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PubMed1990

A new approach to the direct detection of free radicals in the intact myocardium.

A new method for the direct ESR detection of free radicals in rat myocardial tissue is described. Isolated rat atria are continuously monitored for heart rate and contractile force; at the end of the experimental period the beating organs are inserted into quartz ESR tubes and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Spectra obtained from these preparations show the presence of very weak radical signals. When ESR spectra are recorded on samples obtained from pools of rat atria pulverized under liquid nitrogen, the radical lines are markedly stronger than those observed for intact organs; contaminating metals are also frequently detected. These findings indicate that crushing or grinding procedures carried out under liquid nitrogen produce artifactual ESR active species. The new method described in the present paper does not involve mechanical interventions and therefore should yield reliable artifact-free results.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Veratrum alkaloids in sneezing-powder a potential danger.

Sneezing-powders containing pulverized root of veratrum album (white hellebore) have recently been marketed in the Scandinavian countries. The powder, imported from the Federal Republic of Germany, has caused severe intoxications.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Lack of immune response to methyl methacrylate in lymphocyte cultures.

To analyze whether or not methyl methacrylate is immunologically inert, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with finely pulverized methyl methacrylate. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) lectin, purified protein derivate of tuberculin (PPD) antigen, and culture medium alone were used as positive and negative controls. Lymphocyte kinetics on culture Days 0, 1, 3, and 5 were studied. Major histocompatibility complex locus II antigen (MHC locus II antigen; Ia) and interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R; Tac) expression were analyzed using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method and lymphocyte DNA synthesis using 3H-thymidine incorporation and beta-scintillation counting. On culture Days 1 and 3, lymphocytes and monocytes were seen under the light microscope to be attached to methyl methacrylate particles. However, the results disclosed no methyl methacrylate-induced DNA synthesis, although methyl methacrylate-induced MHC locus II antigen and IL-2R activation marker expression were recorded; notably, this expression was less pronounced than that seen in PHA or PPD antigen driven lymphocyte response. The results suggest that methyl methacrylate is essentially an immunologically inert implant material. However, it seems to induce inflammatory mononuclear cell migration and adhesions leading to slightly nonspecific lymphocyte reaction.

Bone Cements↗
PubMed1991

Effect of sodium aluminosilicate, oyster shell, and their combinations on acid-base balance and eggshell quality.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of sodium aluminosilicate (SAS), oyster shell (OS), and their combinations on production performance, eggshell quality, and acid-base balance. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted during summer and Experiment 3 in winter. In Experiment 1, the effect of two levels of SAS (0 and .75%) and two levels of OS (0 and 50% substitution for pulverized limestone) was studied. In Experiment 2, the effect of SAS (.75%) with or without Na adjustment was investigated. When Na was adjusted, various sources of chloride were used to maintain an adequate level of this mineral. Calcium and available P were maintained at a constant 3.5 and .4%, respectively in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiment 3, the levels of SAS and OS were similar to those of Experiment 1, but dietary Ca was either 2.8 or 3.5%. Egg production performance was not influenced by dietary treatments in Experiments 1 and 2 (P greater than .05). Egg production, but not egg mass, was reduced due to SAS in Experiment 3 (P less than .05). Dropping moisture increased when SAS was used in the diets with or without Na correction. Shell quality increased (P less than .05) due to SAS in the summer (Experiments 1 and 2) but not in the winter (Experiment 3). The shell quality response due to SAS was independent of Na correction or the source of dietary chloride. The OS increased shell quality in both summer and winter (P less than .05). Combinations of SAS and OS did not have an additive effect on shell quality (P greater than .05). Blood acid-base balance, plasma Ca and P, bone ash, bone Ca, and Ca retention were not influenced by dietary treatments. The results suggest that elevated environmental temperatures may be required in order for SAS to show its optimum effect on shell quality.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1991

The effects of particle size and origin of calcium carbonate on performance and ossification characteristics in broiler chicks.

The following physico-chemical characteristics of various calcium sources, differing in origin and particle size were determined: mineral composition, sieve and image analysis, apparent solubility (AS), surface area (SA), porous volume, specific gravity, and compressibility (C). The AS, SA, and C values were related more to the calcium particle size than to its origin and were higher in ground calcium sources. Calcium retention of seashells treated with phosphoric acid, oyster shells, and limestone using two particle sizes, ground or particulate, was assayed in 98 broiler chicks. Particulate marble was also tested in this experiment. Calcium retention expressed as a percentage of calcium ingestion was decreased when coarse particles of calcium were supplied in lieu of pulverized sources (40 versus 49%). An experiment with a 3 x 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments were tested using 576 broiler chicks. Treatments included three calcium sources (phosphorus-treated shell, oyster shell, and marble), three particle sizes [ground (less than .15 mm), medium (.6 to 1.18 mm) and coarse (greater than 1.18 mm)] and three levels of calcium (.5,.7, and .9%) with ground limestone as a reference. Performance, tibial morphometry, breaking strength variables, and ash content were measured at 4 wk of age. Weight gain and feed conversion were ameliorated with ground particles of calcium. Cortical thickness, length of the tibia, stiffness, stress, and tibia ash were diminished when coarse particles of calcium were incorporated in the diets. Conversely, the origin of the calcium source hardly affected these criteria. Additionally, the incorporation of phosphorus-treated shells was assayed in 112 broiler chicks. Coarse particles decreased calcium retention. Consequently, ultimate stress, the modulus of elasticity, and stress were impaired. It is concluded that differences in utilization of calcium carbonate sources by the broiler chick is primarily a result of particle size rather than origin. Ground particles of calcium (pan to .15 mm) significantly improves performance and tibial ossification characteristics in broiler chicks.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Current status of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the treatment of urolithiasis].

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy became a main treatment method for the upper urinary tract calculi. About 500 ESWL machines of 28 types are currently used in Japan and ESWL therapy occupies more than 90% of the surgical intervention for upper tract stones. The doctors who are engaging in the ESWL therapy are strongly advised to know the features of their own ESWL machines, since the treatment strategy may differ considerably depending on the type of machines. The strategy has changed from the in-patient ESWL under anesthesia by original Dornier HM-3 to out-patient anesthesia-free treatment by machines of second or third generations. At present, it is reasonable to treat the easy stones by initial out-patient ESWL without anesthesia. When the initial ESWL fails, the second ESWL may be performed under anesthesia with the help of various auxiliary procedures. If one use the machines requiring anesthesia, one should employ every possible ancillary procedures, e.g. ureteral catheterization, stenting, push-up etc. at the time of first session to achieve the highest pulverization rate and the highest stone free rate. The treatment strategy should be assessed individually in every case of problem stone. Simple repetition of ESWL at out-patient clinic should be avoided in these cases. In the case of staghorn calculi, especially of a large stone burden with calyceal dilatation, ESWL is not advised to be an initial treatment. In the review article, the author surveyed recent clinical reports on ESWL therapy and tried to convey their treatment strategies. The article may hopefully helps the readers to establish their own policy in the ESWL treatment for urolithiasis.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

[Treatment of 2019 cases with upper urinary tract calculi using a piezoelectric lithotriptor ESL-500A].

PURPOSE: We evaluated the results of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in a large number of cases with upper urinary tract calculi, and reported the strategy how to improve the efficacy and safety of ESWL. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Eight hundred fifteen patients with renal calculi and 1,204 patients with ureteral calculi were treated using a piezoelectric ultrasound-guided lithotriptor, Toshiba ESL-500A. Auxiliary measures were needed in 51 cases (2.5%) and 1,968 cases (97.5%) were treated by in situ procedures. ESWL was performed with the optimal positioning of the patient and under the continuous monitoring by ultrasound system. The visibility of stones was improved by removal of abdominal gas and administration of diuretic agent to dilate the ureter. Cases with urinary tract infection were medicated by antibiotics and the obstruction of the urinary tract was cleared away as soon as possible. RESULTS: Including the cases with residual fragments less than 4 mm, the success rates at one month after the treatment were 97.7% and 98.7% for the renal and ureteral calculi, respectively. The mean numbers of sessions were 1.49 for renal calculi and 1.16 for ureteral calculi. Multiple sessions were required in 24.2% of renal calculi and 12.0% of ureteral calculi. No serious complication has been observed except for three cases, which were sepsis after ESWL, anuria in a solitary kidney, and pyonephrosis caused by Steinstrasse with urinary infection, respectively. CONCLUSION: ESWL using ESL-500A is an efficient treatment of upper urinary tract calculi which has higher pulverization rate and fewer complications in the adequate procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Determination of the amino acid spectrum as an aid in the up-dating of skeletal findings].

Estimation of the age of skeletal remains is usually based on subjective evaluation of the morphological grade of decomposition. This assumes, that the investigator is provided with pertinent experience. Experimentally elaborated physical and chemical methods proposed for objectification of the statements did not yet assest until today due to lacking temporal correlation. Our investigations were stimulated by observations on fossil bones indicating that the collagenbound amino acids diminish very slowly dependent on geological age. Samples of 53 skeletons of five to 2500 years were pulverized and subjected to acid hydrolysis. The amino acids released from bone collagen were separated by means of thin-layer chromatography and detected by isatin and ninhydrin reagents. The dye complexes of alanine, hydroxyproline, proline, tyrosine, and valine were measured densitometrically and quantified through calibration curves. We established, that the concentrations of the amino acids exhibited a time dependent reduction as equivalent of a loss collagen. The temporal correlation is very narrow (r less than -- 0,8) and sufficient for datings within plus/minus ten years of the more recent bones. Environmental conditions during post-mortem decay seem to have little influence on this process.

Alanine↗
PubMed1976

[Study of an immunization plan for broilers via the spray method against Newcastle disease using vaccines from the Bl and La Sota strains].

Studied was the immunization pattern against Newcastle disease in birds with the use of a spray method on broilers obtained congenitally from their mothers, having antihemagglutinins. All birds on one of the premises ( a total of 14, 000) were vaccinated when 5 days old with a liquid vaccine of strain B1 (one fourth dose per bird) using the Dutch pulverizing apparatus Flox-10 -- group I. Other 14,000 birds of another of the premises of the same batch were treated at the same age with the same dose via the same route of application of a liquid vaccine of the La Sota strain --group II. All birds of the two groups were revaccinated in the same way at the age of 25 days with a vaccine of the La Sota strain at the rate of a whole dose per bird. The birds were kept under equal conditons of feeding and management. It was found that they built immunity which protected them fully from Newcastle disease up to the end of the fattening period (2 months). This was demonstrated by the test for establishing resistance to a control infection with a highly virulent strain of the Newcastle disease virus (challenge) as well as serologically by the hemagglutination inhibition reaction. At the slaughter by the end of the fattening period all period all birds of the two groups sshowed almost equal average body weight, however, those of group I manifested 0.97 per cent lower mortality rate and lower forage intake per kg weight (by 23 g on an average).

Aerosols↗
PubMed1976

[Demonstration of a protocol for obtaining germ-free chickens].

A simple and reliable technique for obtaining germ-free chickens was investigated. Various disinfection tests of the material and the eggs have been performed with chemical agents. The weak frequency of internal contamination of the eggs (0.4 p. 100), if collected in good hygienic conditions and dipped the same day in a I per 100 solution of mercuric chloride, allows sterile hatchings in 100 fertilized eggs batches to be obtained. The sterilization of the isolator-hatching box was performed by pulverization of a I per 100 solution of quaternary ammonium, followed by a formaldehyde fumigation. The material passed through an antiseptic bath (liquid-lock) of I per 100 quaternary ammonium in water. This technique yielded 250 chickens, in 12 successive lots, that were bred until 15 days to 6 weeks, without bacteriological contamination.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[The effect of 2 diets on the biological aspects of Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) under laboratory conditions].

It was conducted a study of 2 colonies of Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) kept since 1994 in the laboratory at 29 +/- 1 degrees C, 70-75% of relative humidity and with different foods: one on a diet without proteins, consisting in portions of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum, L.), ripe banana (Musa paradisiaca, L.) and a sugary solution 10%, and the other with a protein content of 20.45% composed of pulverized and dry laboratory food for rats and a source of water. 6 nymphal stages were found with both types of food. There were determined the times of interchanges and the time of nymphal development, which were much shorter among the nymphs fed with proteins. The longevity of each sex showed no significant differences in connection with the type of food used. The times of appearance and eclosion of the oothecae of each oothecal cycle were determined with both foods. It was found that the females deposited up to 5 oothecae during their lives with the 2 types of diet. The average of nymphs per ootheca among the females fed with proteins was much greater (t = 5.33; p < 0.001). The results of this study show that when the food for B. germanica contains proteins, its nymphal development is faster and its reproductive capacity increases, which means that protein is a necessary nutrient for the diet of this species.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

[Genotoxic effect of the antitumor agent vincristine sulfate on human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro].

In consideration of high toxicity of cytostatic drugs and their potential mutagenic activity, this work studies the genotoxic effects of the antitumour drug Vincristine Sulfate. We analyzed preparations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes that have been exposed to different concentrations of Vincristine Sulfate in vitro. We have established that this cytostatic stimulates mitotic activity of lymphocytes at smaller concentrations (0.05 and 0.1 microgram/ml), but at higher concentration (0.5, 1.0 and 20.0 micrograms/ml) decreases proliferation of lymphocytes at significant level. It causes the appearance of irregular anaphase statuses in form of irregular distribution of chromosomes. Vincristine induces of appearance of C-mitosis that are a result of cytostatic activity of Vincristine Sulfate that blocks mitosis with prometaphase arrest. Cytostatic activity of Vincristine manifests itself as the destruction of interphase nuclei, the destruction of prophase nuclei with the destruction of chromosome mass and as the presence of chromosome material that is cut up in small pieces (chromosome pulverization). Vincristine interferes with the function of microtubules that are responsible for this mitosis and cytokinesis, and therefore influences itself on the formation of binucleated and multinucleated cells. Cytogenetic studies indicate that Vincristine induces the presence of micronuclei in lymphocyte's cells, while a higher concentration of Vincristine induces the presence of a large number of micronuclei at lymphocyte called multimicronuclei. Numerical chromosome aberrations are aneuploidy and poluploidy.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2000

Doping control for beta-adrenergic compounds through hair analysis.

An original procedure was developed to simultaneously test beta2-agonists (salbutamol and clenbuterol) and beta-blockers (atenolol, acebutolol, pindolol, betaxolol, propranolol, timolol, sotalol, metoprolol, tertatolol, bisoprolol, labetalol and oxprenolol) in both human and animal hair. After decontamination with methylene chloride (2 times, 2 min), a 200 mg hair strand is pulverized in a ball mill. Then, a 100 mg portion is incubated overnight in 2 mL 0.1 N HCl, at 56 degrees C, in the presence of carteolol, which was used as an internal standard. After neutralization of the acid phase with 0.1 N NaOH, a 2 mL bicarbonate buffer (pH 8.6) is added to the preparation, which is then purified by solid-phase extraction with Isolute C18 columns. Drugs are derivatized using a mixture of trimethylboroxine-ethyl acetate for 15 min at 80 degrees C to form methaneboronate derivatives. Drugs are detected using GC/MS on an HP 6890-5973 system. A 4 microL portion of the derivatized extract is injected using a pulsed mode in a 30 m HP5 MS capillary column. Linearity was observed for all compounds in the range 25 pg/mg to 10 ng/mg. Limits of detection were in the range 2 to 10 pg/mg. At 1 ng/mg, recoveries were in the range from 37 to 100%, with a within-run precision of 5.9 to 14.1% (n = 8). The application of the method can be documented by the following examples: (1) Hair from asthmatic patients (n - 11), including two cases of asthma deaths, tested positive for salbutamol in the range of 27 to 210 pg/mg. (2) A 24-year-old swimmer who tested positive in urine for salbutamnol denied the results. Hair analysis confirmed salbutamol exposure, with a concentration of 71 pg/mg. (3) A shooting specialist was assumed to chronically use metoprolol (100 mg/daily during some periods). Hair concentration of metoprolol was 8.41 ng/mg. (4) An archery specialist was assumed to chronically use sotalol (80 mg/daily, during some periods). Hair concentration of sotalol was 261 pg/mg. (5) Hair from two calves revealed chronic exposure to clenbuterol, which was used to increase the mass of the animals at a concentration of 30 and 48 pg/mg.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1999

Technical problems with protein extraction of chemokines featuring RANTES.

Chemokines are known to be one of the sources for eosinophilic tissue infiltration in eosinophilic inflammation. Detection of beta-chemokines such as RANTES was possible in nasal tissue with or without eosinophilic infiltration. The concentration of chemokines which has been measured in the same tissue differs often in the literature. Aim of this study was to compare the different techniques of protein extraction and help to understand and interpret the investigation on RANTES secretion. Tissue of nasal polyps, inferior and middle turbinate was cut into halves and every half on its own pulverized using liquid nitrogen. The protein extraction was performed either with citric acid solution (pH 2.5) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The samples were then lyophilized. The concentration of RANTES was measured by a specific double sandwich ELISA. Using the citric acid technique the average concentration of RANTES in middle turbinates was 1.3 ng/mg, in inferior turbinates 1.6 ng/mg and in polyps 2.6 ng/mg tissue, using the PBS technique respectively 0.6 ng/mg, 0.5 ng/mg and 0.8 ng/mg tissue. Our data revealed a mismatch of 3.3:1 for polyps (citric acid: PBS), 3.2:1 for inferior and 2.2:1 for middle turbinates, respectively. Consequent comparison between the results of different techniques was not possible. Of special interest was also the fact that different techniques had different efficiencies of protein extraction in different tissues. Present statements on RANTES concentrations as a prognostic factor in nasal tissues need a technically careful standardization as far as this study shows.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2000

[Granuloma faciale: efficacy of cryosurgery in 2 cases].

BACKGROUND: Granuloma faciale is a rare condition of unknown pathogenesis. Treatment often gives less than satisfactory results. We report two cases successfully treated with cryosurgery. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old woman had a round 65 x 40 mm erythematous violet-colored papulous plaque on the right cheek. Histology reported a dense inflammatory infiltration of the superficial and mid derma around dilated vessels under a normal epidermis. The infiltration was composed of histiocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils and eosinophils and was compatible with granuloma facial. Surgical treatment was performed but was followed by recurrence within a few months. Class I local steroids, cotton swab cryotherapy and oral dapsone remained ineffective. Cryosurgery however led to cure without recurrence at 1 year follow-up. The second patient was a 52-year old man with an oval reddish-brown papulous plaque on the right preauricular area. The plaque measured 40 mm in diameter and histology favored granuloma facial. Three cotton swab cryotherapy sessions and one surgical excision procedure were followed by recurrence. Cryosurgery provided successful cure without recurrence at 3.5 years follow-up. DISCUSSION: Most destructive treatments for granuloma facial, including pulverization cryotherapy, surgery, and CO(2) or argon laser are unsuccessful in preventing recurrence. Cryosurgery was proposed in 1977 but few cases have been reported since. Medical treatments have been variously successful with most authors reporting unsatisfactory results. In our two cases, surgical excision was rapidly followed by recurrence and in one case dapsone was ineffective. Cryosurgery provided rapid regression of the lesion and recurrence-free cure at 1 and 3.5 years follow-up respectively. Cryosurgery is an effective treatment for readily recurrent eosinophilic granuloma facial and should be proposed as first intention therapy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Suppressive effects of Adenophora triphylla extracts on in vitro tumor cell growth and in vivo gastric epithelial proliferation.

Adenophora triphylla (AT), an oriental medicinal plant, was extracted using water and several organic solvents and each fraction was assayed for its tumoricidal effects on human Jurkat T cells with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The influence on induction of apoptosis and G1 arrest was also examined. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the most pronounced inhibitory effects on proliferation of Jurkat T cells. Apoptosis was induced in line with up-regulation of FasL, tyrosine phosphorylation and c-fos mRNA levels. Arrest in G1 of the cell cycle was observed in A2780 cells with a wild type p53 gene but not HT-29 cells with a mutant p53 gene. Modifying effects of AT on cell turnover and glutathione(GSH) levels in vivo were also investigated in the stomach of rats given 150 mg/kg of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) by gavage and then fed a diet supplemented with 5% or 1% pulverized AT and 0.5% or 0.2% ethylacetate-extracted AT for 42 hours. The 5% AT and both of the ethylacetate fractions caused significant reduction in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-labeling in the glandular stomach epithelium as compared with the value for the MNNG alone group. In addition, the treatments significantly increased the gastric GSH levels. These results suggest that AT could be a chemopreventive agent against gastric cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The fight against rheumatism: from willow bark to COX-1 sparing drugs.

Man has been fighting rheumatism for thousands of years. Early therapy began with the use around the world of decoctions or extracts of herbs or plants such as willow bark or leaves. Most or all of these turned out to contain salicylates. The first record was about 3,500 years ago in the Ebers papyrus. Hippocrates, Celsus, Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides and Galen all recommended decoctions containing salicylate for rheumatic pain. A country parson, the Reverend Edward Stone of Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire, made the first "clinical trial" of willow bark (1). He was surprised by its bitter taste, which reminded him of cinchona bark (containing quinine), then being used to treat malaria. He harvested a pound of willow bark, dried it, pulverized it and dispersed it in tea, small beer or water. He found in 50 patients that doses of 1 dram (1.8g) cured their fever. He concluded "I have no other motives for publishing this valuable specific, than that it may have a fair and full trial in all its variety of circumstances and situations, and that the world may reap the benefits accruing from it". Salicylic acid was chemically synthesised in 1860 by Kolbe in Germany and its ready supply led to even more extended usage as an external antiseptic, as an antipyretic and in the treatment of rheumatism.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Ultrasonic aspirator with controllable suction system--variable action suction adapter and clinical experience with it].

While the ultrasonic aspirator (UA) has been widely used as one of the indispensable tools in the field of neurosurgery, a potential risk when using the present UA is injury to the neurovascular structures due to ultrasonic pulverization and constant forceful suction power. We have devised a small variable action suction adapter that can be used in a similar manner to conventional surgical suction tubes. The UA control unit and the handpiece used in this study were the Sonopet UST-2000 and HA-01, respectively (M & M Corporation Tokyo, Japan). The handpiece is slim, with the mid-portion diameter of 13 mm, and it weighs 100 grams. A variable action suction adapter was made from polycarbonate of 15 x 12 x 13 mm in size. The adapter was connected to the suction tube using a Y-shaped connector (Fig. 2 A), which was integrated into the handpiece. The suction power is regulated by variably closing the oval-shaped hole. The adapter can be variously placed on and rotated around the handpiece (Fig. 2 B and C) so that either the right or left hand handles it in a similar fashion to conventional suction tubes. We used this UA in surgery for 8 patients with large brain tumors (meningioma in 5 cases, metastatic brain tumor in 2 cases and glioma in one case). It reduced the risk of suction-related injury to the neurovascular structures and was handled in a similar manner to conventional suction tubes. This adapter ensures the complete control of suction power, which will reduce the risk of suction injury.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗