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PubMed1998

A description of the comprehensive test of nonverbal intelligence.

The Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, or CTONI, has become an essential compliment to the traditional tests of intelligence, such as the WISC-III, DTLA-3, and the Binet. The CTONI provides examiners with a measure of nonverbal reasoning that requires no spoken language or complex motor skills. The CTONI has been proven to be unbiased with regard to gender, minority, or disabling condition. Finally, it is possible to estimate the intelligence of people without the contamination of social, ethnic, or disability bias.

Child, Gifted↗
PubMed1992

Estimation of premorbid intelligence in schizophrenia.

To determine whether the National Adult Reading Test (NART) would provide a valid estimate of premorbid intelligence in schizophrenia, two schizophrenic samples were recruited, one consisting of 35 patients resident in long-stay wards, the other of 29 patients normally resident in the community. Schizophrenic patients were individually matched for age, sex, and education with a healthy, normal subject. Both schizophrenic samples scored significantly lower on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) than their respective control groups. NART-estimated IQ did not differ significantly between the community-resident schizophrenics and their controls, suggesting that the NART provides a valid means of estimating premorbid intelligence in such a population. NART-estimated IQ was significantly lower in the long-stay sample than in their controls. Although low NART scores in this latter sample could be a valid reflection of low premorbid IQ, the alternative explanation that NART performance was impaired by onset of the disease cannot be ruled out.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Polymorphism of CGG repeats in the FRAXE fragile site in the Qinba Mountain area children and its association with intelligence].

Variations of CGG repeats in the FRAXE fragile site were determined by PCR amplification followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sequencing in randomly collected Qinba Mountain Area children whose intelligence level was determined by China-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (C-WISC). Correlations between IQ score and the number of CGG repeats were analyzed. Results indicated a difference in the range of CGG repeats among populations from different regions, but no difference in the distribution of allele frequency in such a population. CGG repeats were not associated with IQ scores in randomly collected subjects (r=0.083, P>0.05), in males and females (r(m)=0.225, r(f)=-0.041, P>0.05), or in subjects with different intelligent levels (F=0.195, P>0.05). It can be inferred that variation in the size of CGG repeats was not associated with intellectual performance in the Qinba Mountain area children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The influence of head growth in fetal life, infancy, and childhood on intelligence at the ages of 4 and 8 years.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of head growth prenatally, during infancy, and during later periods of development on cognitive function at the ages of 4 and 8 years. METHODS: We studied 633 term-born children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort whose head circumference was measured at birth and at regular intervals thereafter. Their cognitive function was assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence at the age of 4 years and with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children at the age of 8 years. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate postnatal head growth between successive time points, conditional on previous size, and to examine the relationship between head growth during different periods of development and later IQ. RESULTS: When the influence of head growth was distinguished for different periods, only prenatal growth and growth during infancy were associated with subsequent IQ. At 4 years, after adjustment for parental characteristics, full-scale IQ increased an average of 2.41 points for each 1-SD increase in head circumference at birth and 1.97 points for each 1-SD increase in head growth during infancy, conditional on head size at birth. At 8 years, head circumference at birth was no longer associated with IQ, but head growth during infancy remained a significant predictor, with full-scale IQ increasing an average of 1.56 points for each 1-SD increase in growth. CONCLUSION: The brain volume a child achieves by the age of 1 year helps determine later intelligence. Growth in brain volume after infancy may not compensate for poorer earlier growth.

Brain↗
PubMed1977

The House-Tree-Person Test as a measure of intelligence and creativity.

The House-Tree-Person test and a verbal test of mental ability, the Basic Word Vocabulary Test, were administered to 23 male and 27 female, university undergraduates and to 27 boys and 38 girls in Grades 3 to 8. The drawings were given three separate and independent scorings by judges who computed intelligence scores according to the House-Person manual; rated them impressionistically on intelligence, using a forced-distribution method; or rated them impressionistically on creativity, using the same forced-distribution method. The three House-Tree-Person measures were highly intercorrelated for all groups of subjects. All three House-Tree-Person scores also correlated positively and significantly with vocabulary test scores for female university students, as did both Impressionistically derived House-Tree-Person scores for grade-school girls. Male students' and boys' vocabulary scores were unrelated to any of the House-Tree-Person scores. Results suggest that competence in graphic expression operates independently of verbal intelligence in males but validity as a nonverbal test of mental ability and that it can be scored efficiently and reliably by using a global, impressionistic method.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The relationship between nonverbal intelligence and Geschwind scores in left-handed subjects.

Under psycho motor hypothesis, the relationship between left-handedness and nonverbal intelligence was studied in left-handed male and female subjects. Handedness was assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Questionnaire; Geschwind scores (GS) were calculated for each subject. A GS of - 100 indicated consistent left-handedness. Spatial reasoning (nonverbal intelligence) was assessed by the Cattle's Culture Fair Intelligence Test. In the male and female subjects, the IQs increased for GSs from weak up to moderate left-handedness (GSs: -5 to -60), and decreased from moderate up to strong left-handedness (GSs: -60 to -100) linearly; the regression coefficient were found to be statistically significant. Weak-, and strong left-handedness both were associated with lowest scores; the highest scores were found in the subjects with moderate left-handedness (GSs: -55 to -65). It was concluded that the prerequisite for well-developed spatial reasoning should be two-sided development of the brain instead of one-sided dominance, and well functioning parallel processing between two cerebral hemispheres.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Curvelinear correlations between total testosterone levels and fluid intelligence in men and women.

The relationship between serum total testosterone (T) level and fluid intelligence (Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test) was studied in young men and women. There was no significant difference between IQs of men and women. IQ tended to increase with T in men, except at very high T levels. It was concluded that (i) T may be associated with IQ, even in samples with no sex-related IQ difference; (ii) too low or too high T may be disadvantageous for fluid intelligence in women; (iii) T may be advantageous for this kind of IQ in men, except very high T levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Beyond antibiotics: artificial intelligence-enabled anti-infective ecosystems for next-generation precision therapeutics against antimicrobial resistance.

The rapid global expansion of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens to undermine decades of progress in infectious disease management and highlights the limitations of conventional antibiotic-centered therapeutic strategies. Although emerging technologies-including antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophage therapy, CRISPR-based antimicrobials, microbiome therapeutics, anti-virulence approaches, nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery, and artificial intelligence (AI)-have individually demonstrated considerable promise, they are predominantly being developed as independent interventions rather than as coordinated components of an integrated therapeutic strategy. This Perspective proposes the Intelligent Anti-Infective Ecosystem (IAIE) as a conceptual systems-level framework that computationally integrates multimodal diagnostics, pathogen genomics, microbiome profiling, AI-assisted decision support, programmable precision therapeutics, ecological monitoring, and longitudinal clinical feedback within a continuously learning dynamically optimized workflow. Unlike existing paradigms that primarily optimize individual technologies or therapeutic decisions, IAIE emphasizes closed-loop coordination among complementary antimicrobial approaches to support precision-guided infection management while preserving microbiome integrity and mitigating resistance selection pressure. We further outline the core components, operational principles, translational challenges, and technology readiness of the major therapeutic platforms that could contribute to such an ecosystem, while distinguishing clinically established interventions from emerging experimental strategies. Importantly, IAIE should be interpreted as a prospective conceptual architecture rather than an existing clinical platform. Its proposed clinical value remains to be established through sequential computational, preclinical, and prospective clinical investigations using standardized microbiological, ecological, and patient-centered outcome measures. By framing antimicrobial innovation within an responsive systems perspective, IAIE provides a roadmap for future multidisciplinary research aimed at integrating artificial intelligence and systems microbiology to enable sustainable management of antimicrobial resistance.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

[Factors involved in intelligent development of children with cleft lip and palate].

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the possible factors involved in intelligent development of children with cleft Lip and palate. METHODS: The intelligence quotient (IQ) and developmental quotient (DQ) of 152 children with cleft lip and palate under 14 years old were conducted, and the control group was made up of 80 healthy children. The considered factors included degrees of deformation, situation of perinatal period, way of feeding, psychological conditions of the children, general situation of their parents and education of these children. The data were statistically analyzed and compared. RESULTS: The IQ value of these children generally was normal, but the mean value was still lower than that of the control group (P < 0.01). The mean IQ value of the group of children with only cleft lip or cleft palate was higher than that of the group with both cleft lip and cleft palate, and the mean IQ value of these children with II degree deformity was higher than that of children with III degree deformity. The mean IQ value of these children feed with mother's milk was higher than that of those feed with artificial milk. These children more than 5 years old were disturbed psychologically, and their parents were also with pressure. CONCLUSION: The intelligent development of children with cleft lip and palate is affected by many factors, including types and degrees of deformity, feeding ways, illnesses and social psychological factors in different periods of development. Therefore, it is very important to take steps before 5 years old, including correctly feeding, repairing the deformity as early as possible, preventing the illnesses, necessary psychological treatment, improving social environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Pre-academic and early academic achievement in children with velocardiofacial syndrome (del22q11.2) of borderline or normal intelligence.

School-aged children with del22q11.2 tend to show a typical learning and neuropsychological profile, which is characterised by a VIQ-PIQ discrepancy (in favour of the VIQ) and significantly better scores for reading (decoding) and spelling compared to mathematics. To the best of our knowledge, there exists no systematic research on the pre-academic and early academic skills that might underpin these learning difficulties. The purpose of the current study was to investigate more systematically these pre-academic and early academic skills in borderline to normal intelligent (FSIQ > 70) children with del22q11.2 in the last year of kindergarten and first grade of primary school in Flanders. In the kindergarten group, meta-linguistic awareness and counting skills were examined. In the group of first graders, children were tested on reading, spelling and mathematics. Thirteen children (mean age: 6 years 4 months (SD = 0.84); 9 boys, 4 girls) participated in this study. In the present study, there were no differences in intelligence and academic outcomes between boys and girls, and no differences in IQ and academic achievement between children with cardiac defects or severe velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) and children without these deficits. With regard to pre-academic achievement in general, a characteristic profile with clearly better results for meta-linguistic awareness in comparison to counting skills was found, but this difference is not statistically significant. Concerning early academic achievement, children with del22q11.2, as a group, perform (despite their somewhat lower general intelligence) on average compared with their age-related peers. However, at an individual level--especially within the domain of counting skills and mathematics--there is a wide variability, with some children showing remarkable learning difficulties already at an early age.

Belgium↗
PubMed2004

[Loss of intelligence in aphasic disorders].

BACKGROUND: Certain level of aphasia is considered to be an integral component of dementia. More controversial is the question whether every--e.g. also strictly focal--aphasia must be accompanied with dementia. METHODS AND RESULTS: 41 persons hospitalized after the cerebral stroke (17 men, 24 women, average age 64.6, 47 to 89 years old) were tested to correlate the level of aphasia with mental and intelligence scores. 35 patients had an ischaemic stroke, 6 had a hemorrhagic one; according to CT/MRI there were 37 patients with left sided impairment, one patient with a right sided one and 3 patients with bilateral lesions. As an aphasiologic test the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) was used, to determine the general mental performance as an equivalent of IQ test the non-verbal Raven's and verbal Euro-ADAS test were used. Correlation analysis using non-parametric Spearman's coefficient showed a significant relation between results in phatic functions and the score in intelligence tests. Phatic performance had in all elementary tests closer relation to verbal IQ in Euro-ADAS than with non-verbal IQ in Raven's test. The highest correlation was found in the relation between "apprehension vs. Euro-ADAS" (-0.842) and "apprehension vs. Raven" (0.782), while the lowest correlation was found for "repetition vs. Euro-ADAS" (-0.769), and "repetition vs. Raven" (0.646). The correlation was in all cases significant (p < 0.00001). Similar narrow relation occurred between the clinical forms of aphasia and intelligence tests. Sensory aphasia was associated most closely with both relations, with Euro-ADAS (-0.800), and Raven's test (0.800), while global aphasia had the lowest correlation with Euro-ADAS (-0.451) and with Raven's test (0.517). CONCLUSIONS: Speech is not only a product of thinking but also represents a source and structural tool for thinking.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

[The intelligence characteristics of the head traumatic children].

OBJECTIVE: To explore characteristics of the head traumatic children's intelligence. METHODS: The authors investigated 43 head trauma children and 50 normal children, using Wechser Intelligence Test (C-WISC). Data were analyzed by SPSS10.0 on computer. RESULTS: Head trauma children had lower FIQ, VJQ, PIQ than normal children. Pervaded head trauma has more contribution to the damage of the children's intelligence.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Development of intelligence in old age].

This article attempts to find the structure of a selected spectrum of intelligence. A combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional methods is applied. Two dimensions were found, which can be named as "crystallized" and "fluid" abilities (in the sense of Horn & Cattell). Whereas, the crystallized abilities do not show any systematic variation from age 61 to 83, fluid abilities decline with age. Schaie's three-component-model is not able to describe differences and variations of crystallized intelligence. Within fluid intelligence, age changes are more important than cohort differences. There are hints that structural changes take place.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Sensory discrimination and intelligence: postmortem or resurrection?

This historical review addresses the following problem: If researchers at the start of the twentieth century failed to find associations between intelligence and the senses, why do present-day researchers report significant associations between sensory discrimination and IQ-type test scores? The studies most between sensory discrimination and IQ-type test scores? The studies most often referred to as having failed to link intelligence differences to differences in sensory discrimination were conducted by Galton (1883), Sharp (1898-1899), and Wissler (1901). It is shown that these studies are often reported inaccurately and that they have deficiencies that make them almost worthless for empirical evaluation. Other, less frequently cited studies conducted about the same time consistently reported modest and significant associations between sensory discrimination and estimates of mental ability which concur with more recent research. The widely held current view about the failure of historical attempts to relate intelligence to the senses is incorrect because it is based upon inaccurate reports of a few poorly conducted negative studies and the omission of positive findings from other research.

Discrimination, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

[Delayed effects of prenatal exposure to phenobarbital on intelligence--Phenemal].

Two double-blind studies were conducted on two independent samples of adult men prenatally exposed to phenobarbital and matched control samples using two different measures of general intelligence (WAIS and a draft board test (BPP)). The two studies included 33 and 81 exposed adult men respectively, and the two control groups included 52 and 101 unexposed men matched on a wide spectrum of maternal variables recorded pre- and perinatally. Based on data from control subjects, regression models were built relating intelligence scores to relevant pre-exposure matching variables. Models generated predicted scores for each exposed subject. Men exposed prenatally to phenobarbital had significantly lower verbal intelligence scores than predicted. Lower socioeconomic status and being the offspring of an unwanted pregnancy increased the magnitude of the negative effects. Exposure which includes the last trimester was the most detrimental. Physicians are urged to use increased caution in prescribing such medications during pregnancy or to premature neonates.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Intelligence and physical features of children of women with epilepsy.

The teratogenicity of maternal epilepsy has been attributed to several factors, including the antiepileptic drugs taken to prevent seizures during pregnancy, the occurrence of seizures during pregnancy, and the factors in the mother that caused her to have epilepsy. We have addressed the hypothesis that the children of women who have a history of epilepsy (seizure history), but who took no antiepileptic drugs (AED) and had no tonic-clonic seizures in pregnancy, have an increased risk of malformations and diminished intelligence. The frequency of cognitive dysfunction was determined in 57 seizure history and 57 matched control children aged 6-l6 years. The masked evaluation of the children included a physical and neurologic examination and testing with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and a systematic physical examination for the features of the fetal AED syndrome. The evaluation of both parents of each child included a test of reasoning (Ravens Progressive Matrix) and a physical examination. There were no differences between the two groups of children in either IQ scores or physical features; none of the seizure history children was judged to have the "anticonvulsant face" or digit hypoplasia. This study had 80% power to rule out a difference of seven or more IQ points between the two groups, based on a two-sided test at a 5% level of significance. Our confidence in concluding that there was no difference between seizure history and control infants was strengthened by the fact that no statistically significant differences were observed with respect to multiple outcomes, including eight related measures of intelligence. Thirty (53%) of the seizure history mothers resumed taking AED after the birth of the child we evaluated. Additional studies are needed to address the teratogenicity of the antiepileptic drugs as monotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Late effects of treatment on the intelligence of children with posterior fossa tumors.

This retrospective pilot study was undertaken to evaluate the late effects of treatment on intelligence in a population of children with posterior fossa tumors. Ten children with posterior fossa tumors treated with radiation and chemotherapy received intellectual evaluations at least one year following diagnosis. Six children had medulloblastomas, one child had a fourth ventricular ependymoma, two children had brainstem gliomas, and one child had a recurrent cerebellar astrocytoma. Children with supratentorial tumors were specifically excluded from the study in order to eliminate the possible influence of the tumor on intellectual functioning. Four children had had intelligence testing in school prior to treatment of their tumor. In each case results following treatment revealed a deterioration of full scale IQ of at least 25 points. Six children did not have prior testing; of these, two had IQ's less than 20. Overall, 50% of the patients had IQ's of less than 80 and 20% had IQ's of greater than 100. Furthermore, four children with normal intelligence (IQ greater than 80) have learning problems requiring special classes. Thus, of the ten children evaluated, all have either dementia, learning disabilities, or evidence of intellectual retardation. This study suggests that aggressive treatment of children with brain tumors may improve survivals but may be associated with significant long-term disabilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Psychological mindedness, intelligence, and item subtlety endorsement patterns on the MMPI.

Investigated the relationship between psychological mindedness (measured by the Psychological Mindedness [Py] scale of the California Psychological Inventory [CPI]), intelligence (estimated by American College Test [act] scores), and item subtlety endorsement patterns of Ss asked to answer the MMPI under standard, fake-good, and fake-bad response sets. Male (N equal to 30) and female (N equal to 30) undergraduate students completed the Py scale and two MMPI protocols--one under standard test-taking instructions and the other under either a fake-good or a fake-bad set with order of administration and sex counterbalanced. Under the standard response set, Ss who scored high on the CPI-Py endorsed more very subtle and somewhat subtle items and fewer neutral, somewhat obvious, and very obvious items than Ss who scored low on this scale. Intellectual ability was not related to the endorsement of subtle or obvious items under standard or fake-good response sets. Under instructions to fake-bad, more intelligent individuals endorsed fewer somewhat subtle items and more very obvious items than less intelligent individuals. These results were discussed in reference to the utility of subtle items as unobstrusive measures of personality or as indicators of certain response sets.

Adolescent↗