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PubMed1980

Characterization of a new potent heparin. 4th communication: The effect of a new potent heparin preparation on lipid components and leucocytes in rats after subcutaneous application.

The effect of a new potent heparin preparation on blood lipid components and leucocytes after a single subcutaneous application in rats was investigated and compared with a commercially available heparin. The analysis of plasma cholesterol, glycerol, triglycerides and free fatty acids as well as leucocyte counts and differential counts were performed 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after heparin application. The main effects observed were a marked increase in free fatty acids with a maximum already after 1 h and a state of leucocytosis with a maximum and 4 h after application, besides other minor changes in blood lipid components. However, these effects were less pronounced after a dose of the new heparin of 16.6 mg/kg, which is equipotent with 5000 USP units of the commercially available heparin used in this study on anticoagulant activity on the basis of factor Xa inactivation assay. The biological relevance of the increase in the plasma free fatty acids and the mechanism of heparin induced leucocytosis are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Inhibition of axoplasmic transport in the developing visual system of the rat-L Structural changes in the retina and optic nerve with graded doses of intraocular colchicine.

In order to study the role of axonal transport in the mediation of transneuronal metabolic stimulations upon a population of differentiating neurons, colchicine, a potent inhibitor of rapid and slow phases of axonal transport, was injected into the eye of albino rats at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days postnatal in concentrations ranging from 10-5 M to 2 X 10-2 M and in quantities of 0.3 to 0.5 microliter. Quantitative light and electron microscopy were subsequently employed to assess reactive alterations in the developing retina and optic nerve. Application of colchicine severely retarded the development of the sensory elements, with disappearance of synaptic ribbons of sensory cell axons, a significant reduction in the thickness of the inner plexiform layer, due to the presence of numerous shruken synaptic elements and the appearance of rosettes of sensory cells displaced to the inner nuclear layer. These alterations were found to be dose-dependent. Counts of ganglion cell populations at various times after application of colchicine demonstrated optimal concentrations which could be injected at each postnatal age without causing ganglion cell degeneration. Ultrastructural examination of such cells revealed varying degrees of disorganization and dissolution of the endoplasmic reticulum with the formation of occasional small cytoplasmic vacuoles. Higher concentrations of colchicine caused extensive vacuole formation in all classes of retinal neurons, scattered hyperchromic cells and widespread degeneration and autolysis. The diameter of the optic nerve was reduced to 60-95% of normal following intraocular colchicine, depending on the concentration employed, but electron microscopy revealed normal patterns of distribution of axoplasmic microtubules and filaments in control and experimental animals and quantitative analysis revealed no significant loss of axons. While no reactive changes took place in individual elements, the periphery of the nerve was often indented by a highly-folded glia limitans. Maximal doses of intraocular colchicine for each age level were established by this study. These were: 1 day. 10-3 M: 5 days, 5 x 10-3 M; 10 days, 5 X 10-3 M; 15 and 20 days, 10-2 M. The information derived from this morphological analysis provides the foundation for subsequent measurements of axonal transport inhibition in the developing visual system to be reported in the second article of this series.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Elimination of scalp blood flow by headband during dynamic brain scintigraphy.

The effect of the application of a headband during brain scintigraphy was investigated in 11 healthy volunteers. In each person, extracranial recording of a bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate injected intravenously was done on two occasions during a scintillation camera. On one occasion a narrow sphygmomanometer cuff encircling the head from brow to occiput and inflated to 300 mmHg was applied during measurements; another time, the procedure was identical except for the headband. A comparison between counting rates under the derived time-activity curves showed significantly lower values on headband application (p less than 0.01). Static scintigrams consisting of the first 300,000 counts recorded after bolus release with and without headband application show a clear delineation of the headband position with prevention of "halo" appearance about the cranial cavity. It has thus been possible by simple means to reduce the irrelevant radionuclide distribution which, especially during dynamic investigations of cerebral circulation, constitutes a source of error.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Performance of reticulocyte counts in stored blood specimens in a pediatric population utilizing new methylene blue.

Although reticulocyte counts can be reliably performed for up to 48 h after storage in EDTA, it is unclear whether this is applicable to the pediatric age group. In order to evaluate this, manual reticulocyte counts were performed on 20 specimens from pediatric patients stored at 4 degrees C for up to 24 h post collection. Samples were evaluated at 1-3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after storage in EDTA vacutainer tubes at 4 degrees C. The age of the subjects ranged from 1 day to 9 years with a median age of 3 years. Patients' reticulocyte counts ranged from 0 to 27% (5.89 +/- 7.21). No clinically significant changes were evident in the reticulocyte count over 24 h after specimen collection. The mean of the 20 specimens at 1-3 h was 5.50 and at 24 h was 5.40 (P > .05). The standard deviation of the mean values ranged from 7.03 to 7.26 (P > .05). The results indicate that reticulocyte counts may be performed on previously drawn blood held at 4 degrees C for up to 24 h post collection in a pediatric population without significant difference from baseline values.

Blood Preservation↗
PubMed1994

Effect of specimen storage on absolute CD4 counts.

We have evaluated the effect of specimen storage on absolute CD4 counts by a commercially available manual assay. This assay utilizes latex particles coated with CD4 monoclonal antibodies that are mixed with lymphocytes in whole blood. Thirty blood samples were analyzed on days 1, 2, 4, and 7 postcollection. Linear regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between the absolute CD4 count and the storage time after sample collection. There was a significant decrease in absolute CD4 counts from baseline over time, dropping 3.6% at day 2, 10.1% at day 4, and 18.8% at day 7. However, the standard error of the B coefficient was constant [SE (B) = 0.031] up to day 4, indicating that reliable estimates of the baseline CD4 counts could be made from the CD4 counts determined up to day 4 from the time of sample collection. In addition to being sample, rapid, and inexpensive, the manual assay is capable of giving a reliable absolute CD4 count after specimen storage of up to 4 days. The application of this assay in the limited facilities of developing countries' laboratories is attractive.

Blood Specimen Collection↗
PubMed1997

Validation of a chart to estimate true Schistosoma mansoni prevalences from simple egg counts.

Schistosoma mansoni egg counts by faecal examination vary considerably and are not very sensitive, so prevalences are underestimated. The distribution of egg counts can adequately be described by a stochastic model which distinguishes variation in counts between persons and variation in repeated counts within a person. Based on this model a pocket chart has been developed which predicts the proportion of individuals harbouring at least 1 S. mansoni worm pair-the 'true prevalence'-from a simple single survey prevalence and geometric mean egg count (using common duplicate 25 mg Kato-Katz smears). The current paper describes the validation of this chart by comparing predicted true prevalences with prevalences observed after 5-7 repeated Kato-Katz faecal examinations (Burundi), by examination of a large quantity of stool using the Visser filter (Brazil) or a selective sedimentation-filtration method (Surinam). Because 5-7 repeated examinations do not suffice to measure all infections, predictions have been made of the cumulative proportion positives over 5-7 surveys-the 'approximate true prevalence'-as well. After dividing the data into age groups, 12 different subsets were considered for validation. In all 12 cases, predicted true prevalences (or approximate true prevalences for the Burundi data) agree well with those observed. The overall agreement depends only slightly on the assumed relationship between worm numbers and mean egg counts, with a good fit for a productivity between 0.8 and 4.4 eggs per gramme faeces (EPG) per worm pair (WP). This interval includes the most plausible value from the literature, i.e. 1.0 EPG/WP, which has been applied in the initial pocket chart. These findings support the validity of the chart to predict true prevalences for a wide range of productivity assumptions, and reinforces the applicability of its underlying stochastic model to describe egg count variation. However, as predictions appear to vary importantly when using only part of the data, it is also concluded that the pocket chart never compensates for limited validity of initial single survey prevalences and geometric means in consequence of small sample sizes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Global epidemiology and public health in the 21st century. Applications of new technology.

Epidemiology and public health need to change for the upcoming problems of the 21st century and beyond. We outline a four-point approach to produce this change. The first one is to take a systems approach to disease. The second approach discussed is the use of new techniques to "count" disease using capture-recapture. The third represents the application of telecommunications, especially the Internet, to public health. The fourth and final component represents the application, at the local health department level, of a total quality approach, as espoused by Deming, for the prevention of disease.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2005

Mistletoe treatment induces GM-CSF- and IL-5 production by PBMC and increases blood granulocyte- and eosinophil counts: a placebo controlled randomized study in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Various immunological effects have been reported during application of mistletoe preparations. Because these data are heterogeneous, we performed a placebo controlled study to investigate (1) effects on peripheral granulocyte and eosinophil counts, (2) related cytokine levels and (3) whether effects are related to mistletoe lectin (ML). METHODS: 43 volunteers were randomized to receive the mistletoe plant extract Iscador Quercus spezial (IQ), purified ML, IQ which was depleted from ML, or placebo subcutaneously twice per week for 8 weeks. Weekly, differential blood count and every four weeks spontaneous and IQ- and ML-induced cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analyzed. RESULTS: Leukocyte-, granulocyte-, and eosinophil counts were significantly higher during treatment in the IQ- and ML-groups than in the placebo group. Furthermore, a significant increase of antigen-induced production of GM-CSF, IL-5 and IFNgamma by PBMC was observed in the IQ- and ML-group but not in the groups receiving ML-depleted IQ or placebo. Severe side effects did not occur in any of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with IQ or ML stimulates the production of GM-CSF, IL-5 and IFNgamma by PBMC, and this is accompanied by an increase of eosinophil- and granulocyte-counts. These observations may, therefore, open rational therapeutic indications for mistletoe extracts.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Chlorhexidine in cleft lip and palate patients with multibracket appliances. Results of a prospective study on the effectiveness of two different chlorhexidine preparations in cleft lip and palate patients with multibracket appliances.

AIM: The aim of this study is to reduce the caries risk in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients with multibracket appliances via a compliance-independent method. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-eight CLP patients with multibracket appliances were submitted to professional tooth cleaning at 4-week intervals. After randomization, patients in group A wore a splint filled with chlorhexidine (CHX) gel (Chlorhexamed) for 15 minutes (3 x 5 min) every 12 weeks. Patients in group B were treated with CHX varnish (EC40) every 12 weeks. Fluoride varnish (Fluoridin) was applied to all teeth 4 and 8 weeks after the respective CHX treatments. Regular salivary bacteria counts (CRT) were carried out to determine therapeutic effectiveness. Initial DMFS values were compared to the final ones. RESULTS: Initial findings of the salivary test and DMFS index confirmed the high caries risk. The DMFS value increased dramatically in both groups despite this systematic prophylaxis program. The bactericidal effect of both CHX preparations turned out to be markedly weaker than that described in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Though the CHX and fluoride application had a limited effect (at least in this test population), one should keep in mind that it is precisely this population that requires very intensive prophylaxis, and that no antibacterial adjuvant is more effective than CHX. However, the application interval should be individually adapted to the bacteria count.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The effect of thymus ubiquitin complex on neuropathological changes within the brain of pregnant rabbits with experimental model of antiphospholipid syndrome.

The present study was designed to assess the impact of thymus ubiquitin complex (TUC) on morphological changes within the central nervous system (CNS) in pregnant rabbits with experimental antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). We also compared the intensity of neuropathological appearance and serological markers of the APS treated with the TUC. Post-mortem neuropathological investigations were done in 47 female New Zealand rabbits. The material was divided into 4 groups: Group I-23 pregnant animals with APS; Group II-7 pregnant rabbits with APS, treated with TUC; Group III-7 pregnant rabbits without APS, treated with TUC; Group IV (the control one)-110 pregnant animals without APS, untreated with TUC. The APS was induced by subcutaneous injections of cardiolipin. There were two main abnormalities within the CNS of pregnant rabbits, which could be a result of the APS: the thrombo-necrotic foci of nervous tissue, and perivascular or meningeal inflammatory infiltrates. It turned out that TUC application reduced the morphological abnormalities, but it did not eliminate them entirely. The number of cases with thrombo-necrotic changes was reduced by approximately 18%, while perivascular infiltrates by 36% respectively. The TUC application did not influence the meningeal infiltration. The platelet count significantly increased (p < 0.001), the activated partial thromboplastin time shortened (p < 0.001), and the number of immunised animals, demonstrating positive immunofluorescence test, significantly decreased after the TUC administration. The inflammatory changes within the CNS are the integral component of the experimental model of APS in pregnant rabbits. The TUC may decrease the inflammatory component of the APS in the CNS. The inflammatory infiltrates seem to be more responsive to TUC application and parallel to APS serological improvement after treatment than necrotic changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

In vivo dissolution measurement with indium-111 summation peak ratios.

Dissolution of [111In]labeled tablets was measured in vivo in a totally noninvasive manner by using a modification of the perturbed angular correlation technique known as the summation peak ratio method. This method, which requires the incorporation of only 10-12 microCi into the dosage form, provided reliable dissolution data after oral administration of [111In]lactose tablets. These results were supported by in vitro experiments which demonstrated that the dissolution rate as measured by the summation peak ratio method was in close agreement with the dissolution rate of salicylic acid in a [111In]salicylic acid tablet. The method has the advantages of using only one detector, thereby avoiding the need for complex coincidence counting systems, requiring less radioactivity, and being potentially applicable to a gamma camera imaging system.

Indium↗
PubMed1975

Adaptive changes in vitamin B12 absorption in celiac disease and after proximal small-bowel resection in man.

Resection of the proximal small bowel is known to cause mucosal hyperplasia and enhanced absorption in the ileum of experimental animals, but similar adaptive changes had not previously been studied in man. Since intrinsic-factor-bound vitamin B12 (IF-B12) absorption is confined to the ileum, as an index of ileal adaptation, we measured whole-body IF-58 Co B12 absorption in 24 control subjects, in 4 patients after proximal small-bowel resection, and in 9 patients with adult celiac disease (where mucosal damage is often limited to the proximal intestine and spares the ileum). Control subjects absorbed 20.4% (+/- 1 SD 6.2%) of the administered 5-mug dose of vitamin B12, while the corresponding 7-day retention values in patients with proximal resection (mean 42.3%; range 32-61%) and in 2 of the 9 celiac patients (44.1% and 54%, respectively), were above the normal range. The increased vitamin B12 absorption in these patients suggest that functional adaptation also occurs in the ileum in man. The results also illustrate the application of a newly developed whole-body counting technique to study vitamin B12 absorption in man.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Significance of Herbaspirillum seropedicae inoculation and/or straw amendment on growth and dinitrogen fixation of wheat using 15N-dilution method.

The effect of Herbaspirillum seropedicae inoculation and/or maize straw (0, 5 and 10 Mg/hm2) amendment on the growth and N2 fixation of wheat was determined in pot experiments using 15N-dilution method. Inoculation resulted in accumulation of fixed nitrogen, and % N from atmosphere being 24.6 and 26.5% in wheat shoot and grain, respectively. Straw amendment reduced % Natm to 16.1 and 20.2% at high straw level (10 Mg/hm2). Rational nitrogen fertilization (180 kg N/hm2) completely inhibited N2 fixation by H. seropedicae inoculation. Bacterial inoculation increased dry shoot and grain yield up to 23 and 31%, respectively. The highest levels of shoot and grain dry mass (46.5 and 42.4%) were obtained by N-fertilization in both inoculated and uninoculated plants. Total shoot and grain N-yield increased irrespective of organic matter amendment by inoculation up to 9 and 25%, respectively. N-fertilized plants recorded a maximum increase in N-yield (57 and 51%). H. seropedicae was reisolated from inoculated wheat histosphere after harvesting (90 d from sowing). Neither organic matter nor mineral nitrogen applications had any marked effect on bacterial total counts colonizing wheat histosphere. Moreover, no symptoms of mottled stripe disease were observed on leaves and stems of inoculated plants.

Herbaspirillum↗
PubMed2005

Using phospholipid fatty acid technique to study short-term effects of the biological control agent Pseudomonas fluorescens DR54 on the microbial microbiota in barley rhizosphere.

The biological control agent (BCA) Pseudomonas fluorescens DR54 was applied to seeds (experiment 1) or roots (experiment 2) of barley growing in microcosms, while noninoculated plants served as controls. The fate of the BCA and its effects on the rhizosphere microbial community was evaluated in microcosms destructively sampled at days 2, 4, 6, and 9 after inoculation. In both experiments the number of P. fluorescens DR54 cells decreased immediately after application as enumerated by immunostaining and microscope direct counting. Substrate-induced respiration (SIR) was taken as a measurement of the active microbial biomass, while indicators of the total microbiota (and main taxonomic groups) were obtained using the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) technique. In experiment 1, these parameters were unaffected by the relatively small number of BCA cells applied, whereas in experiment 2, the larger BCA input resulted in an enhanced level of both SIR and PLFAs from Gram-negative bacteria (which included the BCA itself). However, at day 9 after inoculation, treatments with P. fluorescens DR54 and controls were similar in all measured parameters in both experiments. This was also illustrated very clearly by principal component analysis of the PLFA data, which in both experiments were able to discriminate between treatments in the first days after BCA inoculation, thus confirming the sensitivity of this method. Laccase activity has a potential as an indicator of fungal stress, e.g., when challenged with an antifungal BCA. This seemed to be supported in experiment 2, where the activity of this enzyme was enhanced four-fold in the BCA treatment at day 2. Our study shows that under the present conditions, P. fluorescens DR54 disappears from the soil and causes only transient effects on the soil microbiota. It also shows that the PLFA technique is a sensitive and reliable monitoring tool in in situ assessment of BCA nontarget effect on indigenous microorganisms in soil.

Fatty Acids↗
PubMed1982

Rapid replicate reverse haemolytic plaque assay directly in microwells used for tissue culture.

The reverse haemolytic plaque assay was adapted as a micromethod using microwells of flat-bottomed microtitre trays. To microwells containing the lymphocytes under test were added protein A-coupled ox erythrocytes, developing antisera directed against any class of immunoglobulin, and guinea pig complement absorbed with protein A-coupled erythrocytes. Plaques were scored by counting with a stereoscan microscope. The method is applicable both to spontaneous and mitogen-induced plaque formation and, as a further development of the technique to differentiated B cells in pokeweed mitogen-driven cultures, plaques were enumerated directly in the same wells of the microtitre tray as were employed for culture of the B cells. The method allows for several hundred plaque assays at one sitting.

Antibody-Producing Cells↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antibacterial properties of human amniotic membranes.

Amniotic membranes are widely used in a multitude of surgical applications and have been shown to reduce bacterial counts and promote healing in infected wounds. Antibacterial properties of amniotic fluid are well documented and the presence of many potentially antibacterial factors has been demonstrated. No such factors have yet been found in amniotic membranes. We have applied a direct disc-diffusion susceptibility test to try to establish the possible existence of such a factor. Amniotic membranes did not inhibit five bacterial species when tested at 3 X 10(6) and 3 X 10(8) colony forming units/ml. However, complete growth inhibition of all organisms was seen immediately under the amniotic membrane discs. These results support the hypothesis that the antimicrobial effect of amniotic membranes in vitro is due to their close adherence to the wound surface.

Amnion↗
PubMed1991

Hematopoietic and therapeutic properties of bestatin in normal and myelosuppressed mice.

Bestatin is a potent inhibitor of aminopeptidase B, an enzyme which is found in abundance in the membrane of monocytes and macrophages. Binding of Bestatin to cells in the histiocytic linage upregulates colony stimulating activity (both in vitro and in vivo), which subsequently increases hematopoietic and hematologic values. We report that the treatment of mice with Bestatin upregulates the frequency and absolute numbers of colony forming unit--granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), as well as the entry of CFU-GM into S phase (a measure of progenitor cell activity). As a result, there is an increase in bone marrow cellularity in cyclophosphamide myelosuppressed mice and an increase in the absolute neutrophil count in normal and myelosuppressed mice. The therapeutic application of this hematopoietic modulator has been demonstrated in combination cyclophosphamide and Bestatin protocols. While Bestatin has significant therapeutic activity for minimal metastatic disease, therapy models in which the hosts have greater metastatic tumor burdens requires combination chemoimmunotherapy for a significant therapeutic effect. Because myelosuppression as a therapeutic indication for Bestatin has only recently been recognized, few clinical studies have been undertaken with appropriate surrogates of hematopoietic activity. However, the preliminary clinical evidence of hematopoietic activity by this non-toxic dipeptide, as reviewed here, suggests that this may be an appropriate drug for the treatment of myelosuppressed patients. Thus, Bestatin as an orally active biological response modifier (BRM) has significant therapeutic activity for metastatic disease via multiple mechanisms including hematopoietic stimulation and macrophage activating properties.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Accelerometer monitoring of home- and community-based ambulatory activity after stroke.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the utility of a novel microprocessor-linked Step Watch Activity Monitor (SAM) to quantify ambulatory activity after stroke and to evaluate the validity and reliability of conventional accelerometers to measure free-living physical activity in this population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional with repeated measures of 2 separate 48-hour recordings in 17 persons wearing an ankle-mounted SAM and Caltrac, a hip-mounted mechanical accelerometer. SETTING: Home and community. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen subjects with chronic hemiparetic gait after stroke. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The SAM derived stride counts per day and Caltrac estimated the daily caloric expenditure of physical activity. RESULTS: SAM data revealed that stroke patients had a mean strides per day +/- standard deviation of 3035+/-1944 and demonstrated a broad range of daily activity profiles (400-6472 strides). SAM test-retest reliability was high across separate monitoring periods (r=.96, P<.001). Although Caltrac also revealed a broad range of daily activity calories (346+/-217 kcal/d; range, 83-1222 kcal/d), reliability was poor (r=.044, P=not significant) and Caltrac accounted for only 64% of the ambulatory activity quantified by the SAM. CONCLUSIONS: Microprocessor-linked accelerometer monitoring, but not conventional accelerometers, are accurate and highly reliable for quantifying ambulatory activity levels in stroke patients. These findings support the utility of personal status monitoring of ambulatory activity as an outcomes instrument and metric in programs to increase physical activity and cardiovascular health after stroke.

Activities of Daily Living↗