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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Seasonal acclimatization in water flux rate, urine osmolality and kidney water channels in free-living degus: molecular mechanisms, physiological processes and ecological implications.

The environmental modification of an organism's physiology in the field is often hypothesized to be responsible for allowing an organism to adjust to changing biotic and abiotic environmental conditions through increases in biological performance. Here, we examine the phenotypic flexibility of water flux rate, urine osmolality and the expression of kidney aquaporins (AQP; or water channels) in free-ranging Octodon degus, a South American desert-dwelling rodent, through an integrative study at cellular, systemic and organismal levels. Water flux rates varied seasonally and were significantly lower in austral summer than in winter, while urine osmolality was higher in summer than during winter. The observed water influx rate during summer was 10.3+/-2.3 ml day(-1) and during winter was 40.4+/-9.1 ml day(-1). Mean urine osmolality was 3137+/-472 mosmol kg(-1) during summer and 1123+/-472 mosmol kg(-1) during winter. AQP-2 medullary immunolabeling was more abundant in the kidneys of degus captured during summer than those captured during winter. This immunoreactivity was higher in apical cell membranes of medullary collecting ducts of degus in summer. AQP-1 immunostaining did not differ between seasons. Consistently, AQP-2 protein levels were increased in medulla from the summer individuals, as judged by the size of the 29 kDa band in the immunoblot. Here, we reveal how the integration of flexible mechanisms acting at cellular, systemic and organismal levels allows a small desert-dwelling mammal to cope with seasonal water scarcity in its semi-arid habitat.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2004

Mitochondria-rich cell activity in the yolk-sac membrane of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae acclimatized to different ambient chloride levels.

Mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) in the yolk-sac membrane of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were examined by Na+/K(+)-ATPase immunocytochemistry and vital staining for glycoproteins following acclimation to high (7.5-7.9 mmol l(-1)), normal (0.48-0.52 mmol l(-1)) or low (0.002-0.007 mmol l(-1)) ambient Cl- levels. With a combination of concanavalin-A (Con-A)-Texas-Red conjugate staining (larvae exposed to the dye in vivo in the water) and a monoclonal antibody raised against Na+/K(+)-ATPase, MRCs were easily recognized and presumed to be active when Con-A-positive (i.e. with their apical membrane in contact with the water) or inactive when Con-A-negative. The proportion of active cells gradually increased during a 48-h acclimation to low-Cl- medium but decreased during acclimation to high-Cl- medium. Total densities of MRCs did not change when ambient chloride levels were altered. Furthermore, in live larvae exposed to changes in ambient Cl-, yolk-sac MRCs, vitally stained with DASPEI and subsequently traced in time, did not significantly alter turnover. The polymorphism of the apical membrane compartment of the MRCs represents structural modification of the active MRCs. Yolk-sac pavement cells labeled with the membrane marker FM1-43 (fluorescent lipophilic tracer) were shown to cover active MRCs in larvae transferred from normal to high ambient Cl- levels, thereby inactivating the MRCs.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2006

Differential temperature acclimatization responses in the membrane phospholipids of Posthodiplostomum minimum and its second intermediate host, Lepomis macrochirus.

The effects of temperature change on phospholipid content in metacercariae of Posthodiplostomum minimum and their second intermediate hosts, Lepomis macrochirus, were examined to gauge similarities in the homeoviscous adaptation of host and parasite membranes to environmental thermal change. Heart, liver, and muscle tissues from individual L. macrochirus responded to environmental temperature declines with a decrease in the ratio of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC). Increases in membrane PE concentration increase membrane fluidity, maintaining fish membrane function as environmental temperature declines. However, the metacercariae of P. minimum exhibit changes in cholesterol levels, total lipid levels, and lipid composition (PE/PC) that contrast the normal changes for homeoviscous membrane adaptation exhibited by their fish intermediate hosts. The parasites seem to rely on their hosts for homeoviscous adaptation within normal developmental temperature ranges, pooling both cholesterol and PE as energetic stores for development and ontological transitions signaled by elevated temperatures.

Acclimatization↗