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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Is the three-site model for the ribosomal elongation cycle sound?

The release of deacylated tRNA from the ribosome as a result of translocation has been studied. Translating ribosomes prepared with poly(U)-S-S-Sepharose columns have been used. It has been shown that deacylated tRNA released from the ribosomal P site as a result of translocation rebinds with the vacated A site. Consistent with the known properties of the A site of the ribosome, this interaction is reversible, Mg2+-dependent, codon-specific and is inhibited by the antibiotic tetracycline. It has been concluded that the proposed three-site model of the ribosomal elongation cycle (Rheinberger and Nierhaus (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 4213-4217) is not sound: the experimentally observed 'retention' of the deacylated tRNA on the ribosome after translocation can be explained by a codon-dependent rebinding to the A site, rather than by its transition to the 'E site', i.e., in terms of the classical two-site model.

Models, Biological↗
PubMed1985

Inhibition of flank-marking behavior in golden hamsters by microinjection of a vasopressin antagonist into the hypothalamus.

Microinjection of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) into the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus of the hamster stimulates flank marking, a complex stereotypic motor behavior involved in olfactory communication. Microinjection of an antagonist of AVP, [1-deaminopenicillamine-2-(O-methyl)-tyrosine]arginine-vasopressin, into the same site blocks both the effect of microinjected AVP as well as the natural flank-marking behavior normally elicited by placing a hamster into the recently vacated home cage of another hamster. This finding supports the notion that AVP is a transmitter in the expression of flank marking.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1989

Scanning electron microscopy of sarcoptic mange lesions in swine.

Scanning electron microscopy revealed that lesions of sarcoptic mange in swine, pass through 3 different stages. During the first 3 weeks of infestation, adult female mites tunnel into the epidermis. During the following 3 or 4 weeks, the surface openings of these tunnels become covered with keratinized epidermal crust which increases in thickness. After 7 weeks of infestation, the crust falls off, the tunnel openings become apparent again and most of the mites vacate these tunnels.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The kerosene tragedy of 1994, an unusual epidemic of burns: epidemiological aspects and management of patients.

An unusual and perhaps the first epidemic of burns occurred between 15 February 1994 and mid April 1994 in four districts of the State of Rajasthan in India. The cause of this epidemic was the accidental mixing of petrol in kerosene oil which was inadvertently overlooked. This mixture of kerosene and petrol was used mainly by people of low-income groups for lighting lamps. Most of the accidents occurred while pouring this highly inflammable petrol-kerosene mixture into ignited lamps. A total of 303 cases were reported: 118 of these patients sustained severe burns of whom 37 died. Small numbers of fresh cases kept occurring over a period of 2 months in spite of all efforts by the administration, because poor people kept using the fatal mixture due to ignorance and illiteracy. Most of the patients were managed at district hospitals with the help of plastic surgeons called for the purpose from Jaipur, the capital city of the affected State. A total of 40 out of 303 patients were transferred to SMS Hospital where a medical ward was vacated to manage these patients, as the 10-bed burn unit already had 300 per cent best occupancy. Most of these patients were not willing to be sent to a burn unit situated far away from their homes, but they had to be transferred because the general surgeons working at district hospitals were hesitant to manage them, not so much due to lack of training in the management of burns, but more due to lack of willingness to manage burns. This indicates the need for renewed emphasis not only of the necessity of training general surgeons, nursing and paramedical staff at district level in the management of burns, but also of the need to manage these cases at district level. This idea needs serious consideration and sincere efforts to implement it at the national level. The paper has been split into two parts: epidemiological aspects and management of patients.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1985

Denervation-induced formation of adrenergic synapses in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion of the rat and the enhancement of this effect by postganglionic axotomy.

A study has been made at the ultrastructural level of the effects of denervation and axotomy on the synapse population of the rat superior cervical ganglion. Superior cervical ganglia were subjected unilaterally to acute (survival, 48 h) or chronic preganglionic denervation (survival, 41-189 days) by cutting the cervical sympathetic trunk; in chronic denervation experiments regeneration of preganglionic nerve fibres into the ganglion was prevented by suturing the proximal (caudal) stump of the trunk into the sternomastoid muscle. In some chronic experiments the preganglionic denervation was combined with simultaneous crush axotomy of the major postganglionic branches of the ganglion, the internal and external carotid nerves (axotomized-denervated ganglia). Control observations were made in contralateral ganglia and in ganglia from normal rats. After excision and before fixation, ganglia were incubated briefly in the presence of 5-hydroxydopamine to label adrenergic vesicles. Chronic denervation caused a statistically significant 12% decrease from control values in the cytoplasmic minor axes of the principal ganglionic neurones; axotomy combined with chronic denervation led to a 6% increase in this dimension, which was not statistically significant. The minor axes of the neuronal nuclei did not differ significantly from control values in either type of experiment. Axotomy combined with denervation led however to a 36% decrease in the incidence of nucleated neuronal profiles per unit area of ganglion. Counts of synapses were made in the various classes of ganglia and their incidence was expressed per nucleated neuronal profile, to permit comparison within and between experiments. Normal and control ganglia showed a high incidence of synapses of preganglionic cholinergic type. Nerve terminal profiles and synapses containing small dense-cored vesicles, as distinct from the efferent synapses of small granule-containing cells, were not found to be present on the principal neurones or their dendrites in these ganglia, despite strong 5-hydroxydopamine labelling of small dense-cored vesicles within cell bodies and dendrites. After acute denervation extremely few residual synapses were found in the ganglion, in areas remote from small granule-containing cells, and these residual synapses were of the cholinergic type. Acute denervation led to the appearance of vacated or isolated postsynaptic densities; such densities were also found, but were fewer in number, in chronically denervated and axotomized-denervated ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Cytology and organization of rat cerebellar organ cultures.

Roller tube cultures of parasagittal cerebellar slices were taken from young rats aged 9-11 days, and maintained in vitro for 1-2 weeks. Morphological aspects of cell types and synaptic relationships in such organ cultures were examined at light and electron microscopic levels. Some neurons were marked by intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase for subsequent identification of their connection patterns. Cytoarchitecture of the cerebellar cortex was largely preserved in the organ cultures. Dendritic trees of Purkinje cells exhibited isoplanar organizations that often resembled their orientation at the time of explanation. Other cerebellar neurons, namely granule cells, Golgi cells, basket cells, stellate cells, all differentiated within the organ cultures. In addition, some neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei remained viable during the period of culture. Mossy fibers most probably of cerebellar nuclear origin were found terminating on the dendrites of granule cells and Golgi cells. Quite unexpected were certain types of direct synapses of afferent fibers on short necked spines arising from Purkinje cell smooth dendrites and somata. Such terminals resembled climbing fibers. They were most likely modified mossy fiber afferents, since the organ cultures did not include neurons of the inferior olive which are well spearated from the cerebellar mass at postnatal stages. These "ascending" mossy fibers presumably occupied postsynaptic surfaces that were either vacated by deafferentation or induced by the afferent fibers themselves. Intracellularly labeled Purkinje cells had widely distributed axonal collateral branches. Labeled axons were distributed within the Purkinje cell layer. Several recurrent Purkinje cell axon collaterals stained with reaction products of horseradish peroxidase tracer were followed at the ultrastructural level. In one case, labeled terminals were examined in an area of approximately 2 mm2. Terminals of Purkinje cell collaterals formed symmetric synapses with somata of basket cells and dendrites of Golgi cells, but not Purkinje cell somata. Some large boutons of serially traced Purkinje cell axon collaterals formed asymmetric contacts with profiles interpreted as Golgi cell dendrites. In contrast to the apparent axonal sprouting in cerebellar organ cultures, maturation of dendritic processes remained static. Astroglia cells of diverse shapes were observed following immunocytochemical staining with antisera to glia filament proteins. The distribution patterns of immunoreactive astrocytes changed dramatically in cerebellar slice cultures maintained for 3-6 weeks in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Demographic characteristics of full-time emergency physicians in Canada.

The objective of this study was to describe individual and practice characteristics of Canadian emergency physicians, and to determine if these characteristics varied with geographic region, type of certification, or method of reimbursement. The study took place in emergency departments across Canada, and all full-time physicians with certification in emergency medicine, and a random sample of Canadian Association of Emergency Physician members without certification were surveyed with a 23-item questionnaire. Descriptive statistics on individual and practice characteristics were outcome measures. Comparative statistics evaluating demographic characteristics by region, type of certification, and method of reimbursement were used. There were significant differences between responders and nonresponders based on certification (P < .001) and region of residence (P < .005). Most physicians are male (87.3%), married (83.3%), reimbursed on a fee for service basis (61%), work in teaching hospitals (65.8%), and participate in medical education (82.3%). On average physicians are 38 years of age, work of 14 shifts/month, 9 hours/shift, 11 nonclinical emergency related hours/week, and have 5 vacation weeks/year. More physicians with FRCP(EM) certification work in teaching hospitals (P < .00001), do nonclinical emergency related work (P < .0001), participate in medical education (P < .0001), and are involved in research (P < .001). There are significant differences by geographic region in gross annual salary (P < .00001), method of reimbursement (P < .00001), and independent hospital emergency department status (P < .00001). Fee-for-service reimbursement for clinical service provides a higher gross annual income than other methods (P = .028). Emergency medicine is an emerging clinical discipline with a strong academic focus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Reasons related to adherence in community-based field studies.

This study identified participants' reasons for good, marginal or poor adherence, or withdrawing from community-based clinical studies using a dietary and/or drug intervention. Adults aged 48-75 years participated in one of three studies related to decreasing colon polyp recurrence. Qualitative data from progress notes (N = 675) and end-of-study evaluations (N = 87) were coded using constant comparative analysis with 100% content validity panel agreement. Most common reasons for non-adherence were barriers such as side-effects, interference with vacation plans, unrelated illness, forgetting and competing outside stressors. Participation motivators were benefits such as altruism, medical benefits, free service and staff rapport. Findings supported the Health Behavior in Cancer Prevention model-based approach to adherence interventions and provided directions for adherence promotion in future community-based clinical studies.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Psychoanalysis of a man with active alcoholism.

Psychoanalysis of a man with active alcoholism, who is able to resume recreational drinking, has never been described. Mr. A. began treatment in denial of his alcoholism. Analysis demonstrated an underlying splitting between his experiencing and observing ego. His analyst received a projection of his observing ego, the part that was worried about his drinking. Because this split was resolved within a therapeutic alliance, Mr. A. decided that he had been attacking and punishing himself with alcohol, and he elected to abstain from alcohol entirely. The first key event that lead up to this dramatic decision was a sense that his analyst was a separate person. The second, arriving for discussion within the analysis through a dream, was his conviction that he would have to choose either to continue to drink with loss of control at the cost of his analysis or that he would have to choose to continue analysis at the expense of having to stop drinking. Mr. A. then came to feel that his analyst was attacking and punishing him with a fee increase. After 15 months of complete abstinence, Mr. A. found that he could drink with rare symptoms, but he still felt saddled with an abusive analyst. Mr. A.'s rages about the fee came up most commonly right after weekend or vacation breaks in the analysis. But the interpretation of these rages as related to missing me were contemptuously regarded as attempts to force him into my psychoanalytic schema rather than regarding his experience as valid. There was a dramatic shift of our alliance when Mr. A. was given complete control over the fee. I was freed to interpret and reconstruct the underlying early relationship with his parents. The final part of this article describes Mr. A.'s working-through process, which stabilized his sense of autonomy and which reconstructed his early relationship with his parents. Mr. A. became convinced that it was up to him exactly how, when, and how much to drink. Drinking too much led to consequences that he chose not to endure.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Synapses of the cerebellar cortex molecular layer after chronic alcohol consumption.

The cerebellar molecular layer of chronic alcohol treated rats showed degenerated parallel fiber boutons and vacated Purkinje cell spines after 6 months of alcohol feeding; degenerated Purkinje cell dendrites were concomitantly observed. The number of synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje cell spines decreased after 6 months whereas their mean synaptic diameter increased throughout the experiment. Conversely, synapses between parallel fibers and dendrites of interneurons increased in 18-month alcohol-fed group. Quantifications were done using a discrete unfolding procedure. It was also observed that some parallel fiber terminals simultaneously established synapses with multiple Purkinje cell spines and with dendrites of interneurons. These results were obtained from groups of 6 rats alcohol-fed for 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months and compared with age-matched pair-fed controls. Previous reports of alcohol-induced degenerative changes in the adult rat central nervous system were, thus, fully corroborated. Furthermore, there was evidence of remodeling processes pointing to compensatory plastic mechanisms in the cerebellar circuitry albeit not sufficient to overcome its alcohol-induced deterioration.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1988

Radioactive contamination of Kiev vacationers after the Chernobyl accident. Biological half-life of Cs.

Two young women vacationing in Kiev just after the Chernobyl accident received light radioactive contamination in and on their bodies, and on their clothing. The internal and external body contaminations were determined using a whole body counter and a pure germanium detector on two dates, 80 days apart. The total body activity that could not be diminished by washing corresponded to 50 kBq at the time of contamination. Important internal radionuclides were 131I, 137Cs and 134Cs causing a committed effective dose equivalent of 0.4 mSv. The biological half-life of Cs was 60 days. In the clothing 16 different radionuclides, including 239Np, were found at various levels of activity.

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

"Harry": a ten year follow-up of the successful treatment of a self-injurious man.

The successful treatment of a self-injurious man is reported in a ten year follow-up. The client, Harry, is a 32-year-old man who was treated for self-injurious behavior (SIB) ten years ago with a multiphased program that included a) reinforcement with physical restraint for increasingly longer periods of noninjury and timeout from restraint for SIB, b) fading restraint, c) substituting appropriate forms of restraint, d) token reinforcement for adaptive behavior, and e) parent and vocational training. After ten years Harry's SIB remains infrequent and rarely results in any tissue damage. No negative consequences have been used for his SIB for over nine years. Harry now works all day in a community workshop, earns approximately $45.00 per month, visits his parents' home virtually every weekend and accompanied them two years ago on a four and a half week vacation by car that covered 7500 miles. Conceptual and practical considerations related to the client's success are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Relationships between marrow fat and bone turnover in ovariectomized and intact rats.

It is known that marrow fat content increases in a variety of osteoporoses. This study sought to clarify this phenomenon by combining bone and marrow histomorphometry, and to determine (1) whether the marrow fat increase follows or precedes diminishment of bone volume, and (2) whether the increase in fat volume is due to adipocyte growth or proliferation. The relationship between marrow fat content and bone turnover was studied in the metaphysis and epiphysis of the proximal tibia in 20 ovariectomized and 20 intact 200 gm Sprague-Dawley rats. The results were examined after one and three months. The epiphysis had greater trabecular bone volume than the metaphysis. The metaphysis exhibited a decrease in bone volume with time; the epiphysis did not. Following ovariectomy, the bone volume diminished twice as much in the metaphysis as in the epiphysis. In the epiphysis, as bone volume fraction fell following ovariectomy, the vacated space was filled by both hemopoietic and adipose tissue. In the metaphysis, space-filling was time-dependent: hemopoietic tissue at one month and adipose tissue at three months. Marrow fat content increased with both time and ovariectomy in the metaphysis, but only with time in the epiphysis. Thus, marrow fat increased after bone volume began to decline in the metaphysis, and not at all in the epiphysis. Ovariectomy increased erosion surface in both the epiphysis and the metaphysis, but bone formation rate was increased only in the epiphysis. There was a reciprocal relationship between marrow fat content and bone formation rate.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

National health budgets for expensive orphan drugs: Gaucher disease in Israel as a model.

Drugs for orphan diseases are often disproportionately costly, although the patient population is by definition small. In Israel, with a high percentage of Ashkenazi Jews and therefore many patients with Gaucher disease, the expense of enzyme replacement therapy for all patients would be prohibitive. For this reason, with approval of enzyme replacement therapy in Israel, the low-dose regimen (30 U/kg/month), less than one quarter of the manufacturer's original recommended dosage, was instituted as the starting regimen. A Gaucher Committee of medical experts under the auspices of the Ministry of Health determines eligibility for enzyme replacement therapy based on criteria of disease severity. At the advent of 2006, 184 patients in Israel receive enzyme replacement therapy, about one third of all known Israeli patients with Gaucher disease. The national budget provides capitation for each patient to each Sick Fund via a health care basket for severe/expensive treatments. After nearly nine years, the benefits of these innovations include availability of budget for patients requiring enzyme replacement therapy, evidence-based data that low dose is safe and effective, and that untreated mildly affected patients generally continue a benign disease trajectory, but if necessary, have recourse to enzyme replacement therapy, that is, patient care is never compromised. Questionnaires of satisfaction with this system highlight good outcome scores. For countries with limited resources, the use of an impartial committee of experts is recommended, as is long-term surveillance of all patients; maintenance protocols or even drug vacations as enzyme-treated patients approach normalization of disease parameters should be considered.

Budgets↗
PubMed2005

A unique RNA Fold in the RumA-RNA-cofactor ternary complex contributes to substrate selectivity and enzymatic function.

A single base (U1939) within E. coli 23S ribosomal RNA is methylated by its dedicated enzyme, RumA. The structure of RumA/RNA/S-adenosylhomocysteine uncovers the mechanism for achieving unique selectivity. The single-stranded substrate is "refolded" on the enzyme into a compact conformation with six key intra-RNA interactions. The RNA substrate contributes directly to catalysis. In addition to the target base, a second base is "flipped out" from the core loop to stack against the adenine of the cofactor S-adenosylhomocysteine. Nucleotides in permuted sequence order are stacked into the site vacated by the everted target U1939 and compensate for the energetic penalty of base eversion. The 3' hairpin segment of the RNA binds distal to the active site and provides binding energy that contributes to enhanced catalytic efficiency. Active collaboration of RNA in catalysis leads us to conclude that RumA and its substrate RNA may reflect features from the earliest RNA-protein era.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2006

Sun exposure and sunburn among Swedish toddlers.

Skin cancer is an emerging public health problem in Sweden. Even though the most important preventable risk factor for the development of skin cancer--sun exposure--is known, the incidence of skin cancer is still increasing. Studies have showed an association between increased risk of skin cancer and sunburn early in life. The aim of the present paper was to examine the frequency of sun exposure, sunburn and use of sun protective measures among an urban sample of Swedish toddlers. In March 2003, the parents of 4000 randomly selected children born between September 2001 and August 2002 were contacted by mail, and asked to fill out an enclosed questionnaire. The questionnaire concerned their own and their one-year-old child's sun exposure and sunburn history, and a few questions about knowledge, attitudes and protective activities were also included. One fifth of the children had been severely sunburnt at least once. Thirty-six percent of all children had been abroad on vacation to a sunny resort. More knowledge among parents increased the likelihood that the child was properly protected when in the sun, and parents own time in the sun was positively related to child's time in the sun. Being of the opinion that children look healthier when tanned was also positively associated with child sunburn. Thirty-five percent of all parents spent two hours or more in the sun during peak hours (11a.m. - 3p.m.) on a typical work-free day in the summer, and almost 10% of all parents had their children exposed to the sun for two hours or more during peak hours. We conclude that children in Sweden seem to get exposed to extensive sun exposure very early in life. Information and increased knowledge among parents to young children seems to be a potential way of increasing sun protection behaviour and decrease sun exposure among very young children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2005

Preparing for international medical service.

In many ways, preparation for medical service outside the United States is not greatly different from preparation for a self-guided vacation tour of another country. The major differences are in the rigor that one should apply to being sure all details are set, particularly if one is planning to go to a site away from a capital city. Additionally, the mental preparation is required in terms of the understanding of global health issues in a holistic sense and the personal mental preparation for working under what may be austere conditions. With solid preparation, anyone interested in IH experiences should be able to have a rewarding, trouble-free experience.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2005

Update in traveler's diarrhea.

TD has not proved as preventable as hoped, despite knowing that it is transmitted mainly through food. Travelers have little ability to select restaurants based on the kitchen hygiene. The rates of TD in travelers to developing countries have not changed in the past 50 years, either because the dietary precautions they are taught are not effective or they cannot be adhered to in the course of a pleasurable vacation. Nonantibiotic prophylaxis with bismuth subsalicylate has the potential to prevent 40% to 60% of TD episodes in short-term travelers, and is probably underused. Antibiotic prophylaxis can prevent up to 90% of infections, but is not routinely recommended. Empiric treatment of TD has been the best approach to dealing with this problem, but its usefulness is being undermined by growing antibiotic resistance in many parts of the world. Fluoroquinolones are still the most useful agents where Campylobacter is not a predominant pathogen. Rifaximin may prove to be a useful addition to the options for treatment and prophylaxis. If used for treatment, it may require a backup antibiotic in areas where Campylobacter and Shigella are prominent pathogens.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗