Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “insertion”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Characterization of replication-competent hepatitis A virus constructs containing insertions at the N terminus of the polyprotein.

To determine whether hepatitis A virus (HAV) could tolerate the insertion of exogenous sequences, we constructed full-length HAV cDNAs containing in-frame insertions at the N terminus of the polyprotein and transfected the derived T7 RNA polymerase in vitro transcripts into FRhK-4 cells. Replication of HAVvec1, a construct containing an insertion of 60 nucleotides coding for a polylinker, a 2B/2C cleavage site for HAV protease 3Cpro, and two initiation codons that restored the sequence of the N terminus of the polyprotein, was detected 2 weeks after transfection by indirect immunofluorescence analysis using anti-HAV monoclonal antibodies. Western blot analysis of HAVvec1-infected cells using anti-VP2 and anti-VP4 antibodies failed to detect the expression of the inserted sequences. Insertion of a 24-mer oligonucleotide coding for a FLAG epitope into HAVvec1 resulted in its HAV-mediated expression which was retained upon deletion of a Gln residue from the inserted 2B/2C cleavage site. Western blot analysis using anti-FLAG and anti-VP2 antibodies showed that the FLAG epitope accumulated in infected cells fused to VP0. Replacement of the FLAG epitope with an epitope of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum resulted in its stable HAV-mediated expression for at least six serial passages in FRhK-4 cells. Sedimentation analysis in sucrose density gradients showed that the CSP epitope accumulated in infected cells fused to VP0, forming 80S empty capsids which also contained native VP0. Our data suggest that the HAV internal ribosome entry site can efficiently direct dual initiation of translation of the polyprotein from AUG codons separated by 66 to 78 nucleotides and show that HAV can tolerate insertions at the N terminus of the polyprotein.

3C Viral Proteases↗
PubMed2001

Functional correlates of insertion mutations in the protease gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients.

Twenty-four of over 24,000 patients genotyped over the past 3 years were found to have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolates that possess an insert in the protease gene. In this report, we evaluated the spectrum of protease gene insertion mutations in patient isolates and analyzed the effect of these various insertion mutations on viral phenotypes. The inserts were composed of 1, 2, 5, or 6 amino acids that mapped at or between codons 35 and 38, 17 and 18, 21 and 25, or 95 and 96. Reduced susceptibility to protease inhibitors was found in isolates which possess previously reported drug resistance mutations. Fitness assays, including replication and competition experiments, showed that most of the isolates with inserts grew somewhat better than their counterparts with a deletion of the insert. These experiments demonstrate that, rarely, insertion mutations can develop in the HIV type 1 protease gene, are no more resistant than any other sequences which have similar associated resistance mutations, and can provide a borderline advantage in replication.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Site-selected insertion of the transposon Tc1 into a Caenorhabditis elegans myosin light chain gene.

We used the polymerase chain reaction to detect insertions of the transposon Tc1 into mlc-2, one of two Caenorhabditis elegans regulatory myosin light chain genes. Our goals were to develop a general method to identify mutations in any sequenced gene and to establish the phenotype of mlc-2 loss-of-function mutants. The sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction allowed us to identify nematode populations containing rare Tc1 insertions into mcl-2. mlc-2::Tc1 mutants were subsequently isolated from these populations by a sib selection procedure. We isolated three mutants with Tc1 insertions within the mlc-2 third exon and a fourth strain with Tc1 inserted in nearby noncoding DNA. To demonstrate the generality of our procedure, we isolated two additional mutants with Tc1 insertions within hlh-1, the C. elegans MyoD homolog. All of these mutants are essentially wild type when homozygous. Despite the fact that certain of these mutants have Tc1 inserted within exons of the target gene, these mutations may not be true null alleles. All three of the mlc-2 mutants contain mlc-2 mRNA in which all or part of Tc1 is spliced from the pre-mRNA, leaving small in-frame insertions or deletions in the mature message. There is a remarkable plasticity in the sites used to splice Tc1 from these mlc-2 pre-mRNAs; certain splice sites used in the mutants are very different from typical eukaryotic splice sites.

Alleles↗
PubMed1994

Insertional mutagenesis as a probe of rhodopsin's topography, stability, and activity.

This paper reports a study of rhodopsin's structure and function using insertional mutagenesis with a flexible epitope. Sixteen rhodopsin derivatives were constructed, each of which carried a 12-amino acid epitope derived from the c-Myc protein flanked by penta-glycine linkers. For eight of the insertion mutants, the membrane sideness of the epitope insert was determined by immunostaining of intact or permeabilized cells. The results confirm the sidedness of each of the six helix connecting loops and the amino and carboxyl termini as postulated by the current seven-helix models of G-protein-coupled receptors and provide the first experimental evidence for the existence of the third extracellular loop. In general, inserts that were either closer to the amino terminus or on the extracellular face were more likely to disrupt folding and/or stability than were inserts near the carboxyl terminus or on the cytosolic face. Epitope insertion at positions 139 or 239, in the second and third cytosolic loops, respectively, failed to activate transducin, whereas an insertion at position 333 in the carboxyl-terminal tail was fully functional. The experimental approach described here should prove generally useful for elucidating structural and functional properties of both membrane and globular proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Insertions within iap gene of Listeria monocytogenes generated by plasmid pLIV are not lethal.

To carry out efficient insertional mutagenesis in Listeria monocytogenes 1040S and to facilitate the characterisation of disrupted genes, three novel derivatives of plasmid pACYC 184 were constructed, p-LIV 1, pLIV-2 and pLIV-3. The technique is simple and rapid and can be applied to most genes, even those that are essential. The method is unique and particularly effective by the use of a temperature-sensitive pE 194 replicon to facilitate the insertion of the gene. After transformation of the plasmid into L. monocytogenes it is possible to select for integration of the plasmid into the chromosome at 42 degrees C. High insertion frequency and convenience for looking for specific mutations with known sites of insertion make them the plasmid derivatives of choice for insertional mutagenesis in any bacteria that support replication of pE 194 TS. Three insertional mutants of L. monocytogenes are described. Two insertions were shown to be within iap gene, one in hly gene. The supernatants and the pellets from the iap mutants had no detectable haemolytic titer when assayed without the reducing agent.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1979

Tear film breakup time prolonged with unmedicated cellulose polymer inserts.

Unmedicated cellulose polymer (UCP) inserts exhibited marked superiority over six commercial artificial tear substitutes in enhancing and maintaining precorneal tear film stability as measured by tear film breakup time (BUT) in rabbits. The application of UCP inserts into one eye also resulted in an appreciable elevation of the BUT in the contralateral untreated eye. Sham inserts (polyethylene pieces) equal in size to our larger than UCP inserts lacked similar effects, which suggests that the latter actions of UCP inserts are most likely due to a slow release of polymer into the tear film rather than to induction of reflex responses associated with insertion of an inert foreign body into the cul-de-sac. The results indicate that UCP inserts, by virtue of their ability to maintain the integrity of the precorneal tear film over extended periods of time, may represent an important advance in the treatment of dry-eye diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Microsurgical endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy with long-term insertion of bicanalicular silicone tubes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of microsurgical endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy with long-term insertion of single or double bicanalicular silicone tubes in canalicular (presaccal) and ductal (postsaccal) stenosis of the nasolacrimal duct system. DESIGN: Retrospective follow-up of case series between 1992 and 1996. PATIENTS: Thirty-eight patients were included in the study: 19 with ductal stenosis; 28 with canalicular stenosis; and 1 (a 6-month-old girl) with congenital agenesis of the lacrimal duct system. INTERVENTION: Forty-seven endonasal microscopic dacryocystorhinostomies were performed on 38 patients. Bicanalicular silicone tubes were inserted, fixed in the nasal cavity, and left in place as long-term space holders. In patients with canalicular stenosis, a specially designed double bicanalicular tube was inserted for maximal dilatation of the lacrimal canals. The tubes are left in place as long as possible, ie, for months to several years. In cases in which there was recurrent obstruction following accidental tube extrusion, we simply inserted new tubes using a short-acting anesthesia. RESULTS: With 1 procedure, 17 (91%) of the eyes that were surgically treated for ductal stenosis became symptom free. The success rate in the cases of canalicular stenosis was 72%. In the remaining 28% of patients with recurrent obstruction, endonasal revision surgery was performed with new insertion of bicanalicular tubes. With the new tubes in place, these remaining patients have also stayed largely symptom free (length of follow-up, 8 months to 5 years [average, 3 years]). CONCLUSIONS: The routine insertion of bicanalicular tubes as long-term spacers has proved effective and has been tolerated without problems. A new aspect of our study is that in cases of canalicular stenosis or congenital agenesis of the lacrimal duct, which generally have a poor prognosis, the patients also benefit when our specially designed long-term double bicanalicular tubes are inserted in the lacrimal ducts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Two problematic human polymorphic Alu insertions.

Analysis of two previously described polymorphic Alu insertions (Sb19.3 and NBC3) in world-wide human populations generated genotypic frequencies grossly in violation of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations. GenBank searches at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and sequencing analyses revealed that samples homozygous for the Sb19.3 Alu insertion amplify a band indistinguishable in size to the lack of insertion amplicon, corresponding to a paralogous locus on chromosome 4. This locus displays a very similar sequence (84%) to that flanking the Sb19.3 Alu insertion located at chromosome 19. Moreover, we have determined that NBC3, a different Alu insertion, is not located in the pseudoautosomal region of the Y-chromosome, as previously reported, but in position Yq11.2. Also, the band that mimics the lack of insertion amplicon corresponds to a paralogous locus located at chromosome X with a similarity of 92% to the sequence flanking the NBC3 Alu insertion. Finally, the utilization of newly designed primers avoided amplification from the paralogous loci and allowed a reliable assignation of genotypes for both loci. Unlike previously reported, using our new primers the Y-specific locus NBC3 was found not to be polymorphic in the populations analyzed.

Alu Elements↗
PubMed1984

The Spm (En) transposable element controls the excision of a 2-kb DNA insert at the wx allele of Zea mays.

The waxy (Wx) locus of Zea mays was cloned from strains carrying the wild-type and wx mutant alleles. The receptor component of the Suppressor-Mutator (Spm) controlling element system in the wx allele was shown to be a 2 kb long insertion within the transcribed region of the Wx gene. The insertion, termed Spm-I8, is excised during somatic reversion events induced by the autonomous controlling element Enhancer (En), which is an equivalent to Spm. Integration of Spm-I8 into the Wx gene generates a 3-bp target site duplication. Spm-I8 has a 13 bp long inverted repeat at its termini. The ends of the element can be further folded to build a large double-stranded structure consisting of five perfectly matching double-stranded regions of 9-13 bp in length, interrupted by single-stranded loops. A comparison of the wild-type and wx alleles revealed two additional insertions 6 (insert-1) and 0.25 (insert-2) kb in length. No En-induced excision of insert-1 and insert-2 could be detected so far. There is remarkable structure and sequence homology between Spm-I8 and the transposable elements Tam1 and Tam2 of Antirrhinum majus at their termini, reflecting a possible evolutionary and/or functional relationship between transposons in different plant species.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Age-dependent changes in matrix composition and organization at the ligament-to-bone insertion.

Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) often occur at the ligament-to-bone insertion site; thus, an in-depth understanding of the native insertion is critical in identifying the etiology of failure and devising optimal treatment protocols for ACL injuries. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic characterization of the ACL-to-bone interface, focusing on structural and compositional changes as a function of age. Using a bovine model, three age groups were studied: Neonatal (1-7 days old), Immature (2-6 months old), and Mature (2-5 years old). The distribution of types I, II, X collagen, decorin, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), glycosaminoglycan (GAG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and minerals at the ACL-to-bone insertion were examined. Additionally, cell aspect ratio, size, and distribution across the insertion were quantified. The ACL-to-bone insertion is divided into four regions: ligament, nonmineralized interface, mineralized interface, and bone. Both region-dependent and age-dependent structural and compositional changes at the insertion site were observed in this study. The interface in the skeletally immature group resembled articular cartilage, while the adult interface was similar to fibrocartilaginous tissue. Age-dependent changes in extracellular matrix composition (type X collagen, sulfated glycosaminoglycan), cellularity, ALP activity, and mineral distribution were also found. Marked differences in collagen fiber orientation between the femoral and tibial insertions were observed, and these differences became more pronounced with age.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

Enhanced EPR sensitivity from a ferroelectric cavity insert.

We report the development of a simple ferroelectric cavity insert that increases the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) sensitivity by an order of magnitude when a sample is placed within it. The insert is a hollow cylinder (length 4.8 mm, outside diameter 1.7 mm, inside diameter 0.6 mm) made from a single crystal of KTaO(3), which has a dielectric constant of 230 at X-band (9.5 GHz). Its outside dimensions were chosen to produce a resonant frequency in the X-band range, based on electromagnetic field modeling calculations. The insert increases the microwave magnetic field (H(1)) at the center of the insert by a factor of 7.4 when placed in an X-band TM(110) cavity. This increases the EPR signal for a small (volume 0.13 microL) unsaturated nitroxide spin label sample by a factor of 64 at constant microwave power, and by a factor of 9.8 at constant H(1). The insert does not significantly affect the cavity quality factor Q, indicating that this device simply redistributes the microwave fields within the cavity, focusing H(1) onto the sample inside the insert, thus increasing the filling factor. A similar signal enhancement is obtained in the TM(110) and TE(102) cavities, and when the insert is oriented either vertically (parallel to the microwave field) or horizontally (parallel to the DC magnetic field) in the TM(110) cavity. This order-of-magnitude sensitivity enhancement allows EPR spectroscopy to be performed in conventional high-Q cavities on small EPR samples previously only measurable in loop-gap or dielectric resonators. This is of particular importance for small samples of spin-labeled biomolecules.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Minor displacements in the insertion site provoke major differences in the induction of antibody responses by chimeric parvovirus-like particles.

An antigen-delivery system based on hybrid virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by the self-assembly of the capsid VP2 protein of canine parvovirus (CPV) and expressing foreign peptides was investigated. In this report, we have studied the effects of inserting the poliovirus C3:B epitope in the four loops and the C terminus of the CPV VP2 on the particle structure and immunogenicity. Epitope insertions in the four loops allowed the recovery of capsids in all of the mutants. However, only insertions of the C3:B epitope in VP2 residue 225 of the loop 2 were able to elicit a significant anti-peptide antibody response, but not poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies, probably because residue 225 is located in an small depression of the surface. To fine modulate the insertion site in loop 2, a cassette-mutagenesis was carried out to insert the epitope in adjacent positions 226, 227, and 228. The epitope C3:B inserted into these positions was well recognized by the specific monoclonal antibody C3 by immunoelectron microscopy. BALB/c mice immunized with these chimeric C3:B CPV:VLPs were able to elicit an strong neutralizing antibody response (>3 log(10) units) against poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney strain). Therefore, minor displacements in the insertion place cause dramatic changes in the accessibility of the epitope and the induction of antibody responses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Development of the needle insertion robot for percutaneous vertebroplasty.

Percutaneous Vertebroplasty (PVP) is an effective and less invasive medical treatment for vertebral osteoporotic compression fractures. However, this operative procedure is quite difficult because an arcus vertebra, which is narrow, is needled with accuracy, and an operator's hand is exposed to X-ray continuously. We have developed a needle insertion robot for Percutaneous Vertebroplasty. Its experimental evaluation on the basic performance of the system and needle insertion accuracy are presented. A needle insertion robot is developed for PVP. This robot can puncture with accuracy and an operator does not need to be exposed to X-ray. The mechanism of the robot is compact in size (350 mm x D 400 mm x H270 mm, weight: 15 kg) so that the robot system can be inserted in the space between C-arm and the patient on the operating table. The robot system is controlled by the surgical navigation system where the appropriate needle trajectory is planned based on pre-operative three-dimensional CT images. The needle holding part of the robot is X-ray lucent so that the needle insertion process can be monitored by fluoroscopy. The position of the needle during insertion process can be continuously monitored. In vitro evaluation of the system showed that average position and orientation errors were less than 1.0 mm and 1.0 degree respectively. Experimental results showed that the safety mechanism called mechanical fuse released the needle holding disk properly when excessive force was applied to the needle. These experimental results demonstrated that the developed system has the satisfactory basic performance as needle insertion robot for PVP.

Bone Cements↗
PubMed1985

Direct insertion and fluorescence studies of rhodamine-labeled beta-adrenergic receptors in cell membranes.

Previous studies utilizing the fluorescence of propanolol as a probe for the beta-adrenergic receptor showed that this receptor is motionally constrained. To further study the beta-adrenergic receptor in situ we have reinserted rhodamine-labeled beta-receptors into cell membranes. This report presents documentation of their insertion and physiologic viability. Beta-receptors were purified by affinity chromatography (10,000-fold), then fluorescently labeled with tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate, repurified (55,000-fold) and incubated with rat pancreatic islet cells. The binding of 3H-dihydroalprenolol by these cells was increased from a Bmax of 168 +/- 2 to 309 +/- 20 fmol/mg protein with no change in Kd. Various treatments which remove peripheral membrane proteins, e.g. NaOH, lithium diiodosalicylate, and trypsinization, did not alter binding by the cells with inserted receptors indicating that the receptors inserted into cell membranes. In islet cells treated with Koshland's reagent I, beta-adrenergic binding was completely abolished, but following incubation with isolated beta-receptors, the cells bound beta-adrenergic radioligand with a Bmax of 100 fmol/mg protein, indicating functionality on the part of the inserted receptors. Furthermore, insertion of isolated receptors into frog erythrocytes resulted in increased production of cAMP in response to added isoproterenol. In pancreatic islet cells, incubation with labeled receptors caused the fluorescence to shift in wavelength with increased intensity indicating a shift from an aqueous to a lipid environment, probably into the membrane. Using fluorescence (P), it was found that the inserted receptors became motionally constrained to a P of 0.38 (limiting Po = 0.42) during the first 15 min, remaining so for at least 2 hr. Colchicine (5 micrograms/ml) caused a decrease in P to 0.18 indicating release of constraint. Isoproterenol (10(-5)M) caused a rapid decrease to P = 0.15. This effect was blocked by propranolol. Propranolol itself (10(-5) M) had no effect. These results indicate that the labeled receptors rapidly insert into cell membranes and also support the view that agonist activation of the receptor causes an increase in receptor mobility, presumably due to release of constraint from cytoskeleton elements.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A dimorphic Alu Sb-like insertion in COL3A1 is ethnic-specific.

Alu elements are a class of repetitive DNA sequences found throughout the human genome that are thought to be duplicated via an RNA intermediate in a process termed retroposition. Recently inserted Alu elements are closely related, suggesting that they are derived from a single source gene or closely related source genes. Analysis of the type III collagen gene (COL3A1) revealed a polymorphic Alu insertion in intron 8 of the gene. The Alu insertion in the COL3A1 gene had a high degree of nucleotide identity to the Sb family of Alu elements, a family of older Alu elements. The Alu sequence was less similar to the consensus sequence for the PV or Sb2 subfamilies, subfamilies of recently inserted Alu elements. These data support the observations that at least three source genes are active in the human genome, one of which is distinct from the PV and Sb2 subfamilies and predates either of these two subfamilies. Appearance of the Alu insertion in different ethnic populations suggests that the insertion may have occurred in the last 100,000 years. This Alu insert should be a useful marker for population studies and for marking COL3A1 alleles.

Alleles↗
PubMed1999

Anal pressures impaired by stapler insertion during colorectal anastomosis: a randomized, controlled trial.

PURPOSE: The significance of anal sphincter injury from transanal inserted staplers was studied. A randomized, controlled comparison was made of anorectal manometry and clinical function after sigmoid colectomy (avoiding nerve injury from rectal mobilization), anastomosed by either transanal inserted stapler or biofragmentable anastomotic ring (avoiding anal manipulation). METHOD: Fifty-eight consecutive patients with sigmoid adenocarcinoma were randomly assigned to transanal inserted stapler or biofragmentable anastomotic ring groups. Anorectal manometry and clinical bowel function assessment were performed by an independent blinded observer before surgery and six weeks and six months after surgery. RESULTS: At six weeks after surgery, there was significant impairment of mean anal resting pressures (mean impairment, 23 percent; P < 0.001) and physiologic anal length (mean impairment, 31 percent; P < 0.01) in the transanal inserted stapler group (27 completed the trial), but not in the biofragmentable anastomotic ring group (18 completed the trial). Pressures remained impaired at six months. When changes in the anal pressures were compared between groups, the mean anal resting pressure (P < 0.001) and maximum squeeze pressure (P < 0.01) at six weeks and mean anal resting pressure at six months (P < 0.01) were significantly more impaired in the transanal inserted stapler group. Postoperative bowel function was not different between the two groups. Postoperative complications were similar. In the transanal inserted stapler group one patient died of anastomotic leak sepsis and one had wound infection; in the biofragmentable anastomotic ring group one patient died of myocardial infarct and one had wound infection. CONCLUSION: Direct injuries to the internal anal sphincter occurred after transanal inserted stapler but not biofragmentable anastomotic ring anastomoses. Clinical function was not correspondingly affected, probably because of the adequate residual rectal reservoir after sigmoid colectomy.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

A method for pneumatically inserting an array of penetrating electrodes into cortical tissue.

The goal of this research was to find a practical means by which an array of 100 needle-shaped electrodes could be implanted into the cerebral cortex with minimal brain tissue trauma. It was found that insertion of these structures into cortical tissues could only be performed using high insertion speeds. A pneumatically actuated impact insertion system has been developed that is capable of inserting an electrode array into feline brain tissue at speeds from about 1 to 11 m/s. We found that a minimum array insertion speed of 8.3 m/s was necessary for a complete, safe insertion of all 100 electrodes in the array to a depth of 1.5 mm into feline cortex. The performance of the impact insertion system is discussed in terms of a simplified representation of cortical tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Functional and clinical anatomy of the posterior insertion of the human vocal ligament.

The suggested methods of the formation of intubation granuloma as well as carcinoma invasion in the area of posterior vocal ligament insertion have been controversial. One reason for divergent opinions is possibly based on different judgements of morphology in this region. The present study analyzed structures of the vocal ligament and vocalis muscle insertion at the vocal process by means of histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic methods. Investigations were performed in three planes on the vocal cords of 22 men and 19 women (aged 21-97 years). Inside the insertion zone of the vocal ligament at the vocal process three structures could be distinguished: hyaline cartilage at the base of arytenoid cartilage, elastic cartilage at its apex and the posterior elastic nodule in front of them. No perichondrium could be seen around the elastic nodule. In elastic nodules type I and type III collagen fibrils as well as elastic fibers formed a scissor-like meshwork around large fibroblasts. The vocalis muscle inserted at the perichondrium in the lateral part of the arytenoid skeleton by short tendons. At the insertion zone blood vessels of the vocalis muscle penetrated the perichondrium and reached the cartilaginous matrix. At the beginning of osteogenesis, the blood vessels connected with intraosseous blood vessels of the arytenoid. Connective tissue cells of the insertion zone and extracellular matrix components formed by these cells fulfilled a biomechanical function by equalizing the different elastic moduli of tendon, cartilage or bone. The lack of perichondrium around the lengthened posterior elastic nodule made formation of intubation granulomas caused by perichondritis in this area impossible. Loosened perichondrium or periosteum in the area of the insertion of the vocalis muscle at the vocal process, ossification and associated vascularization of the arytenoid skeleton permitted invasion of carcinomas into the arytenoid.

Adult↗