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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Prevention of farm injuries in Denmark.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effects of a 4-year randomized intervention program that combined a safety audit with safety behavior training in the prevention of farm injuries. METHODS: From a random sample of farms in the county of Ringkoebing, Denmark, 393 farms with 1597 residents and employees participated in a weekly self-registration of work-related accidents and injuries during 1 year. Worktasks and time at risk were recorded. A questionnaire including items on safety behavior was also mailed to each farm. Thereafter, the farms were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. Two hundred and one farms with 990 persons at risk participated in the intervention study. The main outcome measures were the number and severity of accidents, safety behavior, and farmsite safety audits. RESULTS: Pre- and postmeasurements showed a substantial reduction in injury rates in the intervention group in comparison with a slight reduction in the control group. In a multivariate regression analysis the intervention effect was estimated to be a 30% injury-rate reduction of all injuries, while there was a 42% reduction for medically treated injuries only. Although none of these effects are statistically significant with the present sample size, their magnitude and direction support an intervention effect. The measures of safety behavior revealed significant improvements, and this finding supports the conclusion that the intervention effect was positive, since they concern some of the mediating factors on the pathway from intervention to improved injury rates. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention, which focused on safety behavior and was performed as a randomized controlled trial, was followed by a substantial reduction in the number of farm injuries. The reduction was particularly marked for the more severe injuries demanding medical treatment.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1983

Formaldehyde vapor exposures in anatomy laboratories.

This study examined formaldehyde vapor exposures that occurred in the gross anatomy laboratories of a major medical school during a 12-week study period. Formaldehyde samples were collected using personal sampling pumps to draw air through midget impingers containing a 0.1% solution of sodium bisulfite dissolved in deionized water as the absorbing medium. Breathing zone and ambient air samples were collected and analyzed from 8 laboratories on a rotating basis. Analysis was via the chromotropic acid method recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. It was found that 44% of all breathing zone samples were greater than the 1.0 ppm ceiling value for occupational exposure recently recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Only 11% of ambient air samples were in excess of 1.0 ppm.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1983

An analysis of policies regulating medication in Ohio public schools.

The development of medicines, state and federal laws requiring the enrollment and mainstreaming of handicapped students and the use of behavior modifying drugs has resulted in more requests by parents to have medication administered to their children during school hours. The problem in schools without immediate access to nurses is to accommodate students who need medication while at the same time avoid the dangers that are inherent in administering medication to children. The purpose of this investigation was to determine what guidelines are being followed in Ohio schools on the storage and administration of prescribed medication. Policies and regulations on the administration of medication, solicited from a random sample of Ohio school districts, were found to be not in keeping with pertinent legislation, litigation and recommended procedures. The investigation of the sample districts revealed enough inadequacies to suggest that: 1) many Ohio school districts need formal policies and regulations in the administration of medication; and 2) Ohio school districts having policies and regulations in the administration of medication should seriously consider eliminating whatever inadequacies exist for the safety and well-being of students and staff. A sample board policy statement, regulations for administering prescription and nonprescription medication in schools, a request form and a model statute designed to protect the employee from tort liability as a result of ordinary negligence in the administration of medication were developed in keeping with the findings of this study and are recommended for consideration as models by school districts nationwide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Does threatening imagery sensitize distress during contaminant exposure?

Prominent models of fear focus on the role of cognition in the development and maintenance of maladaptive responses. Little research, however, has evaluated the impact of cognition on distress reduction. The current study uses an experimental design to examine the effect of different types of imagery (moving harm, static harm, and safety) on reduction of distress associated with a contaminating stimulus in a normal university sample. Results indicate that use of moving harm imagery sensitizes distress during a 30-min exposure, whereas static harm and safety imagery reduce distress. These findings demonstrate that cognitive factors can moderate affective response during exposure. Clinical implications for the treatment of anxiety disorders are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Anticipatory guidance about child safety seat misuse: lessons from safety seat "checkups".

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the frequency of improper child safety seat use and to identify the most common mistakes in safety seat use, so that priorities for anticipatory guidance about misuse can be identified. DESIGN: Descriptive survey of types and frequency of safety seat misuse. SETTING: Eleven safety seat "checkups" sponsored by the Louisiana SAFE KIDS Coalition in southeastern Louisiana in 1998. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of parents recruited for checkups through local media and sponsoring businesses. Three hundred seventeen child safety seats were checked. RESULTS: Of the 266 forward- and rear-facing seats checked, 250 (94%) were installed incorrectly. Sixty-one (23%) of the seats had minor misuse or were correctly used, 107 (40%) were partially misused, and 98 (37%) were extensively misused. The 3 most frequently found problems were seat not belted into vehicle tightly (142 [88%] of forward-facing seats and 84 [81%] of rear-facing seats), safety seat harness straps not snug (70 [43%] of forward-facing seats and 49 [47%] of rear-facing seats), and harness retainer clip not at armpit level (55 [34%] of forward-facing seats and 38 [37%] of rear-facing seats). CONCLUSIONS: As part of the routine anticipatory guidance offered during well-child visits, health care providers (ie, physician, nurse, or nurse practitioner) should counsel parents specifically about these 3 frequent errors in child safety seat use.

Automobiles↗
PubMed2002

Safety of plasma-based sterilization: surface modifications of polymeric medical devices induced by Sterrad and Plazlyte processes.

Plasma-based sterilization is a promising alternative to the use of pure ethylene oxide (EO), for low-temperature clinical sterilization of medical instruments and devices. However, few studies have been published that evaluate its safety in terms of possible damage to materials, particularly polymers. The objective of this work was to evaluate polymer surface modifications induced by commercial plasma-based sterilizers, in comparison with pure EO: Samples from 5 polymer-based devices were subjected to 1, 5, and 10 sterilization cycles by Sterrad-100, Plazlyte, and pure EO. Surface analysis was carried out by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic contact angle measurements (DCA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface oxidation and wettability changes were observed on all samples sterilized by plasma-based techniques, the degree of modifications depending on the sterilizer (Sterrad, Plazlyte) and the type of polymer. Drastic changes of surface appearance were also observed by SEM on PVC samples sterilized by Plazlyte and by pure EO. Possible repercussions on safety are discussed.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Immunogenicity and safety of a combined DTaP-IPV vaccine compared with separate DTaP and IPV vaccines when administered as pre-school booster doses with a second dose of MMR vaccine to healthy children aged 4-6 years.

Combination vaccines represent one solution to the problem of increased numbers of injections during single clinic visits. A combined DTaP-IPV (Infanrix-IPV) vaccine has been developed for use as a pre-school booster. Four hundred healthy children aged 4-6 years previously primed with 4 doses of DTaP vaccine (Infanrix), 3 doses of poliovirus vaccine and 1 dose of MMR vaccine were randomized to receive single doses of either the combined DTaP-IPV vaccine or separate DTaP and IPV vaccines in a Phase II trial (DTaP-IPV-047). All children also received a second dose of MMR vaccine. Immunogenicity was assessed in serum samples taken before and 1 month after booster administration. Safety was actively assessed for 42 days post-vaccination. Non-inferiority of the DTaP-IPV vaccine to separate DTaP and IPV vaccines was demonstrated for all DTaP antigen booster response rates and poliovirus geometric mean titers of antibody ratios. Post-vaccination, > or =99.4% of children in both groups had seroprotective levels of anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus antibodies (> or =0.1IU/mL) and seroprotective anti-poliovirus antibody titers (> or =1:8). All children in both groups were seropositive for measles, mumps and rubella antibodies, with similar post-vaccination geometric mean concentrations/titers. No significant differences were observed in the incidence of solicited local or general symptoms, unsolicited symptoms and serious adverse events between the two groups. This combined DTaP-IPV appeared safe and immunogenic when given as a booster dose at 4-6 years of age. The DTaP-IPV vaccine had no negative effect on the response to co-administered MMR vaccine, making it well-suited for use as a pre-school booster.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence and predictors of residential health hazards: a pilot study.

This article reports the results of a pilot study designed to ascertain the prevalence of lead-based paint (LBP), vermin, mold, and safety conditions and hazards and to validate observations and self-reports against environmental sampling data. Data are based on a convenience sample of 70 dwellings in a low-income, urban neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. The vast majority of residences (96%) contained multiple conditions and/or hazards: LBP hazards (80%), vermin (79%), elevated levels of airborne mold (39%), and safety hazards (100%). Observations and occupant reports were associated with environmental sampling data. In general, the more proximate an observed condition was to an actual hazard, the more likely it was to be associated with environmental sampling results (e.g., peeling LBP was associated with windowsill dust lead levels, and cockroach sightings by tenants were associated with Blatella germanica [Bla g 1] levels). Conversely, the more distal an observed condition was to an actual hazard, the less likely it was to be associated with environmental sampling results (e.g., water damage, alone, was not statistically associated with elevated levels of dust lead, Bla g 1, or airborne mold). Based on the findings from this pilot study, there is a need for industrial hygienists and others to adopt more comprehensive and integrative approaches to residential hazard assessment and remediation. Further research--using larger, randomly drawn samples, representing a range of housing types and geographical areas--is needed to clarify the relationship between readily observable conditions, occupant reports, and environmental sampling data and to assess the cumulative impact on human health.

Allergens↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacokinetics and antidiuretic effect of a new vasopressin analogue (F992) in overhydrated male volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to study the pharmacokinetics, the antidiuretic effects and the safety of [D-Phe2, Thi3, alpha-Me-Abu4, Hyp7, D-Arg8]dC1-vasopressin, a new antidiuretic peptide (F992, Ferring, Sweden), administered as intravenous infusion to orally overhydrated male volunteers. METHODS: Eight healthy male volunteers participated in this open study consisting of two parts: a dose titration study and a safety study. In the dose titration study ascending doses of F992 were administered to volunteers in pairs in order to find a dose that within 1 h after the infusion, in both subjects, caused a reduction of the urine flow rate to below 5 ml x min(-1) (target dose). Subsequently, this target dose was administered to all volunteers. In the safety study the target dose was doubled and given to all volunteers. On each study occasion, in both study parts, the subjects were orally overhydrated with water. F992 was administered as i.v. infusion approximately 1.5 h after the start of the hydration procedure. Throughout the study days, blood was sampled for determination of plasma concentrations of F992 and for safety evaluation. Urine was collected at intervals in order to estimate flow rate and osmolality. RESULTS: The target dose was found to be 4.0 microg as this dose fulfilled the criteria regarding antidiuretic effect, consequently 8.0 microg was administered to all subjects in the safety study. After infusion of 4.0 and 8.0 microg, the median half-lives of elimination were 4.72 (range 3.99-6.53) h and 3.85 (range 3.04-11.08) h, respectively. The plasma clearance and the volume of distribution at steady state were estimated to be 0.88 (SD 0.24) ml x min(-1) x kg(-1) and 326 (SD 68) ml x kg(-1)] after infusion of 4 microg. After the highest dose (8 microg), the corresponding estimates were 0.86 (SD 0.32) ml x min(-1) x kg(-1) and 299 (SD 81) ml x kg(-1), respectively. Significantly (P = 0.033) different maximum mean urine osmolalities were produced after infusion of 4.0 and 8.0 microg of F992 (534 (SD 318) vs 732 (SD 189) mOsmol x kg(-1)). The median times to reach these values showed some tendency to be longer for the highest dose, however statistical significance was not reached. No serious adverse events were observed during the study. CONCLUSION: We found it safe to administer F992 as infusion to overhydrated male volunteers. The results suggest that F992 has a longer half-life and a lower potency than the widely used peptide desmopressin.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Personal and environmental air sampling of methyl bromide during experimental greenhouse fumigation.

In this investigation methyl bromide, a widely used soil fumigant, was investigated with respect to workers exposure and environmental fortification at the greenhouses of Thessaloniki area, Northern Greece. By means of personal and environmental air sampling through charcoal, methyl bromide concentration was measured by gas chromatography using a capillary OV-1 column at 45 degrees C and flame ionization detector (FID). Personal air sampling for two workers showed that the levels of exposure to methyl bromide were 89 and 92 mg/m3 respectively. These values exceeded the safety limits. The mean maximum and mean minimum concentrations in the environmental air samples inside the greenhouse, for 8 hours duration, were 142 mg/m3 and 4 mg/m3, respectively. These concentrations were determined within four and eleven days after the application of methyl bromide.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2003

Food safety implications of the distribution of azaspiracids in the tissue compartments of scallops (Pecten maximus).

Azaspiracids, a new class of shellfish toxins, have been implicated in several recent incidents of human intoxications following the consumption of mussels (Mytilus edulis). A study was undertaken to examine the distribution of azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) toxins in scallops (Pecten maximus) and individual shellfish were dissected into five tissue fractions for the determination of toxin composition. Separation of the predominant azaspiracids, AZA1-3, was achieved using reversed-phase liquid chromatography with detection by positive electrospray multiple tandem mass spectrometry. The AZP toxin composition was determined in the adductor muscle (meat), gonad (roe), hepatopancreas (digestive glands), mantle and gill of scallops. Substantial differences in the AZP toxin levels between tissue compartments were observed and toxins were concentrated predominantly, about 85%, in the hepatopancreas. There was also a significant variation in the total toxin levels between individual scallops from the same sample batch and the RSD was 60% (n = 9). Interestingly, although all three AZP toxins were present in phytoplankton and mussels, AZA3 was not detected in the scallop samples examined. It was concluded that to improve food safety, only the adductor muscle and gonad of scallops should be permitted for sale to the public.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Primary care physicians' perceptions of barriers to genetic testing and their willingness to participate in research.

Our objective was to explore the barriers and motivations to: 1) appropriate diffusion of genetic services into primary care practice; and 2) primary care physicians' (PCPs) willingness to participate in clinical studies to assess the safety and effectiveness of emerging genetic technologies. A random sample (n = 994) of PCPs was invited to be interviewed. Of the 80 who agreed, 60 were interviewed, 52 by telephone. A semi-structured guide was used. A questionnaire mailed to 752 of the PCPs was used to elicit information from physicians who did not want to be interviewed. Among interviewees, uncertainty as to the clinical utility and clinical validity of predictive genetic testing were the leading barriers to incorporation of this technology into practice, being mentioned by 60 and 43% of subjects, respectively. Of the 100 (13. 3%) physicians returning the questionnaire who declined to be interviewed, 30% said they would be willing to participate in research on the safety and effectiveness of predictive genetic tests. Of those who were interviewed, 92% were willing to participate in such research. Most physicians do not see genetics as important in their practice today; many anticipate greater importance in the future. The proportion of physicians interested in participating in research to assess the safety and effectiveness of genetic tests is sufficient to make large scale, collaborative, practice-based evaluation feasible. Additionally, participation in research may serve as an effective medium for physician education in genetics.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Pooled analyses of randomized trials of streptokinase and heparin in phlebographically documented acute deep venous thrombosis.

Although thrombolysis with streptokinase has been compared with heparin anticoagulation for treating acute proximal deep venous thrombosis in several randomized trials, no individual study has had a sample of sufficient size to determine with adequate power both efficacy and safety. Therefore, results were pooled from six randomized studies in which phlebography was used to confirm the diagnosis and to assess therapy. Thrombolysis was achieved 3.7 times more often among patients treated with streptokinase than among patients treated with heparin (95 percent confidence limits 2.5, 5.7; p less than 0.0001). Only three studies allowed comparison of these drugs for major bleeding complications, which were 2.9 times greater with streptokinase than with heparin (95 percent confidence limits 1.1, 8.1; p = 0.04). Thus, in aggregate, streptokinase-treated patients achieved thrombolysis but also seemed to experience major bleeding complications more frequently than those assigned at random to receive heparin. Future trials of sufficient sample size should be undertaken to evaluate efficacy and safety. Such trials, which should include newer fibrinolytic agents, are necessary to determine optimal therapy for acute proximal deep venous thrombosis.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2001

Confidence in the safety of blood for transfusion: the effect of message framing.

BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion is a universally used, life-saving medical intervention. However, there are increasing concerns among patients about blood safety. This study investigates the effect of message framing, a means of presenting information, on confidence in blood transfusion safety. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The same factual information regarding the safety of blood for transfusion was presented to a sample of 254 adult students (donors and nondonors) as either a gain frame (lives saved), a loss frame (lives lost), or a combined frame (a loss frame expressed in a positive context). This provided a basic two-way, between-subjects design with 1) blood donation history (donors vs. nondonors) and 2) message frame (gain, loss, and combined) functioning as the between-groups factors. It was hypothesized that participants would consider blood safer if information was presented as a gain frame. The role of stress appraisals as potential mediators of the framing effect was also explored. RESULTS: As predicted, participants receiving the gain-frame information were significantly more confident of the safety of blood for transfusion than those receiving loss-frame information or both. This was unaffected by donation history or appraisals of stress associated with transfusion. The extent to which blood was considered safe was negatively associated, independently of framing effects, with perceptions that transfusion was threatening. CONCLUSION: Information about transfusion should be conveyed to patients in a form focusing on the positive, rather than the negative, known facts about the safety of blood.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Field precision of formaldehyde sampling and analysis using NIOSH method 3500.

This study examined the field precision of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method 3500, also known as chromotropic acid method, in the range of exposure limit covers the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit of 0.75 ppm and the OSHA action level of 0.5 ppm airborne formaldehyde. Using this method, 78 area samples (25 sets of replicate samples) were collected in a workplace and analyzed. The concentrations of formaldehyde ranged from 0.05 to 1.72 ppm with a mean +/- standard deviation of 0.95 +/- 0.31 ppm. The precision (coefficient of variation, CV) of 25 sets of replicated samples ranged from 0.03 to 0.24 with an overall (pooled) precision of 0.09, which is in agreement with that stated in NIOSH Method 3500. In 68% of replicate samples the precision was equal to or less than 0.09. The relative accuracy of the sampling and analytical procedure used in this study was evaluated by collecting 12 sets of side-by-side replicate samples using both NIOSH Method 3500 and OSHA Method 5.2 Method 53 was used to determine whether the concentrations of formaldehyde were within the desired range. The overall mean concentrations were 0.98 +/- 0.42 for Method 3500 and 0.78 +/- 0.28 ppm for Method 5.2. These were no statistically different. The pooled CVs were 0.114 and 0.076 for Method 3500 and Method 52, respectively.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

Safety-related knowledge and behavior changes in participants of farm safety day camps.

Significant resources are devoted to conducting farm safety day camps throughout North America, but the impact and effectiveness of these programs has not been systematically demonstrated. This project assessed changes in safety-related knowledge and behaviors among participants in the Progressive Farmer Farm Safety Day Camp program. A written pre-test and a three-month telephone post-test were administered to three samples of participants, ages 8 to 13, in camps held in 1999, 2000, and 2001. A sample of 20 to 30 camps was included in each year of the study, with a total sample of 1,780 participants for all three years. The pre-test and post-test contained questions related to first aid and to safety around animals, ATVs, farm equipment, flowing grains, and tractors. Three scores were computed from responses to 20 knowledge and behavior items. A knowledge score indicated the number of 8 knowledge items answered correctly, a behavior risk score indicated the amount of risk exposure for the child based on 8 behavior items, and an ATV safety gear risk score indicated, for those who rode ATVs, the level of risk due to lack of proper safety gear (4 items). From pre-test to post-test, there was an increase in knowledge scores and a decrease in behavior risk scores and ATV safety gear risk scores. These changes were consistent both for males and females, for farm residents and non-farm residents, and across all ages in the sample. These results support claims for the effectiveness of farm safety day camps for increasing knowledge and improving safe practices among camp participants.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2005

Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity study of waste and purified water samples from electroplating industries prepared by use of ferrous sulfate and wood fly ash.

Toxicological safety of the new purification method for electroplating wastewaters (EWW) has been assessed. Method utilizes waste by-product ferrous sulfate and wood fly ash to scavenge heavy metals from EWW. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis of all samples met the law requirements for safe depositing of waste into the environment. The toxicity study consisted of determination of frequency of bacterial and human cell lines survival and the Ames assay (plate incorporation assay and the preincubation assay). Unexpectedly, data obtained indicate cytotoxicity and slight mutagenic potential of purified water. Ames assay showed that combination of alkalis and heavy metals present in the water purified with original fly ash and eluates of fly and waste ash were metabolically activated and conjugated with glutathione, resulting in new metabolites active and toxic for the cell. In order to reduce this effect pretreatment of fly ash (partial removal of highly soluble compounds) are necessary prior to its usage for neutralization /coagulation/flocculation processes.

Carbon↗
PubMed1990

Use of paper-absorbed fingerstick blood samples for studies of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in intravenous drug users.

The suitability of paper-absorbed (PA) fingerstick blood specimens for antibody testing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was examined in two populations of intravenous drug users (IVDU): 393 persons from a drop-in counseling and testing clinic and 145 from a methadone treatment clinic. From the first group, the same 66 immunoblot-confirmed enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-positive specimens were identified in sera from venipuncture and parallel fingerstick PA specimens. The latter had slightly higher EIA mean background levels resulting in 10 immunoblot-negative EIA-positive samples versus 6 in the sera group. HIV-1 seroprevalence was 17% of 393 from the drop-in clinic. By category of IVDU, the rates were 34% and 14% for active and recovering IVDU, respectively (P less than .001), and 36% in black and Latino compared with 13% in white IVDU (P less than .002). Of the 145 participants in the methadone program, 39% had antibody to HIV-1: 49% for blacks and Latinos compared with 30% in whites (P less than .01). The data indicate that antibody testing for HIV-1 by PA is equivalent to the serum antibody assay of venipuncture specimens. The fingerstick method appears to have greater use for serosurveys and screening programs because of convenience, safety, and ease of storage, transport, and processing of samples.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗