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PubMed1982

Effects of bromocriptine on single nephron and whole-kidney function in rats.

Bromocriptine (BRC) is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid possessing dopamine agonistic activity. We had previously observed significant changes in renal hemodynamics in rats pretreated with BRC to suppress endogenous prolactin plasma levels. To investigate further the effects of BRC on single nephron and whole-kidney function, micropuncture and clearance experiments were performed on euvolemic and volume-expanded rats pretreated with BRC (1 mg i.p.) or solvent. Both groups of BRC-pretreated rats had a significantly higher renal plasma flow and a lower arterial pressure, filtration fraction and renal vascular resistance than control (solvent-treated) rats. In volume-expanded rats, BRC caused a small but significant decrease in whole-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and an increase in superficial single nephron GFR; BRC did not affect GFR or single nephron GFR in euvolemic rats. Proximal tubular reabsorption and urinary excretion of water and electrolytes were not altered by BRC under conditions of euvolemia or volume expansion. It was concluded that BRC exerts a dopamine agonist-like effect to increase renal plasma flow and suppress endogenous plasma prolactin levels, whereas the urinary water and electrolyte excretion and superficial proximal tubular reabsorption are not altered appreciably. The increased ratio of single nephron GFR/GFR suggests that in volume-expanded rats, BRC redistributes glomerular filtration to superficial nephrons, possible by preferential dilation of superficial afferent arterioles.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Kidney function in ANF-transgenic mice: effect of blood volume expansion.

Transgenic mice, created from inbred C3HeB/FeJ embryos, were used to overexpress selectively in the liver a fusion gene comprising mouse transthyretin (TTR) regulatory and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) structural sequences. Animals were anesthetized, and kidney function was studied before and after blood volume expansion. Baseline urine volumes and electrolyte excretions were not significantly different from those of non-transgenic littermates, despite a markedly lower arterial blood pressure in the experimental group. A slightly lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in transgenics was not different statistically. Plasma ANF levels measured by radioimmunoassay were approximately 10-fold higher in the transgenic animals, compared with their nontransgenic siblings. After acute blood volume expansion, the diuretic, natriuretic, kaliuretic, and chloruretic responses were markedly enhanced in the transgenic group. Arterial pressure was increased as a result of hypervolemia, although it remained relatively depressed relative to the controls. GFR again was not different. We conclude that transgenic mice overexpressing ANF can maintain normal excretion of salt and water, possibly via ANF-induced reduction of renal perfusion pressure. After acute blood volume expansion, an increase in pressure may allow full renal expression of the chronically elevated ANF levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Stimulation of kidney function in rats of different ages injured by nephrotoxic agents.

Intensity and duration of nephrotoxic effects can be characterized by measurement of renal p-aminohippurate (PAH) excretion. Single administration of potassium dichromate or glycerol is followed by a marked decrease of renal PAH excretion in dependence on the time after the administration as well as on the dosage used. Both agents are without effect in young rats with an immature tubular transport system for organic anions. As observed previously in rats with intact kidney function, renal PAH excretion can also be stimulated in rats with potassium dichromate or glycerol induced kidney damage. Stimulation of renal PAH excretion is possible in injured rats by repeated administrations of PAH and cyclopenthiazide, respectively. Exactly, the duration of injury is shortened whereas the intensity of the nephrotoxic effect is not changed. However, this effect depends on the age of rats as well as on the nephrotoxic agent administered.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

History of fluid balance and kidney function in space.

During the last four decades, about 400 people have been in Space, since Yuri Gagarin was sent in 1961 as the first human into Earth orbit. From the very beginning, the circulatory system of astronauts (meaning heart, vascular system, body fluid distribution and balance, and the kidney) was central to the medical concerns of Space physiologists and physicians because of its gravity-dependence. The present manuscript puts emphasize on some key scientists who worked in the field of body fluid regulation and kidney function in the USA, in Russia and in Europe during recent decades. The manuscript in particular summarizes the outcome of this research and describes the present understanding of how the body fluid regulatory system adapts to the extreme environment of Space.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gentamicin reduces serum ACE activity in patients with normal kidney function.

AIMS: We evaluated serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as an indicator of gentamicin toxicity and compared it with N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and creatinine. METHODS: 20 bone fracture in-patients receiving gentamicin 80 mg TDS for 3 days. Subjects had normal kidney function and had no history or sign of hypertension. Serum and urine samples were collected before and 3 days after drug administration. Samples analyzed for ACE, NAG, BUN, creatinine, sodium, and potassium. RESULTS: Our results showed that urine NAG activity increased significantly at the 3rd day. Serum creatinine level and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) while still at a normal range showed slight but significant changes at this time. This may indicate some renal damage. Serum ACE activity decreased significantly at the 3rd day. CONCLUSION: These results indicate serum ACE can be used as a good indicator of renal damage in patients receiving gentamicin.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗