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PubMed1997

[Microsporum infections in Hajdú-Bihar County].

Mycotic infections caused by Microsporum canis occurred in 237 cases between 1983-1995 in Hajdú-Bihar county. The disease accumulated seasonally up during the beginning of summer and the end of autumn, in particularly. Children and young people had often got microsporiasis. Women patients seemed to be more frequent than men. The disease in many cases, appeared on all members of families. A main factor in spreading of pathogen were apparently healthy Persian cats. Only few cases could be observed in child-communities on the occasion of screening. The oral antimycotics-griseofulvin, terbinafine-combined with local ones proved efficacious in the treatment of scalp microsporia and extensive skin infections. Local antimycotical unguents/creames and solutions resulted acceptable effects in the therapy of localized microsporiatic symptoms. Cooperation between dermatologists, epidemiologists and veterinaries is needed for successful prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Experimental transmission of epizootic bovine abortion (foothill abortion).

Advances in defining the biology of epizootic bovine abortion (EBA), including identification of the etiologic agent, have been hampered by the inability to reproduce the disease with confidence. Experimental reproduction of EBA, by feeding the tick vector Ornithodoros coriaceus on susceptible pregnant heifers, is not reliable. The primary objectives of this study were to identify specific tissue(s) obtained from EBA-infected fetuses that could transmit the disease, and then utilize such an infectious challenge system to better define the pathogen, host immunity and geographic distribution of the agent. Described here is the ability to routinely reproduce EBA following inoculation of cryopreserved suspensions of homogenized thymus into susceptible pregnant heifers. This challenge system permitted experiments demonstrating the agent was non-filterable, inactivated upon sonication and susceptible to antibiotics. These findings suggest a prokaryotic microbe and represent a major advance in EBA research. Additional experiments demonstrated that inoculation of the cryopreserved EBA-infectious tissue into heifers, prior to breeding, conferred immunity. Furthermore, such immunized heifers were resistant to challenge with heterologous sources of infectious tissue, suggesting monovalent vaccine development might be feasible. Lastly, challenge studies employing animals from Central Nevada, an area considered free of EBA, demonstrated partial immunity, suggesting the pathogen, and possibly the disease, enjoy a broader distribution than previously thought.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1994

[Is research in veterinary homeopathy justified? Thoughts concerning principles and synopsis of 5 years of research on the subject, "Use of homeopathy in domestic animals," at the branch of the Free University of Berlin in Schwarzenbek].

Supported by the Karl- and Veronica-Carstens-Stiftung and Deutsche Homöopathische Union (DHU) in summer '87 a project dealing with homoeopathic treatment of domestic animals was initialized at the field station of the Freie Universität Berlin in Schwarzenbek. After a period of five years the studies have been completed in summer '92 and the following results were achieved: 1) Homoeopathic drugs (considering the similarity) are suitable to reduce the morbidity rate of newly housed fattening pigs effectively by metaphylactic treatments. 2) The efficiency of the combination Lachesis, Pyrogenium, Echinacea and Chlorophyll (Laseptal) for curing respiratory infections is comparable to the one of Oxytetrazycline and the combination of Sulfadimidin and Trimethoprim. 3) A significant therapeutical effect was achieved by homoeopathic treatment in dairy herds so that the use of allopathic drugs can be reduced considerably. 4) Homoeopathic drugs, including nosodes, show hardly or do not at all show a positive influence on chronic mastitis in cows, especially increased cell counts combined with latent infections of pathogenic micro-organisms. 5) Drying off cows with Phytolacca D1 only does not reduce the milk quantity or prevent the occurrence of mastitis during the non-lactating period. 6) The combination Sabina, Pulsatilla, Lachesis and Pyrogenium (proposed to improve the puerperal period after placental retention) compared with standard allopathic treatment is not suitable to improve the puerperal period or fertility after retention of placenta.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Confronting zoonoses, linking human and veterinary medicine.

Many of the emerging infectious diseases, including those caused by bioterrorist agents, are zoonoses. Since zoonoses can infect both animals and humans, the medical and veterinary communities should work closely together in clinical, public health, and research settings. In the clinical setting, input from both professions would improve assessments of the risk-benefit ratios of pet ownership, particularly for pet owners who are immunocompromised. In public health, human and animal disease surveillance systems are important in tracking and controlling zoonoses such as avian influenza virus, West Nile virus, and foodborne pathogens. Comparative medicine is the study of disease processes across species, including humans. Physician and veterinarian comparative medicine research teams should be promoted and encouraged to study zoonotic agent-host interactions. These efforts would increase our understanding of how zoonoses expand their host range and would, ultimately, improve prevention and control strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Histopathologic changes in bovine fetuses after repeated reintroduction of a spirochete-like agent into pregnant heifers: association with epizootic bovine abortion.

A spirochete-like organism was found in the plasma of bovine fetuses affected with epizootic bovine abortion (EBA). The spirochete-like organism was frequently found in abattoir-collected fetuses as an inapparent infection, and EBA was found in cattle on foothill rangeland where the vector tick Ornithodorus coriaceus could repeatedly reintroduce the infectious agent into pregnant cattle (superinfection). Epizootic bovine abortion resembled a naturally acquired superinfection in circumstances where the agent was frequently present in the environment under conditions favoring transmission. Therefore, to determine whether fetal lesions could be experimentally induced in utero, spirochete-like organisms collected from clinically normal fetuses at an abattoir were inoculated IV and subcutaneously into 2 pregnant heifers 5 times over a 4-month period to mimic repeated tick transmission in the field. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of tissues from 2 cesarean-collected fetuses and from 3 calves born at term with the naturally acquired spirochete infection indicated that the calves had evidence of an infection that caused morphologic changes compatible with immunologic stimulation and mild reticuloendothelial hyperplasia. Compared with findings in the calves, lesions in the superinfected fetuses were more severe, and the lesion distribution in various organs was more extensive. The spirochete-like organism appeared to be a mild pathogen because of its persistence in the host. Clinical disease from the infection may only develop with repeated superinfections. Therefore, a relationship between this microorganism and EBA is probable.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1997

[The cell biology of amebas and ameba-flagellates--parasites of man and animals].

The majority of parasitic amoebae and amoeba-flagellates are facultative parasites of animals and humans and only a few of them are obligate parasites (see reviews: Sopina, 1997; Visvesvara, Stehr-Green, 1990). Among the latter Entamoeba histolytica and among the former Naegleria fowleri and several species of Acanthamoeba are most dangerous for humans. It is still unclear whether Balamuthia mandrillaris, pathogenic for monkeys and humans, may be either obligate or facultative parasite (Visvesvara et al., 1993). Endolimax nana and Iodamoeba butschlii are commensals of humans and some animals. This review is devoted to cell biology of the above genera to provide a better understanding of cell-biological aspects of interrelations between these parasites and their hosts. In the Russian text-books on medical and veterinary parasitology these parasitic protozoa have never been regarded in terms of cell biology, and the available information seems to become out of date. This review is aimed to fill these gaps. Evidence on the ultrastructure of the above parasites, in particular that of their mitotic chromosomes, mechanisms of attachment to substratum of many of these, of locomotion and endocytosis, is provided and discussed in addition to the problem of differentiation of Naegleria amoebae into flagellates.

Amebiasis↗
PubMed2003

A field investigation of Bacillus anthracis contamination of U.S. Department of Agriculture and other Washington, D.C., buildings during the anthrax attack of October 2001.

In response to a bioterrorism attack in the Washington, D.C., area in October 2001, a mobile laboratory (ML) was set up in the city to conduct rapid molecular tests on environmental samples for the presence of Bacillus anthracis spores and to route samples for further culture analysis. The ML contained class I laminar-flow hoods, a portable autoclave, two portable real-time PCR devices (Ruggedized Advanced Pathogen Identification Device [RAPID]), and miscellaneous supplies and equipment to process samples. Envelopes and swab and air samples collected from 30 locations in the metropolitan area once every three days were subjected to visual examination and DNA extraction, followed by real-time PCR using freeze-dried, fluorescent-probe-based reagents. Surface swabs and air samples were also cultured for B. anthracis at the National Veterinary Service Laboratory (NVSL) in Ames, Iowa. From 24 October 2001 to 15 September 2002, 2,092 pieces of mail were examined, 405 real-time PCR assays were performed (comprising 4,639 samples), and at the NVSL 6,275 samples were subjected to over 18,000 platings. None of the PCR assays on DNA extracted from swab and air samples were positive, but viable spores were cultured from surface swabs taken from six locations in the metropolitan area in October, November, and December 2001 and February, March, and May 2002. DNA extracted from these suspected B. anthracis colonies was positive by real-time and conventional PCRs for the lethal factor, pXO1, and for capA and vrr genes; sequence analysis of the latter amplicons indicated >99% homology with the Ames, vollum, B6273-93, C93022281, and W-21 strains of B. anthracis, suggesting they arose from cross-contamination during the attack through the mail. The RAPID-based PCR analysis provided fast confirmation of suspect colonies from an overnight incubation on agar plates.

Anthrax↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sanitary and epidemiological well-being: topical problems].

The interaction of the interested services and authorities in implementing a package of goal-oriented organizational, comprehensive preventive and antiepidemic measures has given stability of the sanitary-and-epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation in some recent years. To accomplish the tasks, particularly those in developing a package of measures to reduce the prevalence of infectious diseases, the "Health" national program has been drawn up for 2006-2007 this year. One of the priorities of the program is to enhance the prophylactic orientation of the public health care system. Within the framework of this direction, it is planned to provide a further steady decline in the incidence of infections controlled by specific preventive means, primarily, in that of hepatitis B and rubella, to eliminate the congenital rubella syndrome, and to maintain the status of the Russian Federation as a poliomyelitis-free area. The subjects of the Russian Federation should redistribute allocations, by taking into account the funds envisaged in the Health program for purchase of vaccines, and direct them for implementation of other measures, such as personnel training, refrigerating equipment purchase, information-propagandistic work among the population, etc. In 2005, the poor situation established in the world due to the spread of avian influenza and there was a possible threat of influenza pandemic. Investigations ascertained the identity of influenza A virus (H5N1) isolated in the Russian Federation with the South-Eastern Asia-isolated viruses that caused mass epizooties of birds and severe diseases in persons contacting infected birds. It was assumed that 2006 spring migration might lead to the spread of pathogenic influenza H5N1 viruses throughout European Russia. This was due to the fact that the birds migrating to European Russia and a portion of birds migrating from Siberia have common winter nesting areas. To prevent mass influenza virus-infected birds' death and human infection in the epizootic localities, the federal surveillance service for protection of users' rights and human well-being jointly with the federal veterinary and phytosanitary surveillance service, and public health care administrative bodies has organized and implemented a package of measures: active headquarters have been set up in the epizooty-afflicted subjects to coordinate activities in localizing the spread of epizooty of birds; emergency commissions and antiepizootic commissions have been held; regulatory documents on the Russian Federation's subjects have been published; daily collection, analysis, systematization, and exchange of information between interested services, et. are under way.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Serological evidence of Neospora caninum in dual-purpose cattle herds in Venezuela.

Bovine neosporosis is a parasitic disease produced by Neospora caninum that induces abortion in cows, and consequently has a negative impact on the herd's reproductive efficiency. The main objective of this research was to determine the serological evidence of N. caninum in cattle herds from Venezuela using an indirect antibody capture ELISA test. Four hundred and fifty-nine (459) serum samples from crossbred adult cows were collected to be tested for Neospora antibodies. The sampled cows came from 15 large farms located in eight important cattle states that have predominant dual-purpose production systems (cattle from these farms are used for both milk and meat production). Fifty-two cows (11.3%) were seropositive to N. Caninum. Thirteen (86.7%) of 15 studied herds had cows seropositive to N. caninum. The average within-herd seroprevalence was 11.5% (range 3.8-36.7%). Cows that aborted in some of these farms had 2.71 (P: 0.009) greater odds to be seropositive when compared to cows that did not abort. Each one of the eight states represented in our study had seropositive animals. These results are the first evidence of exposure to N. caninum in Venezuelan cattle herds, indicating the possible circulation of this pathogen in the country. Further epidemiological studies should be granted to determine the spread of the disease in the Venezuelan cattle industry and its associated risk factors.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1987

[Identification and prevention of meat poisoning].

In this contribution to a series 'Papers of Yesterday and Today' a retrospective review of developments in the identification and control of meat 'poisoning' defined as infections and intoxications following the ingestion of bacteriologically unsound meat and meat products is presented. Starting from two classical Dutch papers, viz. by H. J. H. Stempel (1891) and K. Hoefnagel (1899) illustrating the knowledge of meat 'poisoning' acquired in the nineties of the 19th century, developments in the field of bacteriological research on meats and the resulting efforts to manage meat 'poisoning' are summarised. Attention is paid to the role of Dutch veterinarians in investigations on the aetiology of meat infections resulting in the adoption of legal meat inspection in 1922 and the ensuing reduction in the occurrence of mass outbreaks of meat poisoning. However, despite marked improvement of the standard of hygiene in the food industry in general and expert monitoring of meat production lines by veterinarians in particular, infections and intoxications transmitted by meat and meat products are still quite prevalent. Essentially, their management can only be achieved by strict adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) throughout animal husbandry, slaughter, distribution and storage, termed longitudinally integrated safety assurance. Professional monitoring by an up-to-date meat inspection system, however, continues to be indispensable in the prevention of food-borne infections and intoxications. Some recommendations are made for effective intervention in the infection cycle of food-transmitted pathogens originating from the high infection pressure on slaughter lines, resulting from contamination acquired at previous stages of the animal production chain.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Pharmacokinetics of baquiloprim and sulphadimidine in pigs after intramuscular administration.

Baquiloprim, a novel 5-substituted 2, 4-diaminopyrimidine, has been developed specifically for veterinary use. It has been formulated as an injectable preparation and combined with sulphadimidine to exploit the synergistic activity of the two antibacterial agents. The formulation was given by deep intramuscular injection to pigs at doses of 10 mg kg-1 and 30 mg kg-1 and the pharmacokinetic properties were investigated. The in vitro activity of the two components was also determined against a range of porcine pathogens. Both components were rapidly absorbed and the maximum concentrations of 0.55 microgram ml-1 baquiloprim and 15.6 micrograms ml-1 sulphadimidine observed after the administration of the lower dose were well in excess of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against susceptible pathogens, the highest combined MIC90 being 0.06 microgram ml-1 baquiloprim + 6.25 micrograms ml-1 sulphadimidine. Concentrations above the MIC values of most pathogens were maintained for more than 24 and 48 hours after the administration of the lower and higher doses, respectively. The volumes of distribution of 2.41 litre kg-1 observed after the lower dose and 4.60 litre kg-1 after the higher dose indicated that baquiloprim was well distributed and concentrated in tissues. These findings suggest that the formulation should be effective in the treatment of bacterial infections in pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Dermatomycosis in human and animals].

Dermatomycosis including dermatophytosis, sporotrichosis and cryptococcosis commonly occurs in humans and animals all and are considered to be zoonotic diseases. Recently, human cases of dermatophytosis transmitted from animals are increasing in number due to changes in the environments of human and animal life. Three species of dermatophytes, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum are the most important pathogens from animal to human, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to understand their biological and ecological characteristics to correctly diagnose and treat the disease. Some human cases of sporotrichosis and cryptococcosis were reported to be transmitted from animals in Europe and America, suggesting that medical doctors should be careful in taking the history of human patients with reference to their contacts with animals. Close cooperation between medical and veterinary doctors is required in clinical studies on mycotic infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Tick-transmitted diseases which may threaten health of dogs in Poland].

Tick-borne dog infectious diseases constitute an emerging problem in veterinary medicine in recent years. The diseases recognized as characteristic for tropical and semi-tropical regions are diagnosed in dogs in countries with temperate climate including Poland. The major reason for such phenomenon is that Polish tourists increasingly travel with their dogs into subtropical and tropical areas of the world. Coming back to Poland, dogs often bring in non-native species of ticks as well as pathogens transmitted by them. Tick-borne diseases can result from infection with bacteria, viruses and parasitic protozoa. In this review we present most important tick-transmitted diseases which may occur in dogs in Poland.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A microbial diagnostic microarray technique for the sensitive detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria in a background of nonpathogens.

A major challenge in microbial diagnostics is the parallel detection and identification of low-bundance pathogens within a complex microbial community. In addition, a high specificity providing robust, reliable identification at least at the species level is required. A microbial diagnostic microarray approach, using single nucleotide extension labeling with gyrB as the marker gene, was developed. We present a novel concept applying competitive oligonucleotide probes to improve the specificity of the assay. Our approach enabled the sensitive and specific detection of a broad range of pathogenic bacteria. The approach was tested with a set of 35 oligonucleotide probes targeting Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, Proteus mirabilis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Campylobacter jejuni. The introduction of competitive oligonucleotides in the labeling reaction successfully suppressed cross-reaction by closely related sequences, significantly improving the performance of the assay. Environmental applicability was tested with environmental and veterinary samples harboring complex microbial communities. Detection sensitivity in the range of 0.1% has been demonstrated, far below the 5% detection limit of traditional microbial diagnostic microarrays.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2000

Babesiosis.

Babesiosis is an emerging, tick-transmitted, zoonotic disease caused by hematotropic parasites of the genus Babesia. Babesial parasites (and those of the closely related genus Theileria) are some of the most ubiquitous and widespread blood parasites in the world, second only to the trypanosomes, and consequently have considerable worldwide economic, medical, and veterinary impact. The parasites are intraerythrocytic and are commonly called piroplasms due to the pear-shaped forms found within infected red blood cells. The piroplasms are transmitted by ixodid ticks and are capable of infecting a wide variety of vertebrate hosts which are competent in maintaining the transmission cycle. Studies involving animal hosts other than humans have contributed significantly to our understanding of the disease process, including possible pathogenic mechanisms of the parasite and immunological responses of the host. To date, there are several species of Babesia that can infect humans, Babesia microti being the most prevalent. Infections with Babesia species generally follow regional distributions; cases in the United States are caused primarily by B. microti, whereas cases in Europe are usually caused by Babesia divergens. The spectrum of disease manifestation is broad, ranging from a silent infection to a fulminant, malaria-like disease, resulting in severe hemolysis and occasionally in death. Recent advances have resulted in the development of several diagnostic tests which have increased the level of sensitivity in detection, thereby facilitating diagnosis, expediting appropriate patient management, and resulting in a more accurate epidemiological description.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Distinct genotypes of human and canine isolates of Campylobacter upsaliensis determined by 16S rRNA gene typing and plasmid profiling.

The utility of combined 16S rRNA (rrs) gene restriction fragment length polymorphism and plasmid profiles to differentiate between and within Campylobacter upsaliensis of human and canine origin was examined. Fourteen distinct rrs gene restriction fragment length polymorphs consisting of bands sized between 1.9 and 4.8 kb were observed. The copy number of the 16S rRNA gene was three in most strains of C. upsaliensis. Plasmids were found in almost 60% of the strains; ranging in size from 1.5 to 100 kb, they gave 15 distinct plasmid profiles. All isolates from humans contained one or more plasmids, as did strains isolated from dogs with sporadic diarrhea. The two commonest 16S ribotypes were divided into eight and nine subgroups by plasmid profiling. The genotyping of canine isolates from three veterinary surveys detected both multiple infections and reinfection of dogs. Except for one, each of the isolates from humans constituted a single and unique 16S ribotype, and these more frequently carried plasmids than did canine strains. Ribotypes of human strains were not found among canine isolates. These results suggest that host-specific genotypic differences may exist among strains of C. upsaliensis, for example, intraspecific clones or clone complexes pathogenic for humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

An epidemiologic study of late-term abortions in dairy cattle in Denmark, July 2000-August 2003.

Abortion in dairy cows in well-managed dairies is not common but differences have been reported probably due to variation in animal health, nutrition and management, as well as difficulties in observing the aborted material. A 38-month study of 507 large Danish dairy herds revealed 3354 late-term abortions and 224,419 calvings were recorded. During the study period, a total of 3717 submissions were made to the Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research (DFVF). A broad spectrum of abortive agents was isolated but none were found to be statistically associated with abortions. The number of abortions in a month on a dairy was significantly (P<0.001) associated with the number of cows in the third trimester but explained only 11% (R(adj)(2)=0.114) of the variability of the reported abortions. A total of 23 herds (4.5%) reported 531 abortions (15.8%). Although a marginally significant (P=0.11) risk of increased abortions was found to exist in bovine viral diarrhea virus- (BVDV) infected herds, it could be at least partially explained by additional calvings in those herds. Temporal correlation between inseminations and abortions was statistically significant (P<0.001) with the highest correlation (r=0.47-0.51) after lagging abortions on insemination by 6-8 months. No indication of spatial clustering was detected for either specific-abortogenic pathogens or high aborting dairies using either Cuzick-Edwards' (P>0.17) or spatial scan tests (P>0.23). Ederer-Myers-Mantel test was applied to 3 years of data on the highest aborting dairies and showed that July had nearly double the expected number of maximum monthly abortions (P<0.001). These findings provide further insight into the reported abortion pattern in Danish dairies and may facilitate planning future control programs.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2005

Site-specific peptide vaccines for immunotherapy and immunization against chronic diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and for veterinary applications.

United Biomedical, Inc. (UBI) has developed a set of core technologies for the discovery and production of synthetic peptide-based immunotherapeutics and vaccines. These core technologies have led to products that stimulate functional site-directed antibody responses for therapeutic effects. UBI active immunotherapies can be used to modulate physiological processes effective for the control of cell entry by HIV virions, for control of prostate cancer and allergy, and for immunocastration in livestock leading to boar taint elimination and growth promotion in swine. The UBI technologies are also useful to stimulate site-directed antibodies against pathogenic agents such as foot-and-mouth disease virus. UBITh Immunotherapeutic peptides were developed as antigens to direct antibody responses against targeted epitopes on self-proteins and viral pathogens that are responsible for biological functions and pathogenicity. A collection of promiscuous UBITh T helper cell epitopes was used to impart these functionally antigenic peptides with immunogenicity. The T cell helper epitopes were covalently linked to the functional antigenic target sites by peptide synthesis, creating well-defined synthetic immunogens. Finally, vaccine formulations were selected appropriate for the delivery of peptide immunogens. Controlled production processes and the means to characterize the final product provide a framework for the GMP-compliant manufacture of UBITh immunotherapeutics and vaccines.

AIDS Vaccines↗