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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Drinking to cope among college students: prevalence, problems and coping processes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine four issues regarding college-student drinking to cope: (1) The prevalence of drinking to cope among students in a medium-sized Midwestern state university; (2) the relationships among drinking to cope and alcohol-related outcomes; (3) the use of drinking to cope within the larger context of students' coping processes; and (4) gender differences in drinking to cope. METHOD: Data were drawn from a sample of 275 undergraduates (164 women, 104 men, 7 subjects of unreported gender) in a cross-sectional sample. Of the 275 students assessed, data were analyzed from the 260 who reported ever having consumed alcohol. Drinking to cope was examined both as a style and in response to a specific situation identified by the participant. RESULTS: Drinking to cope is very common among college students and is related to much higher levels of alcohol consumption, episodes of heavy drinking, and levels of both negative and positive alcohol-related consequences. In examining the relative influence of drinking to cope and other variables on alcohol use, regression analyses indicated that positive alcohol expectancies were strongly related to alcohol use and that, even when considering other variables, situational drinking to cope remained a fairly strong predictor of most of the alcohol-use indicators. Analysis of gender differences suggested that men rely on alcohol to cope more than women do. CONCLUSIONS: Drinking to cope is a significant and highly problematic factor in college student alcohol use. Implications for interventions are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Social norms campaigns: examining the relationship between changes in perceived norms and changes in drinking levels.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined changes in drinking as a function of changes in perceived drinking norms following a social norms marketing campaign to correct normative misperceptions of college student drinking among residence hall students. The researchers expected students to reduce their estimates of typical student drinking following the social marketing campaign and that reductions in perceived norms would be associated with reduced drinking. METHOD: Perceived norms and self-reported frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption were assessed before and after a social norms marketing campaign among 474 residence hall students. RESULTS: Paired samples t tests revealed reduced perceptions of typical student drinking frequency and quantity. In addition, among nonabstainers, drinking quantity went down from pre- to postintervention. Further examination revealed that reductions in drinking were evident only among students whose perceived norms were reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that social norms marketing in residence halls can effectively reduce overestimates of typical student drinking and that reduction of perceived drinking norms are associated with reduced drinking.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

Predictors of short-term course of drinking in untreated rural and urban at-risk drinkers: effects of gender, illegal drug use and psychiatric comorbidity.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of changes in drinking and drinking consequences in untreated at-risk drinkers in a community sample. METHOD: Four waves of telephone interviews were conducted at 6-month intervals with a probability sample of at-risk drinkers in the rural and urban South (initial N = 733). Participants were interviewed at each wave regarding concurrent drug use, psychopathology and social support, as well as alcohol service use. Individuals reporting receiving services for drinking (n = 69) were dropped from the analyses. Longitudinal data were analyzed for predictors of quantity and frequency of drinking, "safe" drinking levels and diagnoses of recent alcohol disorder. Simultaneous and lagged models were fit for each dependent variable. RESULTS: Over the period of study, drinking quantity and alcohol diagnoses decreased, and safe drinking increased. Only a few variables, including drug use and rural residence, predicted change over time for some outcomes. Remaining significant effects associated with drinking outcomes were constant throughout the study. Women and participants scoring high on religiosity experienced better outcomes; illegal drug use and social consequences of drinking were associated with worse outcomes. Rural residents maintained higher drinking quantity and were less likely to be safe drinkers than urban residents were. Psychiatric comorbidity was significantly associated only with drinking quantity. CONCLUSIONS: These data distinguish which at-risk drinkers might benefit from short or delayed interventions in primary care or community settings, and which should receive more intensive, targeted interventions and be encouraged to enter formal treatment as soon as possible.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Drinking to cope: a comparison of questionnaire and electronic diary reports.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to assess the correspondence between questionnaire reports of dispositional drinking to cope (DTC) and different indices of daily DTC in a sample of nondependent heavy drinkers. METHOD: Data from electronic diary (ED) records of interpersonal problems, negative affect, coping and drinking were used to examine how questionnaire reports of dispositional DTC corresponded to ED reports of daily DTC and to within-person associations among ED reports of negative affect, interpersonal problems and drinking. In the current study, 98 community-residing heavy drinkers using EDs recorded moods, interpersonal problems, coping attempts, desire to drink and drinking for 21 consecutive days. RESULTS: The findings demonstrate correspondence between questionnaire reports of dispositional DTC and (1) ED reports of daily DTC, (2) intensity of negative mood associated with daily drinking initiation and (3) some between-person differences in within-day prediction of drinking and desire to drink from mood and interpersonal problem ratings. Those reporting higher dispositional DTC were somewhat more likely to drink in response to some negative moods and less likely to drink in response to some positive moods than those reporting relatively lower dispositional DTC, but these findings were mixed. CONCLUSIONS: Questionnaire reports of dispositional DTC are at best inconsistently linked to observed within-person associations among daily moods, interpersonal problems and drinking even among heavy drinkers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Event- and context-specific normative misperceptions and high-risk drinking: 21st birthday celebrations and football tailgating.

OBJECTIVE: Negative alcohol-related consequences often occur during specific events and in specific contexts (e.g., 21st birthday celebrations and tailgating parties). A lack of available event- and context-specific interventions suggests the need to better understand factors associated with heavy drinking in these contexts, with an eye toward developing specific interventions. The purpose of this research was to lay the foundation for developing personalized normative feedback interventions for 21st birthday celebratory drinking and tailgating drinking by evaluating whether students overestimate norms in these specific contexts, as they do more generally. METHOD: Perceived descriptive norms and alcohol consumption were assessed at event- and context-specific levels in two studies. Study 1 included 119 students turning 21 years old who reported their 21st birthday drinking behavior and estimated the typical number of drinks consumed by students celebrating their 21st birthday. Study 2 included 140 undergraduates drawn from a stratified random sample who reported their behavior regarding drinking and tailgating and their perceived norms for typical drinking and tailgating behavior. RESULTS: Results from Study 1 revealed that students overestimated peer drinking during 21 st birthday celebrations, and this overestimation was associated with heavier drinking on one's own 21st birthday. In Study 2, students underestimated the percentage of tailgaters who drank but overestimated typical consumption. Overestimation was consistently associated with heavier drinking during tailgating. CONCLUSIONS: Successful correction of general normative misperceptions has been shown to reduce drinking in other research. Documentation of normative misperceptions for specific events and contexts provided by these results represents an important step in developing event- and context-specific interventions utilizing specific normative feedback.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Early age of first drunkenness as a factor in college students' unplanned and unprotected sex attributable to drinking.

OBJECTIVE: Early age of drinking onset has been associated with a greater likelihood among adults of experiencing alcohol dependence, frequent heavy drinking even among nondependent drinkers, and an increased risk of motor vehicle crashes, unintentional injuries, and physical fights after drinking. This study explores whether first getting drunk at a younger age is associated with a greater likelihood of college students reporting that they had unplanned or unprotected sexual intercourse because of their drinking. METHODOLOGY: In 1999 11 739 full-time 4-year college students from 128 randomly selected US colleges and universities completed a self-administered survey that asked them about their drinking practices and whether their drinking had caused them, since the beginning of the school year, to: 1) engage in unplanned sexual intercourse or 2) not use protection when having sex. RESULTS: Among college students who drink, those first drunk before age 13 compared with those never drank until age 19 or older had a 2.0 times greater odds of having unplanned sex and a 2.2 times greater odds of having unprotected sex reportedly because of drinking, even after controlling for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, parental drinking history, age of first smoking, and marijuana use. After further controlling for history of alcohol dependence and frequency of heavy drinking those first drunk before age 13 had a 1.5 times greater odds of unplanned sex and a 1.7 times greater odds of unprotected sex reportedly because of drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical, educational, legal, and community interventions to delay age of first getting drunk need to be coupled with efforts to prevent unplanned and unprotected sexual intercourse among US college students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Correlates of college student binge drinking.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the individual correlates of college student binge drinking. METHODS: Questionnaires were completed by a representative national sample (n = 17,592) of students on 140 campuses in 1993. Binge drinking was defined as five or more drinks per episode for men and as four or more drinks per episode for women. RESULTS: Overall, 44% of the students (50% of the men and 39% of the women) binged. While demographic factors such as sex and race were significantly related to binge drinking, prior binging in high school was crucial, suggesting that for many students, binge drinking begins before college. The strongest predictors of college binge drinking were residence in a fraternity or sorority, adoption of a party-centered life-style, and engagement in other risky behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions must be targeted at high school binge drinking as well as at several characteristics of college life--most notably fraternity residence. Legal drinking age fails to predict binge drinking, raising questions about the effectiveness of the legal minimum drinking age of 21 in college alcohol policies.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The effectiveness of commercially available sports drinks.

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of commercially available sports drinks by answering the questions: (i) will consuming a sports drink be beneficial to performance? and (ii) do different sports drinks vary in their effectiveness? To answer these questions we have considered the composition of commercially available sports drinks, examined the rationale for using them, and critically reviewed the vast number of studies that have investigated the effectiveness of sports drinks on performance. The focus is on the drinks that contain low carbohydrate concentrations (<10%) and are marketed for general consumption before and during exercise rather than those with carbohydrate concentrations >10%, which are intended for carbohydrate loading. Our conclusions are 3-fold. First, because of variations in drink composition and research design, much of the sports drinks research from the past cannot be applied directly to the effectiveness of currently available sports drinks. Secondly, in studies where a practical protocol has been used along with a currently available sports beverage, there is evidence to suggest that consuming a sports drinks will improve performance compared with consuming a placebo beverage. Finally, there is little evidence that any one sports drink is superior to any of the other beverages on the market.

Beverages↗
PubMed1993

College students' views of excessive drinking and the university's role.

Views of college students (N = 133) regarding excessive drinking were explored in terms of the amount of drinking which constitutes a drinking problem, the behaviors that indicate a student has been drinking excessively, and university alcohol policies that students would endorse. Students accepted levels of drinking by peers that markedly exceed definitions of excessive drinking by experts. A sizable minority of students refuse to label very dangerous behaviors associated with excessive drinking as indicating a drinking problem. The views of male and female students differed only marginally. Since students seem to define excessive drinking in ways that differ from professionals, it is suggested that student affairs personnel need to plan programs that recognize the students' views, otherwise students may continue to believe that while excessive drinking is bad, their level of drinking cannot lead to any problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Aggregate comparisons of self-reported versus nonself-reported drinking in a general population survey.

Insight is gained into the validity of self-reported drinking in the general population by comparing self-reports and nonself-reports on the aggregate level. Married and cohabiting respondents of a general population survey (N = 2,169) were asked about both their own and their spouses' drinking behavior. It was found that on the aggregate level, distribution of "moderate" drinking and usual frequency of drinking is similar between self- and nonself-reports. Self-reported "heavy" drinking, however, is lower than nonself-reported "heavy" drinking among women in general, older women, and women with a lower education. Among men in general and older men in particular, however, self-reported occasional "heavy" drinking was found to be higher. The similar distribution of "moderate" drinking and usual frequency of drinking between self- versus nonself-reports gives reassurance about the validity of self-reported drinking behavior. The discordance in self-reported versus nonself-reported "heavy" drinking, however, raises questions about the validity. Interpretation of the discordance is not conclusive: more research (experimental and qualitative) has to be done to disentangle this issue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

New Zealand Pacific peoples' drinking style: too much or nothing at all?

AIMS: To describe the alcohol consumption patterns and related harms of some Pacific peoples (Samoan, Cook Islands Maori, Tongan, Niuean, Fijian, and Tokelauan) living in Aotearoa (New Zealand), and to draw comparisons with measures from the general New Zealand population. METHODS: The Pacific Drugs and Alcohol Consumption Survey (PDACS) was carried out with 1103 randomly selected Pacific peoples aged between 13 and 65 years old who were resident in households throughout New Zealand. The survey used computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) and computer assisted cell-phone interviewing (CACI). The interviews were carried out in 2002/03. We descriptively compare findings from the PDACS with those from the 2000 National Alcohol Survey (NAS). RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of Pacific peoples were drinkers (males 61%, females 51%), compared with 85% of the general New Zealand population (males 88%, females 83%). The average annual consumption of absolute alcohol was 21 litres for Pacific drinkers (males 28 litres, females 14 litres) compared with 11 litres for general New Zealand population drinkers (males 16 litres, females 7 litres). The typical occasional quantity consumed by Pacific drinkers was eight drinks (males: nine drinks, females: five drinks) compared with four drinks for drinkers in the general New Zealand population (males: five drinks, females: around four drinks). Thirty-three percent of Pacific drinkers consumed enough to feel drunk at least weekly (males 41%, females 25%) compared with 9% of drinker in the general New Zealand population (males 13%, females 6%). Eighteen percent of Pacific males and 10% of Pacific females reported being physically assaulted by someone who had been drinking compared with 8% and 5% of national males and females respectively. Twenty-three percent of Pacific males and 16% of Pacific females got drunk when there was an important reason to stay sober, compared with 8% and 5% of general New Zealand males and females respectively. Nineteen percent of Pacific males and 21% of Pacific females reported being involved in a serious argument after they had been drinking compared with 12% and 8% of general New Zealand males and females respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of Pacific drinkers is less than the proportion of drinkers in the general New Zealand population. However, Pacific drinkers consume larger annual volumes and typical occasion amounts of absolute alcohol than drinkers in the general New Zealand population. Pacific peoples drinking patterns appear to be more harmful with greater proportions of Pacific peoples reporting violence and injury from other peoples' drinking, and greater proportions of Pacific drinkers reporting problems from violence and serious arguments as a result of their own drinking compared with the general New Zealand population and general New Zealand population drinkers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Maternal alcohol consumption and birth weight. How much drinking during pregnancy is safe?

The relationship between maternal alcohol drinking during pregnancy and birth weight was examined using prospectively collected data from 31,604 pregnancies. The percentage of newborns below the tenth percentile of weight for gestational age increased sharply with increasing alcohol intake. After adjustment for other risks, a reduction in mean birth weight was seen in drinkers compared with nondrinkers, ranging from 14 g in those drinking less than one drink each day to 165 g in those drinking three to five drinks each day. The adjusted odds ratio for producing a small-for-dates newborn compared with nondrinkers ranged from 1.11 in those drinking less than one drink daily to 1.96 in those drinking three to five drinks daily. Consuming at least one to two drinks daily was associated with a substantially increased risk of producing a growth-retarded infant. Conversely, consuming less than one drink daily had a minimal effect on intrauterine growth and birth weight.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

Effect of community-based interventions on high-risk drinking and alcohol-related injuries.

CONTEXT: High-risk alcohol consumption patterns, such as binge drinking and drinking before driving, and underage drinking may be linked to traffic crashes and violent assaults in community settings. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of community-based environmental interventions in reducing the rate of high-risk drinking and alcohol-related motor vehicle injuries and assaults. DESIGN AND SETTING: A longitudinal multiple time series of 3 matched intervention communities (northern California, southern California, and South Carolina) conducted from April 1992 to December 1996. Outcomes were assessed by 120 general population telephone surveys per month of randomly selected individuals in the intervention and comparison sites, traffic data on motor vehicle crashes, and emergency department surveys in 1 intervention-comparison pair and 1 additional intervention site. INTERVENTIONS: Mobilize the community; encourage responsible beverage service; reduce underage drinking by limiting access to alcohol; increase local enforcement of drinking and driving laws; and limit access to alcohol by using zoning. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported alcohol consumption and driving after drinking; rates of alcohol-related crashes and assault injuries observed in emergency departments and admitted to hospitals. RESULTS: Population surveys revealed that the self-reported amount of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion declined 6% from 1.37 to 1. 29 drinks. Self-reported rate of "having had too much to drink" declined 49% from 0.43 to 0.22 times per 6-month period. Self-reported driving when "over the legal limit" was 51% lower (0. 77 vs 0.38 times) per 6-month period in the intervention communities relative to the comparison communities. Traffic data revealed that, in the intervention vs comparison communities, nighttime injury crashes declined by 10% and crashes in which the driver had been drinking declined by 6%. Assault injuries observed in emergency departments declined by 43% in the intervention communities vs the comparison communities, and all hospitalized assault injuries declined by 2%. CONCLUSION: A coordinated, comprehensive, community-based intervention can reduce high-risk alcohol consumption and alcohol-related injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes and assaults. JAMA. 2000;284:2341-2347.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1996

Corrosion of aluminium in soft drinks.

The corrosion of aluminium (Al) in several brands of soft drinks (cola- and citrate-based drinks) has been studied, using an electrochemical method, namely potentiodynamic polarization. The results show that the corrosion of Al in soft drinks is a very slow, time-dependent and complex process, strongly influenced by the passivation, complexation and adsorption processes. The corrosion of Al in these drinks occurs principally due to the presence of acids: citric acid in citrate-based drinks and orthophosphoric acid in cola-based drinks. The corrosion rate of Al rose with an increase in the acidity of soft drinks, i.e. with increase of the content of total acids. The corrosion rates are much higher in the cola-based drinks than those in citrate-based drinks, due to the facts that: (1) orthophosphoric acid is more corrosive to Al than is citric acid, (2) a quite different passive oxide layer (with different properties) is formed on Al, depending on whether the drink is cola or citrate based. The method of potentiodynamic polarization was shown as being very suitable for the study of corrosion of Al in soft drinks, especially if it is combined with some non-electrochemical method, e.g. graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).

Aluminum↗
PubMed2005

Effects of presenting heavy drinking norms on adolescents' prevalence estimates, evaluative judgments, and perceived standards.

Correcting normative information about the prevalence of heavy drinking is a key element in many prevention programs. To isolate the influence of normative information on older high school students' (n = 230) alcohol-related judgments, the effects of delivering normative information in different contexts (no normative information, normative information only, normative information plus a self-focusing comparison to one's drinking) and under different measurement conditions (public, private) were examined. First, relative to presenting no norms, presenting norms both with and without a self-focus reduced the underestimation of the percent of high school students who never drink heavily. Second, effects on both positive and negative evaluations of heavy drinking were examined independently. Heavy drinking students more strongly endorsed positive evaluations of heavy drinking than did non-heavy drinking students, but this self-serving bias was limited to the normative information only condition. Normative information failed to impact negative evaluations of heavy drinking for students at all drinking levels. Third, in judging the acceptable number of heavy drinking days approved by others, presenting the normative information in both contexts (relative to presenting no norms) led to more conservative judgments. Yet, only the normative context that added a self-focus to the norm led students to adopt more conservative personal standards for the acceptable number of heavy drinking days. Finally, public versus private measurement did not affect any of the dependent variables. The findings are discussed as they relate to confrontational versus empathic styles in delivering interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Role of familiarity on effects of caffeine- and glucose-containing soft drinks.

Familiarity, through conditioned responses and expectations, may play a significant role in the expression of liking for, and mood and performance effects of, food and drink constituents. The role of familiarity and the effects of caffeine and glucose in Lucozade Energy were investigated by testing this familiar soft drink, and its non-caffeine/non-CHO placebo match, against novel coloured/flavoured full and placebo drinks. Both the familiar drink and its placebo improved alertness, mental energy and mental performance compared to baseline and compared to the novel placebo drink. After repeated exposure, that is, after having gained familiarity with the novel drinks in addition to the already existing familiarity with Lucozade Energy, only the full (caffeine and CHO containing) drinks showed sustained beneficial effects compared to placebo drinks and baseline measures, as well as an increase in liking compared to placebo drinks. Therefore, participants appeared to have learned that beneficial effects were mainly linked to the full products. The results illustrate the restorative combination of caffeine and CHO in the drink, and emphasises the need to implement the appropriate placebo(s) in any study design employing familiar foods or drinks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Detection of enteroviruses in untreated and treated drinking water supplies in South Africa.

Enteric viruses have been detected in many drinking water supplies all over the world. A meaningful number of these supplies were treated and disinfected according to internationally acceptable methods. In addition, counts of bacterial indicators (coliform bacteria and heterotrophic plate count organisms) in these water supplies were within limits generally recommended for treated drinking water and these findings have been supported by epidemiological data on infections associated with drinking water. The shortcomings of conventional treatment methods and indicator organisms to confirm the absence of enteric viruses from drinking water, was generally ascribed to the exceptional resistance of these viruses. In this study, the prevalence of enteroviruses detected from July 2000 to June 2002 in sewage, river-, borehole-, spring- and dam water as well as drinking water supplies treated and disinfected according to international specifications for the production of safe drinking water was analysed. A glass wool adsorption-elution technique was used to recover viruses from 10--20 l of sewage as well as environmental water samples, in the case of drinking water from more than 100 l. Recovered enteroviruses were inoculated onto two cell culture types (BGM and PLC/PRF/5 cells) for amplification of viral RNA with nested-PCR being used to detect the amplified viral RNA. Results from the study demonstrated the presence of enteroviruses in 42.5% of sewage and in 18.7% of treated drinking water samples. Furthermore, enteroviruses were detected in 28.5% of river water, in 26.7% of dam/spring water and in 25.3% of borehole water samples. The high prevalence of coxsackie B viruses found in this study suggested, that a potential health risk and a burden of disease constituted by these viruses might be meaningful. These findings indicated that strategies, other than end-point analysis of treated and disinfected drinking water supplies, may be required to ensure the production of drinking water that does not exceed acceptable health risks. More reliable approaches to ensure acceptable safety of drinking water supplies may be based on control by multiple-barrier principles from catchment to tap using hazard assessment and critical control point (HACCP) principles.

Enterovirus↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of binge drinking among pregnant and nonpregnant women, United States, 1991-1995.

Our goal was to measure the pregnancy-related reduction in the prevalence of reported binge drinking (>/=5 alcoholic drinks per occasion) and to characterize binge drinkers among pregnant and nonpregnant women aged 18-44 years, in the United States, 1991-1995. We used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 46 states. We used the prevalence rate ratio between pregnant and nonpregnant women to determine the magnitude of the reduction in reported binge drinking and multiple logistic regression models to identify characteristics associated with binge drinking. Between 1991 and 1995, the prevalence of binge drinking among pregnant women increased significantly from 0.7% (95% confidence interval 0.2-0.9) to 2.9% (95% confidence interval 2.2-3.6), whereas among nonpregnant women the prevalence changed little (11.3% vs 11.2%). Over the study period pregnant women were one fifth (prevalence rate ratio 0.2, 95% confidence interval 0.1-0.2) as likely as nonpregnant women to binge drink. Among various population subgroups of women, pregnancy-related reduction in binge drinking was smallest among black women and largest among women aged </=30 years and among those who had quit smoking. Among pregnant women binge drinking was independently associated with being unmarried, being employed, and current smoking. Among nonpregnant women binge drinking was independently associated with age </=30 years, nonblack race, college level education, being unmarried, being employed or a student, and current smoking. Clinicians serving women of childbearing age need to be aware of the recent rise in reported binge drinking during pregnancy, as well as the known risk factors for binge drinking.

Adolescent↗