, the percentage of our patients with regional and distant disease was decreased compared with SEER data. The overall 5-yr survival rate of patients with colorectal cancer who participated in our screening program was significantly higher than the national survival rate (75 vs 59%). Survival of patients older than 75 yr of age with colorectal cancer in our screening program was not improved. CONCLUSIONS: Television-advertised screening for colorectal cancer using FOBT was effective in recruiting a large number of participants. Patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer in our program tended to have early stage disease with improved 5-yr survival. The results of this study support FOBT as an effective means to reduce the mortality of colorectal cancer.

Advertising↗
PubMed1996

Should the federal trade commission allow dentistry to require its members to adhere to a high standard in advertising?

The California Dental Association (CDA) has been engaged in a dispute with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) for over ten years. At issue is whether CDA's advertising restrictions have the effect of prohibiting truthful and nondeceptive advertisements and whether this constitutes a violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act. The case is now before the Commissioners of the FTC; they must decide whether their staff or CDA is correct in interpreting the law. This paper reviews the basics of antitrust law, the facts in the record, and how the Commissioners might resolve some of the questions presented by this case.

Advertising↗
PubMed1997

Enforcement of codes governing pharmaceutical promotion: what happens when companies breach advertising guidelines?

Some or all of the promotional activities of pharmaceutical companies are typically governed through self-regulatory codes administered by industry associations. However, the conflicts between the commercial objectives and the ethical and scientific goals of promotion can potentially lead to serious weaknesses in the way in which these codes are enforced. This paper focuses on 5 critical aspects involved in the enforcement of codes governing pharmaceutical promotion: mechanisms for recognizing violations, composition of monitoring committees, sanctions for code violations, the quantity and quality of information in reports issued about complaints and code violations, and the circulation these reports receive. The Code of Marketing Practices of the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of Canada (PMAC) has serious weaknesses in all of these areas. Although the Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board's Code of Advertising Acceptance avoids many of the deficiencies of the PMAC code, it, too, has weaknesses. Proposals for strengthening the enforcement of both codes are offered.

Advertising↗
PubMed1997

The opinions and experiences of family physicians regarding direct-to-consumer advertising.

BACKGROUND: The use of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) by pharmaceutical companies is increasing. Our study examines the opinions and experiences of family physicians concerning DTCA. METHODS: A survey instrument designed to elicit the opinions, experiences, and perceptions of family physicians about DTCA was sent to a 2% (N = 880) systematic sampling of active physician members of the American Academy of Family Physicians. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze responses with t tests and chi 2 tests for independence used to examine subgroup response differences. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-four (52%) physicians responded to the survey. Most physicians (95%) had encountered DTCA personally, and had been approached by an average of 7 patients over the previous 6 months with requests for specific prescription drugs. Prescription antihistamines and antihypertensive drugs were the most commonly requested. Overall, 80% of the physician respondents believed that print DTCA was not a good idea, while 84% expressed negative feelings about television and radio advertising. Both groups cited "misleading biased view" and "increased costs" as the most common disadvantages. Some reported benefits included "better informed patients" and "promoting physician-patient communication." CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the study group physicians had negative feelings about DTCA in both print and electronic media. Studies directly examining patient perspectives, as well as cost benefits, are necessary to test the validity of the physicians' perceptions about DTCA.

Advertising↗
PubMed1995

Advertising in dentistry--a position paper.

The limitations on advertising set by current regulations are examined and the possible consequences of relaxing these regulation discussed. The opinions of the dental profession on this issue, as determined through a questionnaire survey of members of the Singapore Dental Association (SDA), are included. Finally, some recommendations are made with respect to modifying current advertising laws.

Advertising↗
PubMed1994

Arginine vasotocin facilitation of advertisement calling and call phonotaxis in bullfrogs.

Although the neuropeptide arginine vasotocin (AVT) is found in several auditory and vocalization regions of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) brain, its functions in these areas are unknown. We examined the effects of AVT injection on two auditory-evoked reproductive behaviors: advertisement calling in male bullfrogs and call phonotaxis in female bullfrogs. AVT (500 micrograms; intraperitoneal) significantly increased advertisement call frequency and decreased calling latency in male bullfrogs, compared to saline injection. This dose of AVT also significantly decreased the time required for female bullfrogs to reach a call source as well as the latency of females to leave the starting position during call playback. In both males and females, these effects were significant at 0.5 hr and persisted until at least 2 hr after injection. AVT thus facilitated display of two sexually-dimorphic reproductive behaviors in bullfrogs. These effects may be due to direct effects of AVT on auditory processing regions in the bullfrog brain.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Cleaner shrimp use a rocking dance to advertise cleaning service to clients.

Signals transmit information to receivers about sender attributes, increase the fitness of both parties, and are selected for in cooperative interactions between species to reduce conflict [1, 2]. Marine cleaning interactions are known for stereotyped behaviors [3-6] that likely serve as signals. For example, "dancing" and "tactile dancing" in cleaner fish may serve to advertise cleaning services to client fish [7] and manipulate client behavior [8], respectively. Cleaner shrimp clean fish [9], yet are cryptic in comparison to cleaner fish. Signals, therefore, are likely essential for cleaner shrimp to attract clients. Here, we show that the yellow-beaked cleaner shrimp [10] Urocaridella sp. c [11] uses a stereotypical side-to-side movement, or "rocking dance," while approaching potential client fish in the water column. This dance was followed by a cleaning interaction with the client 100% of the time. Hungry cleaner shrimp, which are more willing to clean than satiated ones [12], spent more time rocking and in closer proximity to clients Cephalopholis cyanostigma than satiated ones, and when given a choice, clients preferred hungry, rocking shrimp. The rocking dance therefore influenced client behavior and, thus, appears to function as a signal to advertise the presence of cleaner shrimp to potential clients.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Arginine vasotocin activates advertisement calling and movement in the territorial Puerto Rican frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui.

Arginine vasotocin (AVT) is a neuropeptide that modulates social behavior in amphibians and activates calling in frogs. The Puerto Rican coqui frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui, is a terrestrial anuran that exhibits complex social behaviors, including territoriality and paternal care. Males have a distinctive social hierarchy and can be any of the following: satellite (non-calling), territorial (calling), or paternal (guards and broods embryos). Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of AVT on satellite behavior and the male social hierarchy of E. coqui. Satellite males were captured within the territory held by a resident male, given injections (i.p.) of AVT or saline (control) and placed back in their original location. To determine if AVT affects all males, not merely satellite males, territorial (calling) males were injected with AVT. Significantly more satellite males commenced advertisement calling following AVT injections than did control males injected with saline. AVT-activated satellites did not challenge the resident territorial male for possession of the territory but instead moved into a new area before commencing to call. In fact, AVT-activated satellite males were significantly more likely to move into a new territory following AVT injections than AVT-injected territorial males. The effect of AVT was short lived, lasting only one night in all but two cases. It is concluded that AVT stimulates advertisement calling and AVT-activated males displayed territorial characteristics of E. coqui.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Mismatch between trainees' subspecialist interest and advertised jobs; worrying implications for upper gastrointestinal trainees

AIMS: The aim of this study was first to assess the primary subspecialist interests of general surgical specialist registrars who were accredited and still looking for a consultant position, or who were within 3 years of their CCST (certificate of completion of surgical training). These interests were then compared with subspecialist interests declared in consultant vacancies advertised in the British Medical Journal over the preceding 16 months. METHODS: All trainees in general surgery holding a national training number in six regions (Mersey, North West, Trent, Yorkshire, Northern, West Midlands) were identified, and those accredited or within 3 years of their CCST (n = 136) were telephoned to ascertain their primary subspecialist interest, whether they had a higher degree and what their desired consultant job would be. The consultant vacancies advertised in the British Medical Journal between 3 January 1998 and 8 May 1999 were assessed according to the required subspecialist interest. RESULTS: Upper gastrointestinal surgery is the second most popular subspecialty (n = 37; 27 per cent of trainees) after colorectal surgery (n = 40; 29 per cent of trainees). However, there were fewer consultant vacancies in upper gastrointestinal surgery (31 of 226; 14 per cent of jobs) than in any of the other three main subspecialist areas of general surgery (colorectal, vascular and breast/endocrine). The ratio of percentage of jobs to percentage of trainees was lowest in upper gastrointestinal surgery (0.50), compared with colorectal (0.77), vascular (0.89) and breast/endocrine (2.23) surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Upper gastrointestinal surgery appears to be the most competitive of the general surgical subspecialties at present, having by far the lowest ratio of jobs to trainees. In addition, 87 per cent of upper gastrointestinal trainees have or are completing a higher degree, and 43 per cent expressed a desire to work in a teaching hospital.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Nonoptimal propagation of advertisement calls of midwife toads in Iberian habitats.

This study compares the efficiency of transmission of the advertisement calls of two species of midwife toads, Alytes cisternasii and A. obstetricans, in both native and non-native habitats in the Iberian Peninsula. Recorded calls of both species and pure tones were broadcast at ten sites native to either the relatively small A. cisternasii or the larger A. obstetricans. A large variation in the patterns of excess attenuation between localities was observed for calls measured at distances of 0.5 to 8 m from a loudspeaker. However, attenuation rates were higher for calls of both species in habitats of A. obstetricans relative to habitats of A. cisternasii. The calls of A. obstetricans experienced lower attenuation rates than those of A. cisternasii in both conspecific and heterospecific localities. Thus, although A. cisternasii occupies habitats more favorable for sound transmission, its advertisement call spectrum is not optimized for these habitats; the calls of A. obstetricans suffer less attenuation in A. cisternasii habitats. This result argues against the notion that spectral features of the calls are adapted to enhance transmission efficiency in natural habitats, and suggests that differences in call dominant frequency between the two species result from constraints imposed by selection on body size.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Acoustically dimorphic advertisement calls separate morphologically and genetically homogenous populations of the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus).

Sexual advertisement calls of male mouse lemurs from two neighbouring demes in a dry deciduous forest of western Madagascar were recorded during the breeding season. Demes were located about 1.5 km apart with no geographic barrier between them. They were characterised morphometrically and genotyped by RAPD fingerprinting. According to univariate and multivariate statistical analysis, demes differed neither in body measurements, nor in the banding patterns produced by RAPD fingerprinting. The acoustic pattern of the advertisement call, however, showed significant differences: Six variables of the frequency and time domain differed between the demes. Discriminant function analysis revealed that one variable, total call duration, was sufficient to classify more than 89% of the calls correctly to the corresponding deme. We postulate that these differences are comparable to dialects in birds, because demes were morphologically and genetically indistinguishable and no barrier prevented genetic exchange between them. Possible explanations for the emergence of dialects in a prosimian species are outlined.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2005

Self-enhancement, crash-risk optimism and the impact of safety advertisements on young drivers.

In Study 1, young drivers (aged between 16 and 29 years, N = 314) rated their driving attributes relative to their peers. They also rated their likelihood of being involved in a crash relative to their peers (crash-risk optimism), their crash history, stereotype of the young driver, and concern over another health issue. A self-enhancement bias was found for all items in which self/other comparisons were made. These items formed two major factors, perceived relative driving ability and perceived relative driving caution. These factors and perceived luck relative to peers in avoiding crashes significantly predicted crash-risk optimism. In Study 2, an experimental group of young drivers (N = 173) watched safety advertisements that showed drinking and dangerous driving resulting in a crash, and a control group (N = 193) watched advertisements showing people choosing not to drive after drinking. Each group then completed the self/other comparisons used in Study 1. The same factors were found, but only driving caution significantly predicted crash-risk optimism. The experimental group showed more self-enhancement on driving ability than the control group. In both studies, men showed substantially more self-enhancement than women about their driving ability. Implications for safety interventions are discussed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2003

Does advertisement call variation coincide with genetic variation in the genetically diverse frog taxon currently known as Leptodactylus fuscus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae)?

The frog Leptodactylus fuscus is found throughout much of South America in open and disturbed habitats. Previous study of genetic differentiation in L. fuscus demonstrated that there was lack of genetic exchange among population units consistent with multiple species, rather than a single species. We examine advertisement vocalizations of L. fuscus to determine whether call variation coincides with genetic differentiation. Calls were analyzed for 32 individual frogs from 25 localities throughout the distributional range of L. fuscus. Although there is variation in calls among geographic samples, call variation is not concordant with genetic variation or geographic distance and the call variation observed is less than that typically found among other closely related species of Leptodactylus. This study is an example of the rare pattern of strong genetic differentiation unaccompanied by salient differences in advertisement calls. The relative infrequency of this pattern as currently understood may only reflect the lack of detailed analyses of genetic and acoustic differentiation within population systems currently understood as single species with substantial geographic distributions.

Animals↗