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PubMedDate not supplied

[The allergenic significance of legumes].

Leguminous are a cheap source of protein that are cultivated practically throughout the world. They are the main source of food in developing countries. In the Mediterranean area and Middle East, the most commonly consumed legumes are lentils and chickpea. In the United States, United Kingdom and south-east Asia, the major legumes involved in food allergy are considered to be peanut and soy bean, respectively. The clinical manifestations of the allergy to legumes are similar for all legumes and range from oral allergy syndrome, urticaria, angioedema, rhinitis and asthmatic crises to anaphylaxis and even death. Legumes have a high degree of immunological cross-reactivity. Severals authors have described cross-reactivity among different legumes and between legumes and various vegetables. The allergenicity of legumes is mainly is mainly related to allergens from the storage proteins of seeds. Vicilins from this group of proteins could be an important common allergen in clinical allergy to legumes. Profilins are considered to be a cause of cross-reactivity among fruits, vegetables and some pollens and are believed to be a panallergen. Other panallergens of increasing importance are lipid transfer proteins. Few studies have assessed the long-term clinical course of allergy to legumes. Novel therapeutic agents are being investigated for the treatment of peanut allergy and these could be applied to other legumes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Jejunal ultrastructural changes induced by kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lectins in rats.

Rats maintained for a period of 5 days on a diet containing purified lectins extracted from a Brazilian variety (called 'Jalo') of white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) developed marked ultrastructural changes in the epithelium of the proximal jejunum, while both pair-fed and ad-libitum-fed controls did not. The jejunal absorptive cells of rats fed a diet containing lectins exhibited conspicuous abnormalities of the microvilli. They were shorter, slightly thicker, irregular and more sparse; some were bi- or tri-furcated, sharing a common base of implantation. A slightly disorganized terminal web was present below the brush border. The supranuclear cytoplasm of a great number of cells exhibited large cytolysosomes. Comparison with the results of pair-feeding suggests that purified bean lectins have a direct causative role in the pathogenesis of absorptive cell changes in the jejunal villi of rats. The possible pathogenic mechanism of these lesions is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Glycemic index of single and mixed meal foods among common Japanese foods with white rice as a reference food.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives were to examine the feasibility of using white rice as a reference food in the study of glycemic index (GI) and to examine the GI values of both single and mixed meal foods among rice species, processed rice products, beans, and dairy products. DESIGN: Subjects were served with 50 g carbohydrate content of white rice at least two times (maximum three times) and test food once after separate overnight fasts. Capillary blood glucose measurements were carried out before and during 120 min after each food load. SETTING: The study was carried out in an outpatient setting. SUBJECTS: A total of 58 (38 females and 20 males) nondiseased subjects, mean aged 37 y and mean BMI 22 kg/m(2) were included. RESULT: The correlation between incremental area under curve of white rice and glucose was r=0.853 (n=10, P <0.0001) and white rice was considered suitable to be used as a reference food. Among mixed meal foods, the combination of carbohydrate foods with vinegar, dairy products, and bean products significantly decreased the GI value of white rice of 20-40%. The reduction of GI occurred whether the foods were taken together, before or after rice intake. GI of noodles such as udon, soba, and spaghetti showed low GI values. CONCLUSION: White rice could be used as a reference food in determining GI values of foods. A total of 32 single and mixed meal Japanese common food products were examined for their GI values.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Vascular serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor blockade by LY215840: lack of effect upon neointima formation in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries.

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is mitogenic for vascular smooth muscle cells, an effect that may result from 5-HT2 receptor activation. After arterial balloon injury, platelet-derived products including 5-HT are delivered to the denuded vessel wall via platelet adhesion/aggregation and degranulation. To assess the role of 5-HT2 receptors in neointima formation, the selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist LY215840 was infused continuously in rats with osmotic minipumps from 2 days before until 2 weeks after balloon injury to the left common carotid artery, at which time effects upon intimal thickening were examined. Chronic i.v. infusion of LY215840 (25 micrograms/kg/hr) produced a significant, rightward shift (approximately 500-fold) in the 5-HT pressor-response curve in pithed rats determined at 1 hr, 4 days or 16 days after initiation of infusion. Under these conditions, LY215840 had no significant effect upon cross-sectional intimal area determined 2 weeks postballoon injury (0.118 +/- 0.010 vs. 0.114 +/- 0.017 mm2 for vehicle- and LY215840-treated groups, respectively). Furthermore, the cellular density of neointima from LY215840-treated rats was unchanged relative to that of the vehicle group. As a positive control, heparin infusion produced dose-dependent reductions in intimal thickening in this model. At the infusion rate of 0.22 mg/kg/hr, heparin reduced intimal area from a control value of 0.114 +/- 0.015 to 0.025 +/- 0.007 mm2 (P < .05). Thus, extensive blockade of vascular 5-HT2 receptors does not inhibit neointima formation in this model of vascular balloon injury.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The glycemic index of some foods common in Mexico].

To investigate the increase of glycemia due to the ingestion of usual food in Mexico, portions with 50 g of carbohydrate form white corn tortilla, yellow corn tortilla, spaghetti, rice, potatoes, beans brown and black, nopal (prickle pear cactus) and peanuts, compared with white bread, were given to 21 healthy and 27 non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Serum glucose and insulin were measured every 30 min for 180 min long. Glycemic index was obtained as: (area under curve of glucose with test food/area under curve of glucose with white bread) X 100. A corrected index was calculated subtracting the area corresponding to initial values. Insulin index was obtained similarly. Each sample was studied 14-18 times. Glycemic and insulin indexes of white and yellow corn tortilla, spaghetti, rice and potatoes were not different from bread (P greater than 0.05). Corrected glycemic indexes of brown beans (54 +/- 15, +/- SE) and black beans (43 +/- 17) were low (p less than 0.05), as well as corrected insulin indexes (69 +/- 11 and 64 +/- 10 respectively, (P less than 0.02). Peanuts had low glycemic (33 +/- 17, P less than 0.01), but normal insulin index. Nopal had very low glycemic and insulin indexes (10 +/- 17 and 10 +/- 16, P less than 0.0001). These data might be useful in prescribing diets for diabetic subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Phytic acid, in vitro protein digestibility, dietary fiber, and minerals of pulses as influenced by processing methods.

The objective of this project was to determine the effect of various types of processing on selected nutrition related parameters of commonly consumed Indian pulses and soybean. Germination reduced the phytic acid content of chickpea and pigeonpea seeds by over 60%, and that of mung bean, urd bean, and soybean by about 40%. Fermentation reduced phytic acid contents by 26-39% in all these legumes with the exception of pigeonpea in which it was reduced by more than 50%. Autoclaving and roasting were more effective in reducing phytic acid in chickpea and pigeonpea than in urd bean, mung bean, and soybean. Germination and fermentation greatly increased the in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD). IVPD was only slightly increased by roasting and autoclaving of all legumes. Germination and fermentation also remarkably decreased the total dietary fiber (TDF) in all legumes. Autoclaving and roasting resulted in slight increases in TDF values. All the processing treatments had little effect on calcium, magnesium and iron contents.

Dietary Fiber↗
PubMed2006

Ear, nose and throat foreign bodies in Melanesian children: an analysis of 1037 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Occurrence of foreign bodies (FBs) in ear, nose and throat (ENT) in children are not uncommon in clinical practice. We described our experience with ENT foreign bodies in Melanesian children. METHOD: The study was carried out at the tertiary referral center which is also a University teaching hospital. The 15-year period from 1990 to 2004, 1037 cases of ENT foreign bodies were managed. The clinical, operative and follow up data of these patients were collected from available clinic cards and admission charts. A retrospective analysis was made with these data. RESULTS: Foreign bodies in the external auditory canal constituted 711 (68.6%) cases. It was followed by nose in 258 (24.9%), pharynx in 26 (2.5%), esophagus in 21 (2.0%) and laryngotracheobronchial (LTB) tree in 21 (2.0%) cases. Innumerable varieties of foreign bodies were removed from the ear. The common ones were stones in 277 (39.0%), seeds in 142 (20.0%), plastic ornament beads in 70 (9.8%) and cotton in 48 (6.8%) cases. Six hundred and thirteen (86.2%) of them were removed under microscope at the clinic without any complications. The difficult ones in uncooperative children were removed in the operation theatre. They numbered 98 (13.8%). The nasal foreign bodies were exclusively limited up to the age of 12 years. Common nasal foreign bodies were foam in 54 (20.9%), seeds in 51 (19.8%), stone in 28 (10.9%) and ornament beads in 24 (9.3%) cases. Two hundred and forty-six (95.3%) of them were removed in the clinic. Only 12 (4.7%) were removed in the operation theatre. Fishbone was the commonest (23, 90.2%) foreign body encountered in the pharynx of the children. Coins were the exclusive esophageal foreign bodies in children and all were removed in the operation theatre under general anesthesia. In the LTB tree the FBs were mostly localized to the right main bronchus which occurred in 11 (52.4%) cases. This was followed by the trachea in four (19.1%) cases. The different types of FBs encountered were coffee beans in eight (38.0%), peanuts in five (23.8%), plant seeds in three (14.2%) cases. We encountered two mortalities in these LTB FB patients. CONCLUSIONS: Otolaryngological foreign bodies in children are common. For early diagnosis a high index of suspicion has to be maintained by pediatric otolaryngologist.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The effect of non-pathogenic phylloplane fungi on life-history traits of urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The direct effect of three common non-pathogenic phylloplane fungi on the life-history traits of Tetranychus urticae Koch was investigated on intact leaves of the garden bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. (var. Tendergreen Improved), under conditions of low and high water-deficit stress. The survival rate of T. urticae was always reduced by an increase in water-deficit stress, whereas the effect of the fungi depended in part on the watering regime. On two of the three fungi tested, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and Epicoccum nigrum Link, the mites showed a significant increase in net reproduction compared to those reared under control (i.e. no fungi added) conditions, independent of water-deficit stress, resulting in a higher intrinsic rate of increase. The third fungus tested, Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) de Vries, had a similar response with respect to net reproduction when reared under low water-deficit stress but not when reared under a high water-deficit stress. There was, however, no evidence of an interactive effect with water-deficit stress and presence or absence of fungus affecting the net reproduction of the mites, for any of the three fungal species tested. An interactive effect between fungal species and water-deficit stress was observed for the intrinsic rate of increase of the mites. It is suspected that the fungi are acting as a source of an otherwise limiting resource and the differences observed between the fungal treatments is due to differences in consumption, based on the different sizes of their conidia.

Alternaria↗
PubMed2005

Fruit load and branch ring-barking affect carbon allocation and photosynthesis of leaf and fruit of Coffea arabica in the field.

Increasing fruit load (from no berries present to 25, 50 and 100% of the initial fruit load) significantly decreased branch growth on 5-year-old coffee (Coffea arabica L.) trees of the dwarf cultivar 'Costa Rica 95', during their third production cycle. Ring-barking the branches further reduced their growth. Berry dry mass at harvest was significantly reduced by increasing fruit load. Dry matter allocation to berries was four times that allocated to branch growth during the cycle. Branch dieback and berry drop were significantly higher at greater fruit loads. This illustrates the importance of berry sink strength and indicates that there is competition for carbohydrates between berries and shoots and also among berries. Leaf net photosynthesis (P(n)) increased with increasing fruit load. Furthermore, leaves of non-isolated branches bearing full fruit load achieved three times higher P(n) than leaves of isolated (ring-barked) branches without berries, indicating strong relief of leaf P(n) inhibition by carbohydrate demand from berries and other parts of the coffee tree when excess photoassimilates could be exported. Leaf P(n) was significantly higher in the morning than later during the day. This reduction in leaf P(n) is generally attributed to stomatal closure in response to high irradiance, temperature and vapor pressure deficit in the middle of the day; however, it could also be a feedback effect of reserves accumulating during the morning when climatic conditions for leaf P(n) were optimal, because increased leaf mass ratio was observed in leaves of ring-barked branches with low or no fruit loads. Rates of CO(2) emission by berries decreased and calculated photosynthetic rates of berries increased with increasing photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) especially at low PPFs (0 to 100 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). The photosynthetic contribution of berries at the bean-filling stage was estimated to be about 30% of their daily respiration costs and 12% of their total carbon requirements at PPF values commonly experienced in the field (200 to 500 micromol m(-2) s(-1)).

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed1979

Characterization of long guanosine-free RNA sequences from the Dahlemense and U2 strains of tobacco mosaic virus.

Four naturally occurring strains of tobacco mosaic virus, U2, Dahlemense, CV4, and the bean form of tobacco mosaic virus, were tested for the existence of long T1 RNAase oligonucleotides analogous to the oligonucleotide omega found in the common or U1 strain of tobacco mosaic virus and which makes up the 5' non-coding region of the RNA molecule. U2 and Dahlemense RNA were each found to contain this type of long T1 RNAase oligonucleotide with chain lengths of 54 and 74--77 residues, respectively. The sequence of the two oligonucleotides was determined mostly by using 5'-32P-labelled material in vitro and rapid polyacrylamide gel sequencing techniques.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1998

The uptake of radionuclides by beans, squash, and corn growing in contaminated alluvial soils at Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Pinto beans (Phaselous vulgaris), sweet corn (Zea mays), and zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo) were grown in a field pot study using alluvial floodplain soils contaminated with various radionuclides within Los Alamos Canyon (LAC) at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico. Soils as well as washed edible (fruit) and nonedible (stems and leaves) crop tissues were analyzed for tritium (3H), cesium (137Cs), strontium (90Sr), plutonium (238Pu and 239,240Pu), americium (241Am), and total uranium (totU). Most radionuclides, with the exception of 3H and totU, in soil and crop tissues from LAC were detected in significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) than in soil or crop tissues collected from regional background locations. Significant differences in radionuclide concentrations among crop species (squash were generally higher than beans or corn) and plant parts (nonedible tissue were generally higher than edible tissue) were observed. Most soil-to-plant concentration ratios for radionuclides in edible and nonedible crop tissues grown in soils from LAC were within default values in the literature commonly used in dose and risk assessment models. Overall, the maximum net positive committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE)--the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background and then all positive doses summed--to a hypothetical 50-year resident that ingested 352 lb ([160 kg]; the maxiumum ingestion rate per person per year) of beans, corn, and squash in equal proportions was 74 mrem y-1 (740 microS y-1). This upper bound dose was below the International Commission on Radiological Protection permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y-1 (1000 microS y-1) from all pathways and corresponds to a risk of an excess cancer fatality of 3.7 x 10(-5) (37 in a million), which is also below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guideline of 10(-4).

Environmental Health↗
PubMed1992

Specific and abundant secretion of a novel hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein from salt-adapted winged bean cells.

Winged bean callus was adapted to increasing concentrations of NaCl by sequential transfer to medium with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% (w/v) NaCl. When the culture media, after cell suspension cultures of callus adapted to 0.5 (SA-0.5), 1.0 (SA-1.0), 1.5 (SA-1.5), or 2.0% (w/v) NaCl (SA-2.0), were analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, six specific or enhanced polypeptide bands (SAP1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -6) were observed. SAP1, with a molecular weight of 84,000, was abundantly secreted in suspension cultures of SA-1.0 and SA-1.5, and was observed as the most striking polypeptide band. The SAP1 yield was about 4 mg/g cells fresh weight. SAP1 was abundantly secreted after the suspension culture of SA-1.0 in the presence of AlCl(3), but little was secreted in the presence of KCl, LiCl, CaCl(2), MgCl(2), mannitol, sucrose, or abscisic acid. SAP1 was purified from the culture medium after suspension culture of SA-1.0 in the presence of 1.0% (w/v) NaCl. Two steps, ammonium sulfate fractionation and CM-cellulose chromatography, were sufficient for purification to homogeneity. Finally, about 5 mg of SAP1 could be isolated from 7 g of fresh callus cells. Of the amino-terminal 32 amino acid residues of SAP1, 10 and 5 were found to be hydroxyproline and proline, respectively. SAP1 on an acrylamide gel was stained by the periodic acid-Schiff method. It is interesting that SAP1 has pentahydroxyproline blocks (Hyp(5)) instead of tetrahydroxyproline blocks (Hyp(4)) common to many hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins in dicotyledons. Thus, this novel hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein was shown to be abundantly secreted from NaCl-adapted winged bean cells.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Analysis of antioxidant activities of common vegetables employing oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays: a comparative study.

A total of 927 freeze-dried vegetable samples, including 111 white cabbages, 59 carrots, 51 snap beans, 57 cauliflower, 33 white onions, 48 purple onions, 130 broccoli, 169 tomatoes, 25 beets, 88 peas, 88 spinach, 18 red peppers, and 50 green peppers, were analyzed using the oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) methods. The data show that the ORAC and FRAP values of vegetable are not only dependent on species, but also highly dependent on geographical origin and harvest time. The two antioxidant assay methods, ORAC and FRAP, also give different antioxidant activity trends. The discrepancy is extensively discussed based on the chemistry principles upon which these methods are built, and it is concluded that the ORAC method is chemically more relevant to chain-breaking antioxidants activity, while the FRAP has some drawbacks such as interference, reaction kinetics, and quantitation methods. On the basis of the ORAC results, green pepper, spinach, purple onion, broccoli, beet, and cauliflower are the leading sources of antioxidant activities against the peroxyl radicals.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1991

Comparison and differentiation of potyvirus isolates and identification of strain-, virus-, subgroup-specific and potyvirus group-common epitopes using monoclonal antibodies.

A panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) generated against an admixture of 12 potyvirus isolates was used to compare and differentiate diverse potyviruses. Both native and denatured virions of strains of bean yellow mosaic (BYMV), potato virus Y, tobacco etch, pea seed-borne mosaic, iris severe mosaic, iris mild mosaic and asparagus virus-1 potyviruses were used as immunogen and as antigen for screening of the hybridoma cell lines. Thirty cell lines secreting potyvirus-specific antibodies reactive in indirect antigen-coated plate (ACP-) ELISA were selected for detailed analysis. All 30 MAbs reacted with at least one strain of BYMV; 11 MAbs reacted with between one and eight of the nine BYMV strains and an additional three MAbs reacted only with isolates within the BYMV subgroup (BYMV, pea mosaic virus and clover yellow vein virus). The remaining 16 MAbs reacted with a BYMV isolate and with at least one of the other 43 potyvirus isolates tested. MAb PTY 1 reacted with all 55 potyvirus isolates tested (representing at least 33 different and distinct aphid-transmissible potyviruses). The potyvirus cross-reactive MAbs generally gave higher reactivity values in ACP-ELISA with dissociated virus than with polyclonal antibody-trapped intact virions in triple antibody sandwich ELISA (i.e. were cryptotope-specific). The BYMV strain- and virus-specific MAbs reacted strongly with both types of antigens (i.e. were metatope-specific). At least 25 distinct epitopes (12 cryptotopes and 13 metatopes) could be identified from the MAb-antigen reactivity patterns. The distribution of these epitopes between virus isolates can be used to detect and differentiate potyviruses in infected plant extracts and to examine virus architectures. Some of these epitopes are shared by potyvirus isolates not previously shown to be serologically related. The broad spectrum-reacting MAb PTY 1 recognizes a cryptotope conserved on all of the aphid-transmissible potyviruses examined and should be a valuable tool for the detection and assay of these potyviruses.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1989

Characterization of a xylose-specific antiserum that reacts with the complex asparagine-linked glycans of extracellular and vacuolar glycoproteins.

Antibodies were raised against carrot (Daucus carota) cell wall beta-fructosidase that was either in a native configuration (this serum is called anti-betaF(1)) or chemically deglycosylated (anti-betaF(2)). The two antisera had completely different specificities when tested by immunoblotting. The anti-betaF(1) serum reacted with beta-fructosidase and many other carrot cell wall proteins as well as with many proteins in extracts of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cotyledons and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seeds. It did not react with chemically deglycosylated beta-fructosidase. The anti-betaF(1) serum also reacted with the bean vacuolar protein, phytohemagglutinin, but not with deglycosylated phytohemagglutinin. The anti-betaF(2) serum reacted with both normal and deglycosylated beta-fructosidase but not with other proteins. These results indicate that the betaF(2) antibodies recognize the beta-fructosidase polypeptide, while the betaF(1) antibodies recognize glycan sidechains common to many glycoproteins. We used immunoadsorption on glycoprotein-Sepharose columns and hapten inhibition of immunoblot reactions to characterize the nature of the antigenic site. Antibody binding activity was found to be associated with Man(3)(Xyl)(GIcNAc)(2)Fuc, Man(3)(Xyl)(GIcNAc)(2), and Man(Xyl) (GIcNAc)(2) glycans, but not with Man(3)(GIcNAc)(2). Treatment of phytohemagglutinin, a glycoprotein with a Man(3)(Xyl)(GIcNAc)(2)Fuc glycan, with Charonia lampas beta-xylosidase (after treatment with jack-bean alpha-mannosidase) greatly diminished the binding between the antibodies and phytohemagglutinin. We conclude, therefore, that the antibodies bind primarily to the xylosebeta, 1--> 2mannose structure commonly found in the complex glycans of plant glycoproteins.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Identification and immunochemical characterization of a family of peroxisome membrane proteins (PMPs) in oilseed glyoxysomes.

Prior to this study the only antibodies available for characterizing peroxisome membrane proteins (PMPs) in plants were the antibodies raised against membranes isolated from castor bean endosperm glyoxysomes by Halpin et al. (Planta 179, 331-339 (1989)). We raised antibodies to four different nondenatured PMP complexes solubilized in 0.63 M aminocaproate/1% dodecylmaltoside from alkaline carbonate-washed, cucumber cotyledon glyoxysome membranes. The four complexes, approximately 290/270, 148, 128 and 67 kDa, were excised from 5 to 10% nondenaturing gradient gels, passively eluted from their homogenized gel slice, concentrated, then injected subcutaneously into rabbits. SDS-PAGE (10-15% gradient) of the total detergent-solubilized PMPs revealed six prominent membrane polypeptides: 73, 61, 52, 36, 30, and 22 kDa. The SDS-PMP composition of each nondenatured antigen was: PMP290/270-52, 30, 28 kDa; PMP148-30, 28, 26, 23, 22 kDa; PMP 128-73, 66, 36, 30, 23 kDa; PMP67-34, 30 kDa. These data indicated that several prominent as well as several minor polypeptides were common components of the PMP complexes. Three of the four antisera to the complexes were polyspecific, recognizing several of these common SDS polypeptides, whereas the fourth antiserum, anti-PMP67, was monospecific for PMP30. Cross-reactivities were evident with each antiserum to several of these SDS PMPs from castor bean, cotton and sunflower. Affinity-purified anti-PMP30 and anti-PMP73 antibodies specifically bound to the boundary membrane of cucumber glyoxysomes in cells examined by indirect, postembedment (LR White), immunocytochemistry. These, and the family of other antibodies produced in this study, provide specific molecular probes essential for elucidating biogenesis and discovering function(s) of the integral membrane proteins in oilseed glyoxysomes.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed1988

Bias and error in the determination of common macronutrients in foods: interlaboratory trial.

Chemical analyses of nutrient values in foods form the basis of much of the science and practice of nutrition and dietetics, but little is known about the accuracy and precision of common macronutrient analyses. Therefore, an interlaboratory study was set up. One batch each of egg powder, full-fat milk powder, whole rye flour, whole wheat flour, biscuits, and French beans (snap beans, "haricots verts") was thoroughly homogenized. Samples were sent to 19 leading food analysis laboratories in Europe and the U.S., and each performed analyses of macronutrients by its own routine methods. Most were government or semi-government laboratories and major contributors to national nutrient data banks. The results for dry matter content and ash agreed well between laboratories. For protein, the coefficient of variation between laboratories (CV between) ranged from 2.8% to 6.4%. The reproducibility within laboratories was sometimes quite poor. The CV between for total fat ranged from 5.4% to 54%. For "available" carbohydrates, the CV between ranged from 9% to 27%. The CV between for total dietary fiber ranged from 23% to 84%. Only part of the variability could be explained by the use of methods of different principle. It is concluded that leading laboratories produce widely different values for macronutrients in common foods. Quality control programs and reference materials of certified nutrient concentration are urgently needed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Isolation of a Vicia faba metallothionein-like gene: expression in foliar trichomes.

Animal metallothioneins (MTs) are cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight proteins that bind to heavy metals and are believed to play a role in their metabolism and detoxification. Genes encoding MT-like proteins have been isolated in a number of plants although their function remains to be elucidated. We describe the isolation and characterization of a bean cDNA encoding an MT-like protein. The bean gene, called MT, was isolated as a result of a differential screen for genes that are expressed in leaves but not in the most common cell type, the mesophyll cell. MT contained two regions with abundant cysteines and sequence comparison found that MT had greatest homology to MT-like subtype 2 from other plant species. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that MT was expressed in the left, stem and flower, at very low levels in roots and was not detectable in mesophyll protoplasts. MT transcript levels were not significantly affected by treatment with Cu, Zn or Cd. In the left, in situ hybridization studies demonstrated striking cell specificity with MT expression confined predominantly to trichomes. Possible explanations for the pronounced expression of MT in leaf trichomes are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗