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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Functional, structural, and neuronal alterations in urinary bladder during diabetes: investigations of a mouse model.

Urinary bladder dysfunction is a common complication in diabetes, but the mechanisms involved are undefined and treatment options are limited. Murine models provide opportunities to utilize transgenic technologies for bladder research and here we investigate the functional, structural and neuronal aspects of the bladder in a mouse model of type-1 diabetes. Mice were injected with streptozotocin (150 mg/kg) or vehicle and studied at 5 weeks. Increases in blood glucose and total urine output were observed. In vitro cystometry showed a 2-fold increase in bladder capacity and compliance and decreased intravesical plateau pressure in diabetics versus controls. Bladder structure and composition were evaluated by digital imaging; region-specific changes included increased smooth muscle and urothelium and no change in collagen content. Alterations in cholinergic, adrenergic and nitric oxide-related functional responsiveness were also observed. The prevalence of cholinergic and adrenergic neuronal tracts was determined by immunohistochemistry: decreased vesicular acetylcholine transferase was observed in smooth muscle, whereas tyrosine hydroxylase was increased in the lamina propria, demonstrating a 'neuronal remodeling' shift toward pro-relaxant neuronal pathways. These studies demonstrate that this mouse model of diabetes exhibits important features of urinary bladder remodeling that are similar to the findings in humans and other animal models and will therefore be useful for further mechanistic investigations.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2000

[A case of ectopic prostatic tissue in urinary bladder and uretero-seminal vesicle fistula with ipsilateral aplastic kidney].

A case of ectopic prostatic tissue in urinary bladder and uretero-seminal vesicle fistula with ipsilateral aplastic kidney is reported. A 29-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for residual sensation and perineal pain. Ultrasound examination revealed a cystic change in the right side of urinary bladder. C.T. and M.R.I. revealed a defect of a right kidney and ipsilateral ureteral dilation and seminal vesicle swelling. A cystscopy under lumbar anesthesia revealed a edematous cystic change of the right side of trigone and defect of the right ureteral orifice. Trans urethral resection of the wall of urinary bladder was simultaneously performed. And the contents of the cyst were sperum and old red blood cells. A retrograde ureterograph showed blind-ending ureter at L5 level and seminal vesicle swelling. A resected bladder tissue contained prostatic tissue. After operation he was free from complaints. Uretero-seminal vesicle fistula with ipsilater aplastic kidney is rare disease. In addition a case complicated ectopic prostatic tissue in urinary bladder was not reported in Japanese medical literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Localization of P2Y1 purinoceptor transcripts in the rat penis and urinary bladder.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the expression and localization of the P2Y1 purinoceptor mRNA in rat penis and urinary bladder using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), northern blotting and in situ hybridization (ISH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: RT-PCR: First strand cDNA was prepared from rat penis and urinary bladder dome total RNA and used for PCR with primers designed to amplify fragments of the P2Y1 purinoceptor cDNA sequence. Northern blotting: PCR products were subcloned into the pGEM-5Zf(+) plasmid vector, sequenced and random primer labeled using 32p. Labeled probe was hybridized. ISH: Digoxigenin labeled cRNA probes were synthesized by in vitro transcription. RESULTS: P2Y1 purinoceptor mRNA was detected by RT-PCR analysis in both rat penis and urinary bladder. RNA blotting using a P2Y1 purinoceptor cDNA probe revealed a single transcript of 4.2kb in both tissues. This band was the same size as that expressed by the heart, which contains high levels of P2Y1 purinoceptor (Burnstock, G.: Physiological and pathological roles of purines: an update. Drug. Dev. Res., 28: 195, 1993). By ISH, P2Y1 purinoceptor mRNA was localized in detrusor smooth muscle cells and blood vessels in urinary bladder. In penis, positive signals were detected in endothelial cells which line the lacunar space and blood vessels. No hybridization was seen in corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells and urethra. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that mRNAs for P2Y1 purinoceptor are expressed in detrusor smooth muscle cells and blood vessels of rat urinary bladder. However, in penis, this receptor is expressed in endothelial cells which lines the lacunar space and blood vessels, but not expressed in corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells and urethra.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Surgical treatment of urinary bladder cancer].

Ultrasonic transabdominal and transrectal investigations, computed tomography, endoscopic photodynamic studies, polyfocal biopsy of the urinary bladder were used in examination of 1238 patients which were diagnosed to have urinary bladder cancer. 894 patients underwent transurethral resection of the bladder. Morphologically, cancer of the urinary bladder has an inductory effect on intact parts of the bladder mucosa. This means that even most radical resection does not eliminate grounds for a new tumor growth. Radical cystectomy was performed in diffuse papillomatosis, multiple stage T2 tumors of high-grade malignancy, tumors at stage T3, T4, Nx, MO, in rapid recurrent tumors after conservative or operative treatment.

Cystectomy↗
PubMed2002

Carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid in male F344 rats and genetic alterations in induced urinary bladder tumors.

Arsenic is a well-documented human carcinogen, and contamination with this heavy metal is of global concern, presenting a major issue in environmental health. However, the mechanism by which arsenic induces cancer is unknown, in large part due to the lack of an appropriate animal model. In the present set of experiments, we focused on dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), a major metabolite of arsenic in most mammals including humans. We provide, for the first time, the full data, including detailed pathology, of the carcinogenicity of DMA in male F344 rats in a 2-year bioassay, along with the first assessment of the genetic alteration patterns in the induced rat urinary bladder tumors. Additionally, to test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play a role in DMA carcinogenesis, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) formation in urinary bladder was examined. In experiment 1, a total of 144 male F344 rats at 10 weeks of age were randomly divided into four groups that received DMA at concentrations of 0, 12.5, 50 and 200 p.p.m. in the drinking water, respectively, for 104 weeks. From weeks 97-104, urinary bladder tumors were observed in 8 of 31 and 12 of 31 rats in groups treated with 50 and 200 p.p.m. DMA, respectively, and the preneoplastic lesion, papillary or nodular hyperplasias (PN hyperplasia), was noted in 12 and 14 rats, respectively. DMA treatment did not cause tumors in other organs and no urinary bladder tumors or preneoplastic lesions were evident in the 0 and 12.5 p.p.m.-treated groups. Urinary levels of arsenicals increased significantly in a dose-responsive manner except for arsenobetaine (AsBe). DMA and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) were the major compounds detected in the urine, with small amounts of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and tetramethylarsonium (TeMa) also detected. Significantly increased 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling indices were observed in the morphologically normal epithelium of the groups treated with 50 and 200 p.p.m. DMA. Mutation analysis showed that DMA-induced rat urinary bladder tumors had a low rate of H-ras mutations (2 of 20, 10%). No alterations of the p53, K-ras or beta-catenin genes were detected. Only one TCC (6%) demonstrated nuclear accumulation of p53 protein by immunohistochemistry. In 16 of 18 (89%) of the TTCs and 3 of 4 (75%) of the papillomas, decreased p27(kip1) expression could be demonstrated. Cyclin D1 overexpression was observed in 26 of 47 (55%) PN hyperplasias, 3 of 4 (75%) papillomas, and 10 of 18 (56%) TCCs. As a molecular marker of oxidative stress, increased COX-2 expression was noted in 17 of 18 (94%) TCCs, 4 of 4 (100%) papillomas, and 39 of 47 (83%) PN hyperplasias. In experiment 2, 8-OHdG formation in urinary bladder was significantly increased after treatment with 200 p.p.m. DMA in the drinking water for 2 weeks compared with the controls. The studies demonstrated DMA to be a carcinogen for the rat urinary bladder and suggested that DMA exposure may be relevant to the carcinogenic risk of inorganic arsenic in humans. Diverse genetic alterations observed in DMA-induced urinary bladder tumors imply that multiple genes are involved in stages of DMA-induced tumor development. Furthermore, generation of ROS is likely to play an important role in the early stages of DMA carcinogenesis.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMed1990

Retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of dogs during ejaculation or after sedation with xylazine.

Retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of dogs during ejaculation or after administration of xylazine was examined. In experiment 1, the mean (+/- SD) spermatozoal concentration in urine collected by cystocentesis before ejaculation was 0.322 +/- 0.645 X 10(6)/ml. After ejaculation, motile spermatozoa were present in the urine collected by cystocentesis from 12 of 15 dogs, and the concentration of spermatozoa in the urine (5.139 +/- 7.014 X 10(6)/ml) was higher (P less than 0.025) than the concentration in the urine collected before ejaculation. The percentage of the total number of spermatozoa that were displaced during ejaculation and flowed into the urinary bladder (retrograde flow) ranged from 0 to 99.75% (24.67 +/- 33.98%). In experiments 2 and 3, administration of xylazine to sexually rested dogs induced retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder. In experiment 2, all dogs had spermatozoa in urine collected after xylazine administration, with motile spermatozoa present in the urine from 9 of 10 dogs. In experiment 3, urine collected from dogs before administration of xylazine was azoospermic or contained few, nonmotile spermatozoa (0.063 +/- 0.135 X 10(6)/ml), whereas urine collected after administration of xylazine had more (P less than 0.025) and motile spermatozoa (3.717 +/- 4.273 X 10(6)/ml). In experiment 4, administration of xylazine to dogs after ejaculation did not increase the concentration of spermatozoa in the urine. Results indicate that spermatozoa flow into the urinary bladder of dogs during ejaculation or after administration of xylazine to sexually rested dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Lack of promoting effects of alpha-linolenic, linoleic or palmitic acid on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats.

Potential promoting effects of alpha-linolenic, linoleic and palmitic acids were investigated in a two-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis model. In experiment 1, male F344 rats were given 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in their drinking water for 4 weeks and then basal diet containing 10% alpha-linolenic, 10% linoleic or 10% palmitic acid along with 0.2% butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as an antioxidant for 24 weeks. The development of tumors in the urinary bladder was not increased by treatment with any of the fatty acids. In experiment 2, male F344 rats were given 10% alpha-linolenic, 10% linoleic or 10% palmitic acid along with 0.2% BHA in their diet for 8 weeks without prior BBN treatment. The administration of fatty acids was not associated with any increase in the 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling index of the urinary bladder epithelium. Serum and/or urine fatty acid levels increased in the cases of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid treatments, but not with palmitic acid. Under the present experimental conditions neither the two polyunsaturated nor the one saturated fatty acid exerted any promoting effect on urinary bladder carcinogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Contractile responses to electrical field stimulation and ATP in guinea-pig urinary bladder.

1. The responses of guinea-pig urinary bladder smooth muscle to intramuscular nerve stimulation were investigated by isometric tension recording. 2. The nerve mediated contractions, evoked by field stimulation with a stimulus of 0.5 msec duration, a frequency of 15 Hz and a voltage of 50 V, were inhibited by atropine (10(-6) M) and alpha, beta-MeATP (10(-4) M) to about 80% and 20%, respectively, of control. 3. Simultaneous application of atropine (10(-6) M) and alpha, beta-MeATP (10(-4) M) abolished the contraction evoked by selective nerve stimulation. 4. Terodiline (10(-4) M), one of Ca2+ antagonists, inhibited the contraction evoked by both nerve selective stimulation and exogenously applied ATP. 5. Based on these results we suggested that in guinea-pig urinary bladder, ATP was a predominant excitatory transmitter and the nerve-mediated contraction and exogenous ATP were mainly dependent upon Ca2+ influx.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1999

Clinicopathological study of pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder: immunohistochemical, flow cytometric and ultrastructural findings with review of the literature.

Pheochromocytomas usually arise from the adrenal medulla but may also arise from the carotid body, the retroperitoneum, the urinary bladder, and other locations. We report three cases of pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder with clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, flow cytometric, and ultrastructural findings. Case 1, a 13-year-old boy presented with hematuria. He underwent partial cystectomy, 31 years later he presented with a tumor in the thoracic vertebra. Case 2, a 35-year-old woman presented with headache, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, and diaphoresis on evacuation. She underwent total cystectomy and regional lymph adenectomy. She survived for 10 years without recurrence or metastasis; however, she died from another disease. Case 3, a 31-year-old man presented with dysuria. He underwent total cystectomy and regional lymph adenectomy. The tumor metastasized to the lymph nodes, and the patient died after 4 years. The urinary bladder tumors in these three cases protruded into the lumen and invaded deeper than the middle of the muscle layer. The tumor of the urinary bladder, metastatic lymph nodes, and thoracic vertebra showed alveolar and trabecular patterns, and tumor cells were surrounded by capillaries. The tumor cells were moderate in size with ovoid nuclei and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm that contained acidophilic granules reactive to Grimelius stain. Vascular invasion was observed in cases 1 and 2. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells showed reactivity for chromogranin, Leu 7, and S-100 protein. In each of the three cases, the DNA ploidy pattern on flow cytometry was aneuploid. Ultrastructural examination revealed several neurosecretory granules, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a few mitochondria within the cytoplasm. It is difficult to determine whether pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder is malignant on the basis of histological, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric findings. Long-term follow up is necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urinary bladder neoplasia in the dog and cat.

Neoplasms of the canine and feline urinary bladder are diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the veterinary clinician. The diagnosis of a urinary bladder neoplasm is generally delayed because of a lack of overt clinical signs or a partial response to empirical treatment. Surgical resection by partial (segmental) resection is the treatment of choice; however, due to delays in diagnosis, tumor location or extent (stage), this form of treatment may be precluded. More information is needed concerning the efficacy of adjuvant (nonsurgical) treatment modalities. The prognosis of dogs and cats with urinary bladder neoplasms is based on tumor type, location, depth of bladder wall invasion, and presence of regional or distant metastases.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Histological changes after fractionated whole or partial irradiation of the rabbit urinary bladder.

Effects of x-irradiation on the urinary bladder of male New Zealand rabbits were studied by means of light microscopy 100 weeks after exposure. The absorbed dose was 33, 36 or 39 Gy given in 5 daily fractions administered to the whole, the cranial or the caudal part of the bladder. The changes in the epithelium and in the muscular tissue were dose-dependent while the changes in the submucosa and in the extramuscular layer were not. The transitional epithelium was generally either atrophic or hyperplastic. If dysplastic or neoplastic changes were seen, the involved areas were mostly surrounded by an apparently normally differentiated epithelium and the highly specialized superficial cells lining the bladder cavity were always present. The submucosal and muscular tissues showed fibrosis and changes in blood vessels and, sometimes also in lymph vessels.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Histamine H1-receptors in the guinea-pig urinary bladder.

Histamine H1-receptors were identified in the guinea-pig urinary bladder. Histamine (10(-8)-10(-3) M) produced a dose-dependent contraction which was not altered by either scopolamine or tetrodotoxin. Specific [3H]mepyramine binding to the urinary bladder was saturable and there was a single population of high affinity binding sites with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 0.77 nM and maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of 68.5 fmol/mg protein. Histamine-induced contraction and [3H]mepyramine binding were inhibited by triploridine, promethazine, d-chlorpheniramine and mepyramine but not by cimetidine. There was a good correlation between mechanical activity and [3H]mepyramine binding as shown by the inhibition affinity constant (Ki) of H1-antagonists. These results provide evidence that the histamine H1-receptor in the guinea-pig urinary bladder is involved in the histamine-induced contraction.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder in a boy.

Inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder is not uncommon in adults. In children, only two cases had been reported to our knowledge. Another pediatric case is described herein, in which the lesion occurred in a 9-year-old boy; he is the youngest patient reported to have this condition.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Studies on the excitatory neurotransmission in the guinea-pig urinary bladder.

The amplitude of atropine-resistant twich contractions of muscle strips of the guinea-pig urinary bladder was not changed after 90 min continuous electrical stimulation in the presence of 100 microM hemicholinium-3, as compared with the amplitude of the corresponding contractions in control experiments without hemicholinium-3. Addition of 100 microM choline to the medium did not change the amplitude of contractions either. Methionine-enkephalin (1 microM) known as a potent inhibitor of acetylcholine release in autonomic nerves did not change the amplitude of the twich responses. Apamin (1 microM) which inhibited the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic responses in taenia coli did not change the amplitude of the atropine-resistant contractile responses of the guinea-pig urinary bladder. It is concluded that acetylcholine is not the principle excitatory neurotransmitter in the guinea-pig urinary bladder, although some cholinergic contribution to the twich response exists. The nonadrenergic, non-cholinergic atropine-resistant contractile response of the guinea-pig urinary bladder is apamin-resistant.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1987

Adaptation to metabolic acidosis by turtle urinary bladder.

We utilized the turtle urinary bladder to study the mechanisms responsible for adaptation to metabolic acidosis. Bladders removed from acidotic turtles had a higher rate of H+ secretion in vitro than bladders from control turtles, despite identical extracellular pH. HCO3 secretion, however, was not different between the two groups. The increase in H+ secretion could be mediated by a decrease in intracellular pH and/or by an increase in the number of cells thought to be responsible for H+ secretion. To study this issue, we measured intracellular pH with the fluorescent dye 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate and quantified the number of cells by fluorescence microscopy utilizing acridine orange, rhodamine 123, and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate in turtles receiving different acid loads. Urinary acidification measured in vivo was increased in turtles fed a low-acid load for 48 h and in turtles fed a high-acid load for 24-48 h. Intracellular pH was lower in bladders from turtles fed a high-acid load for 48 h but it was not different from controls in the other groups, indicating that intracellular pH cannot account for the adaptive increase in H+ secretion. Bladders from all groups fed an acid load had a higher number of cells with positive staining for acridine orange compared with controls. Double labeling with acridine orange and the mitochondrial stain rhodamine 123 or 6-carboxyfluorescein showed a significant increase in the number of mitochondria-rich cells between control and bladders from turtles fed an acid load. The increase in the number of rhodamine 123- or 6-carboxyfluorescein-positive cells was lower than the increase in acridine orange-positive cells, suggesting that the apparent increase in the number of acridine orange-positive cells is due to an increase in the number of acidic vesicles in the mitochondria-rich cells and in the granular cells rather than solely to an increase in the number of mitochondria-rich cells. Plasma membrane fraction prepared from control and acidotic bladders failed to disclose an increase in the putative H+-ATPase as assessed by enzymatic activity and transport studies. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the adaptive increase in H+ secretion in metabolic acidosis is associated both with an increase in the number of mitochondria-rich cells as well as with an increase in the number of acidic vesicles in these cells.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1989

Effect of acute complete obstruction on the rabbit urinary bladder.

Studies on the effect of partial bladder outlet obstruction demonstrate that significant alterations in urinary bladder structure and function occur within 24 hours of the creation of the obstruction. These studies suggest that many of the functional and structural alterations following partial outlet obstruction may result from the initial overdistension which occurs within the first 24 hours. In these present studies, we investigated the time course of the effect of complete obstruction of the rabbit urinary bladder on the contractile response to bethanechol and field stimulation and on the muscarinic receptor density. Male White New Zealand rabbits were divided into five groups: controls, four, eight, 20, and 24 hours of complete obstruction. The results demonstrated that there was a significant decrease in both the contractile response to muscarinic stimulation and muscarinic receptor density at four hours following outlet obstruction (at a time when there was no bladder overdistension). The receptor density and contractile response to stimulation further decreased over the 24 hour period. These studies indicate that the initial decrease in muscarinic receptor density and contractile response to muscarinic stimulation may be mediated in part by the high level of spontaneous contractile activity induced by ligation of the urethra.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder: a molecular genetic appraisal.

Inverted papilloma of urinary bladder is an uncommon urothelial neoplasm. Its relationship to urothelial carcinoma is controversial. Little is known of the genetic abnormalities of inverted papilloma. To better understand its genetics, we analyzed 39 inverted papillomas, including 36 from men and three from women, for loss of heterozygosity (LOH). We examined four polymorphic microsatellite markers located on chromosome 9q32-33(D9S177), chromosome 9p22 (IFNA), chromosome 3p14.2 (D3S1300) and chromosome 17p13.1 (TP53), where genetic alterations occur frequently in urothelial carcinomas. Additionally, the status of inactivation of X-chromosome was examined in three female patients. The frequency of LOH in informative cases was 8% (3 of 37) for D9S177, 10% (4 of 38) for TP53, 8% (3 of 37) for IFNA and 8% (3 of 36) for D3S1300. In the analysis of X-chromosome inactivation, all three cases yielded informative results and one had nonrandom inactivation of X-chromosomes. The monoclonal origin demonstrated in the study of X-chromosome inactivation indicates the clonal process of inverted papilloma; however, the low incidence of LOH supports the view that inverted papilloma in urinary bladder is a benign neoplasm with molecular genetic abnormalities different from those of urothelial carcinoma.

Female↗