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PubMed2005

Duration of the reproductive period decreases the frequency of preovulatory luteinizing hormone surges in heavy weight-sire line turkey hens.

The frequency of preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surges is an important determinant of ovulation and oviposition rates in turkeys. Egg production rate is relatively poor in heavy weight-sire line type turkey hens and declines with advancing duration of the reproductive period. The purpose of this study was to measure frequency and characteristics of preovulatory LH surges in turkey hens of a heavy weight-sire line type early, at peak of egg production (Early), and late, after egg production rate had declined (Late), in a reproductive period. The Early hens were photostimulated with a continuous photoperiod [24 h light (L):0 h dark (D)] at 40 weeks of age and sampled during peak egg production at about 47 weeks of age. The Late hens were photostimulated at 40 weeks of age with a long day photoperiod (14L:10D). After a 27-week egg production period, the Late hens were switched to the 24L:0D photoperiod and sampled at 74 weeks of age. Continuous lighting was used during blood sampling to allow the rhythm of preovulatory LH surges to free run. All hens were cannulated 3-5 days before starting sampling and hourly blood samples were collected for 200 h. All hens were necropsied and ovarian and oviductal morphologies were measured after serial bleeding. The Late hens had a longer interval between intra-clutch preovulatory LH surges than the Early hens, and a higher incidence of atretic ovarian follicles. The Early hens had higher baseline and surge amplitude LH concentrations but lower progesterone (P4) surge amplitude concentrations than the Late hens. The duration of preovulatory LH surges, incidence of "blind" preovulatory LH surges, baseline P4 concentrations, and overall estradiol-17beta (E2) concentrations were not different between Early and Late hens. In conclusion, a longer interval between preovulatory LH surges, lower LH baseline and surge amplitude concentrations, a higher incidence of atretic follicles, and higher P4 surge amplitude concentration were associated with the decline in egg production late in the reproductive period in a heavy weight-sire line of turkey hens.

Aging↗

PubMed2003

Effect of dialysis on quality characteristics of turkey semen during liquid storage.

Low molecular weight substances such as zinc and peroxides are present in seminal plasma and are responsible for deleterious effects in stored semen. On the contrary, molecules larger than 50 kDa are beneficial to in-vitro storage of spermatozoa. Since the effects of different seminal plasma fractions in turkey semen are not completely known, the purpose of the study was to determine the effects of turkey semen dialysis with a 12-14 kDa cut-off on viability, hypo-osmotic membrane integrity, or sperm motility of turkey spermatozoa stored up to 48 h at 5 degrees C. Twelve pools of semen, each pool originating from four toms, were used. Each pool was divided into two aliquots, one of which was dialyzed while the other represented the control. Each semen aliquot was evaluated for sperm viability, membrane integrity and motility after 6, 24 and 48 h of in-vitro storage. Cold storage of turkey semen for 48 h significantly worsened (P<0.01) sperm viability, hypo-osmotic membrane integrity, and sperm motility index of both control and dialyzed samples. After 24 and 48 h sperm viability, membrane integrity and sperm motility index were better (P<0.01) in dialyzed semen compared to the control.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

A phage library-derived single-chain Fv fragment in complex with turkey egg-white lysozyme: characterization, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis.

Using phage-display, an anti-turkey egg-white lysozyme single-chain Fv fragment was selected from a naive light chain variable region repertoire in combination with a heavy chain variable region 'mini library' of anti-hen egg-white lysozyme single-domain binders (Ward et al., 1989). Whereas the selected VH domain alone binds somewhat better hen egg-white lysozyme than turkey egg-white lysozyme, but both with comparatively low affinity, the specificity of VH is converted by addition of the VL domain. Thus, the single-chain Fv fragment is more specific for turkey egg-white lysozyme, with markedly increased affinities towards both lysozymes. The complex of single-chain Fv with turkey lysozyme has been crystallized and characterized by preliminary X-ray analysis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1998

Interferon induction in turkeys by oral administration of the imidazoquinolinamine S-28828 and modulation of the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli.

A synthetic imidazoquinolinamine, S-28828, has been shown to be an effective antiviral and antitumor agent in mammals. This immune modifier induces a number of cytokines such as interferons, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors in mammals. We showed that when turkeys were given S-28828 orally, high serum titers of IFN were induced in a dose-dependent manner. Turkeys, once stimulated by S-28828, became refractory to IFN production by repeated stimulation. S-28828 induced spleen, bone marrow and peripheral leukocytes to produce IFN in vitro. Splenic adherent cells were the main producers of IFN after in vitro stimulation. S-28828-induced IFN was identified as type I IFN that was pH-resistant but heat-labile. We examined the effect of a high dose (100 mg kg(-1) body weight) of S-28828 on the pathogenesis of E. coli in turkeys. Treatment with S-28828 increased mortality in infected birds and impaired E. coli clearance from the liver. The enhancement of the pathogenicity of E. coli by S-28828 may have been due to the massive release of cytokines inducing a shock-like syndrome in infected turkeys.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2000

Etiology of deafness in Afyon school for the deaf in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: Otolaryngologists play an important role in the evaluation of children with a hearing impairment. The group of unknown cause still has a high incidence. The purposes of this study were to determine the etiology of deafness in Afyon School for the Deaf in Turkey and to compare the results with the other studies from Turkey and other countries. METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis of 130 deaf students, aged 5-16 years. Medical and family histories of the children were obtained. Clinical and laboratory examinations were carried out. RESULTS: Etiological groups showed the following distribution: febril convulsion, 26.9%; cause unknown, 26.1%; hereditary group, 23.8%; meningitis, 10%; measles, 6.1%; and miscellaneous, 6.6%. A total of 90.3% of the students with hereditary deafness were from consanguineous families. A marital consanguinity was noted in the parents of 64 (49.2%) of all children in the school and this rate was higher than the average in Turkey (P<0.05). Neither syndromic deafness nor maternal rubella was identified. A total of 27.6% of the cases were diagnosed after the age of 30 months. CONCLUSION: Febril convulsions and hereditary factors were the major causes of hearing loss in the present study. The high incidence of consanguineous marriage among the parents of the children with hereditary deafness seemed a strong evidence of genetic origin, indicating a close relationship between them. Congenital rubella syndrome did not appear as a significant etiology of deafness in Turkey.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Telomeric profiles and telomerase activity in turkey satellite cell clones with different in vitro growth characteristics.

The satellite cell population in postnatal skeletal muscle is heterogeneous because individual satellite cells isolated from a single muscle have differing abilities to proliferate under the same in vitro conditions. Telomeres are structures found at the ends of all eukaryotic chromosomes that are characterized by repetitive DNA sequences, and they are important in determining cellular proliferation potential. The relationship between satellite cell proliferative heterogeneity and telomeric DNA was examined by digesting genomic DNA from large-colony-forming and small-colony-forming turkey satellite cell clones with HinfI, separating the restriction fragments on an agarose gel, and hybridizing the gels with an oligonucleotide probe specific for telomeric DNA. Turkey satellite cells generated telomeric restriction fragments up to approximately 180 kB. The large-colony-forming satellite cell clones had a larger proportion (P<0.05) of total telomeric restriction fragments below 33 kB than the small-colony-forming satellite cell clones. However, telomerase expression was detected in cultures from large-colony-forming and small-colony-forming turkey satellite cells suggesting that the differences in telomeric restriction fragments may not be related to the differences in in vitro proliferative behavior and that telomerase may contribute to the high in vitro growth capacity of turkey satellite cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Genetic diversity and virulence gene determinants of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella isolated from preharvest turkey production sources.

This study evaluated the molecular diversity of 29 Salmonella serotypes isolated from turkey ceca and the production environment. Isolates were resistant to bacitracin (100%), erythromycin (100%), novobiocin (100%), rifampin (100%), streptomycin (62%), gentamicin (52%), spectinomycin (48%), tetracycline (31%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT) (3%) and tobramycin (3%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 32 to >/=1024 microg/ml. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping patterns were identical within each of the serotypes Heidelberg, Worthington and Muenster. The plasmid profiles were identical within each of the Salmonella serotypes. Two different clones of Salmonella anatum were differentiated by PFGE typing but not by ribotyping. Heidelberg isolates from nine turkey ceca and three drinker samples had identical antibiotic resistance, PFGE, ribotype and plasmid patterns, suggesting that transmission of this particular clone may have occurred between the birds and the drinkers. Identical PFGE, ribotype and plasmid patterns were observed in one Salmonella worthington isolate from turkey ceca in one flock and two S. worthington isolates from feeder contents and drinkers from a subsequent flock, suggesting transmission of this pathogen between flocks. Individual and multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed the presence of the virulence genes invA, aceK and sopB and the absence of the h-1i gene in all isolates. A combination of genotypic and phenotypic markers can be useful in studying genetic variation among natural salmonellae populations in turkey production and delineating possible transmission pathways.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2002

Prevalence and correlates of erectile dysfunction in Turkey: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVES: Epidemiologic data indicate that erectile dysfunction (ED) is a significant problem among men worldwide. However, data do not exist for Turkish men. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and sociodemographic, medical, and lifestyle correlates of ED in Turkey. METHODS: Information was gathered via physician-conducted interviews using a validated questionnaire. Respondents self-rated their ED as "none," "minimal," "moderate," or "severe". Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed on data from a stratified random sample of 1982 men aged > or = 40 years to quantify the associations between ED and potential covariates. RESULTS: The age-adjusted overall prevalence of ED in Turkey was 69.2% (mild 33.2%, moderate 27.5%, severe 8.5%) and increased with age, as did severity of ED. When we consider moderate + severe ED cases, the prevalence is 36%. In a multivariate model, increased prevalence of moderate or severe ED was significantly associated with age, residence in eastern Turkey; low educational level; unemployment; or underlying diabetes, hypertension, depression, prostate problems or lower urinary tract symptoms. Conversely, residence in southern Turkey, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and higher income were significantly associated with decreased prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: ED affects a high proportion of Turkish men aged > or = 40 years, is correlated with a number of serious medical conditions and the frequency increases with age.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Are P2Y1 purinoceptors expressed in turkey erythrocytes?

Since the beginning of purinoceptor research turkey erythrocytes have been widely used as the model systems for studying the pharmacology of P2Y1 nucleotide receptors. In this report the statistical analysis of the activity parameters of several purinoceptor agonists and antagonists in the turkey erythrocytes and P2Y1 receptor transfected cells is presented. As a results of this analysis several differences in the ligand activity orders measured in these biological systems were found. These data indicate that the receptors expressed in turkey erythrocytes and P2Y1 transfected cells are probably not the same. Whether it has to do with co-expression of several purinoceptor subtypes in turkey erythrocytes or novel P2Y receptors needs the further investigation.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed2001

The clinical, pathological and microbiological outcome of an Escherichia coli O2:K1 infection in avian pneumovirus infected turkeys.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an Escherichia coli infection in avian pneumovirus (APV)-infected turkeys. One group of 2-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) and two groups of 3-week-old conventional (CON) turkeys were inoculated oculonasally with virulent APV subtype A alone, with E. coli O2:K1 alone or with both agents at varying intervals (1, 3, 5 or 7 days) between the two inoculations. The birds were followed clinically and examined for macroscopic lesions at necropsy. Titres of APV were determined in the turbinates, trachea, lungs and air sacs. The number of E. coli O2:K1were assessed in the turbinates, trachea, lungs, air sacs, liver and heart. In both SPF and CON turkeys, dual infection resulted in an increased morbidity and a higher incidence of gross lesions compared to the groups given single infections, especially with a time interval between APV and E. coli inoculations of 3 and 5 days. APV was isolated from the respiratory tract of all APV-infected groups between 3 and 7 days post inoculation. E. coli O2:K1 was isolated only from turkeys that received a dual infection. It was recovered from the turbinates, trachea, lungs, heart and liver. These results show that APV may act as a primary agent predisposing to E. coli colonization and invasion.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Oxidative activity of turkey monocytes, following the inoculation with Chlamydia psittaci.

Chemiluminescence (CL) was used to investigate the competence of turkey monocytes to mount a respiratory burst response upon interaction with Chlamydia psittaci. The oxidative activity of purified turkey monocytes, following inoculation with the avian C. psittaci serovar D strain 92/1293, was studied using luminol- and lucigenin-enhanced CL. Purified turkey monocytes were inoculated with C. psittaci at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of approximately 100, 10 and 1. In the presence of luminol, no detectable CL or only a weak CL response was obtained, and if present it increased with increasing MOI. Either sham inoculated monocytes, or monocyte-free control assays supplemented with C. psittaci, gave no detectable luminol-enhanced CL responses. In the lucigenin-enhanced assays, monocytes inoculated with C. psittaci demonstrated an immediate CL peak, the height of which was proportional to the MOI used. Following inoculations at a MOI 1, a faint second peak was observed, when applying high concentrations of lucigenin. Sham inoculated monocytes gave no detectable lucigenin-enhanced CL responses. However, in the presence of lucigenin, the addition of C psittaci to monocyte-free controls also resulted in an immediate CL peak, though no second peak was detected. This immediate lucigenin-dependent CL peak induced by C. psittaci was similar to the one observed in the presence of monocytes, and was not inhibited by superoxide dismutase. We demonstrated that this avian C. psittaci strain induces only a very weak respiratory burst response in turkey monocytes. In contrast, C. psittaci itself elicited an intense non-superoxide mediated lucigenin-dependent CL, indicating that in chlamydial research the detection of superoxide, using lucigenin, should be confirmed with a specific superoxide inhibitor.

Acridines↗

PubMed1997

Quantitative aspects of sperm:egg interaction in chickens and turkeys.

Spermatozoa embedded in the outer perivitelline layer and points of hydrolysis (holes) produced by spermatozoa in the inner perivitelline layer of chicken and turkey eggs were found to be evenly distributed and linearly correlated (r = 0.80 for both species) throughout the layers from most regions of the egg, except from those directly over the germinal disc, in which there were more holes. In turkey eggs there appeared to be relatively fewer perivitelline spermatozoa, since many had degenerated beyond recognition. In eggs from both species, there were approximately 25 times more holes mm-2 in the inner perivitelline layer from over the germinal disc region than that from other regions of the egg. The relationship between these two frequencies could also be described as linear (r = 0.81 for chicken and 0.78 for turkey eggs), although there was some evidence for a saturation effect for holes over the germinal disc. The fertile status of eggs was shown to be a function of all of the above parameters. Eggs from both species had a 50% probability of being fertile when around 3 spermatozoa penetrated the inner perivitelline layer over the germinal disc and showed maximum fertility when more than 6 spermatozoa penetrated this region. Spermatozoa in the outer perivitelline layer and holes in the inner perivitelline layer from regions other than over the germinal disc could also be used to predict fertility, although with less certainty. Since the number of spermatozoa interacting with the egg reflects the numbers of those stored in the uterovaginal sperm storage tubules, the relationships derived in this work should be useful for understanding how fertility in chickens and turkeys is a function of oviducal sperm storage and transport.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 and its receptor during skeletal muscle development from turkeys with different growth rates.

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a key regulator of muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. To address how FGF2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene expression influences skeletal muscle development and growth, pectoralis major muscle was isolated at embryonic days (ED) 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24, and at 1-, 8-, 12-, and 16-week posthatch from a turkey line (F) selected only for increased 16-week body weight and its genetic control line (RBC2). The mRNA levels of FGF2 and FGFR1 were measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Compared to the RBC2 line males, the F line males had higher FGF2 mRNA levels at ED 14 and 16, and higher FGFR1 mRNA levels at ED 18, but down-regulated FGF2 and FGFR1 gene expression at ED 22. Although no FGF2 mRNA was detected in posthatch muscle tissue, the F line turkeys had more FGFR1 gene expression at 8-, 12-, and 16-week posthatch than the RBC2 line turkeys. During myogenic satellite cell proliferation, the F line cells had higher FGF2 and FGFR1 mRNA levels than the RBC2 line cells. The satellite cell responsiveness to FGF2 treatment was evaluated by the ability of the cells to proliferate. The male satellite cells were more responsive to FGF2 stimulation than the female cells in both lines. These results suggest that the F line turkeys have increased FGF2 signaling that may affect muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, which may also lead to an enhancement in muscle development and growth rate.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

How vital is the "lack of funding" in effective environmental management in Turkey?

The conflict experienced in Turkey between adequate legal and legislative arrangements with weak capabilities of policy implementation and enforcement is a typical scenario experienced in developing countries. The difficulties faced in environmental management is increased by funding issues. Although environmental management is directly influenced by problems associated with the distribution of public funds, lack of funding is not the sole reason responsible for the mismanagement of resources. The paper seeks to answer whether the lack of funding allocated to ameliorate environmental degradation and pollution is the main reason for an environmental crisis situation in Turkey. Turkey needs to ensure implementation of the basic obligations stated in its environmental policy with respect to national and international issues. Specific obstacles Turkey needs to overcome for more effective environmental management will be examined within this context.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed1983

Serial passage of Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix in turkey embryos.

The serial passage of 3 strains of Eimeria from the chicken in embryonating turkey embryos is reported here. All 3 strains increased their reproduction in turkey embryos; reproduction being equal to or better than the same lines maintained in chicken embryos. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity trials conducted in chickens using these 3 strains of Eimeria showed that all 3 turkey embryo-adapted lines were significantly less pathogenic than the parent lines. Only 1 of the lines (E. tenella (PS) turkey embryo-adapted) maintained its immunogenic potential.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1982

Parasite-host relationships during the development of Eimeria dispersa Tyzzer 1929, in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) with a description of intestinal intra-epithelial leucocytes.

An electron microscopical study was made on the development of Eimeria dispersa in the small intestine of the domestic turkey. Turkey poults, 10-14 days of age, were inoculated with oocysts and pieces of intestinal tissue were fixed at intervals between 3.5 and 114 h after inoculation. Sporozoites were occasionally seen in enterocytes but more often in 'pale' cells closely resembling lymphocytes. These cells were insinuated between enterocytes and in this study are referred to as intestinal intra-epithelial leucocytes (IEL). Maturation of the first-generation of schizogony occurred in this type of cell. Other generations of schizonts and gametogony occurred in epithelial cells and were characterized by the presence of 'spines' arranged around the parasitophorous vacuole extending into the cytoplasm of the host cell. A limited study of the parasite in the Bobwhite quail, Colinis virginianus, showed that development occurred in similar cells to those of the turkey. The 'spines', which were characteristic of later stages of E. dispersa in the turkey, were also present in this host and seemed to be a characteristic of E. dispersa, not of the host species.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Strain variations within Eimeria meleagrimitis from the turkey.

During the course of a field study of coccidiosis in turkeys, Eimeria oocysts were found which had much smaller dimensions that any previously recorded isolate from the turkey. These oocysts were purified by single oocyst infection of a turkey. The first oocysts (mean dimensions 16-15 X 14-75 micrometer) were recovered 103 h later. Inoculation of between 0-5 and 2-5 X 10(5) oocysts of this isolate caused severe effects on body weight gain. Cross-immunity studies showed the parasite to be a strain of E. meleagrimitis. Electrophoretic analyses of two enzymes showed that the strain could be differentiated from another strain of E. meleagrimitis (Weybridge strain B). The results show that strain variation occurs within the species E. meleagrimitis and extreme caution should be used in identifying species of Eimeria from the turkey by the oocyst characters.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Terrorism in Turkey.

Over the past two decades, terrorism has exacted an enormous toll on the Republic of Turkey, a secular democracy with a 99.8% Muslim population. From 1984 to 2000, an estimated 30,000 to 35,000 Turkish citizens were killed by a nearly continuous stream of terrorism-related events. During this period, the Partiya Karekerren Kurdistan (PKK), a Kurdish separatist group (re-named KADEK in 2002), was responsible for the vast majority of terrorism-related events (and casualties), which disproportionately affected the eastern and southeastern regions of Turkey, in which the PKK has focused its activities. Most terrorist attacks over the past two decades have been bombings or shootings that produced < 10 casualties per event. From 1984 to 2003, 15 terrorist attacks produced > or = 30 casualties (eight shootings, five bombings, and two arsons). The maximum number of casualties produced by any of these events was 93 in the Hotel Madimak arson attack by the Turkish Islamic Movement in 1993. This pattern suggests that terrorist attacks in Turkey rarely required more than local systems of emergency medical response, except in rural areas where Emergency Medical Services (EMS) are routinely provided by regional military resources. The last decade has seen the development of several key systems of local emergency response in Turkey, including the establishment of the medical specialty of Emergency Medicine, the establishment of training programs for EMS providers, the spread of a generic, Turkish hospital emergency plan based on the Hospital Emergency Incident Command System, and the spread of advanced training in trauma care modeled after Advanced Trauma Life Support.

Civil Defense↗