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PubMed1998

Effect of tea extracts, polyphenols, and epigallocatechin gallate on azoxymethane-induced colon cancer.

Studies were conducted to determine the chemopreventive efficacy of several types of tea extracts on azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in male F344 rats. After determining the maximally tolerated dosage of the tea products, their effect in a colon cancer model was investigated. Groups of 36 male F344 rats received 2 subcutaneous doses of 15 mg/kg azoxymethane (AOM) at Weeks 6 and 7. Experimental groups also received as drinking fluids 3600 ppm of black or green tea extracts, 1800 ppm of EGCG, or 1800 ppm of black or green tea polyphenols beginning at 5 weeks of age. Additional groups drank a lower dose of 360 ppm of the five tea products. The experiments were terminated 43 weeks after the first tea exposure. No evidence of toxicity was observed since the body weight gain of all groups was similar. The rats given AOM had carcinoma of the small intestine and of the colon, classified histologically as in situ carcinoma, exophytic, invasive, and Peyer's patch carcinoma. In the small intestine, most of the neoplasms were classified as invasive, but in the colon, most were exophytic. The various tea products failed to produce a significant difference in the incidence of the several types of colon and small intestine carcinoma. The multiplicity of colon cancers ranged from 1.2-2.8 in all groups. The group on 3600 ppm of green tea had a significantly higher tumor multiplicity than the control group on AOM and water. Also, the group on 3600 ppm of green tea had a significantly higher tumor multiplicity than the group on 360 ppm. The tea products did not affect the development aspects of the tumors in most groups. The mechanisms underlying these findings rest on the fact that azoxymethane is metabolized mainly by cytochrome P450 2E1, and this enzyme system is not affected by tea.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Use of black tea in modulating clastogenic effects of arsenic in mice in vivo.

The concentration of arsenic in drinking water has far exceeded the permissible limit of 0.001 mg/L and has reached epidemic proportions, with a maximum of 3.7 mg/L in several districts of West Bengal and in the adjoining Bangladesh. Because inorganic arsenic is a documented human carcinogen, arsenic in drinking water may cause 200,000-270,000 deaths per year from cancer in India alone. Tea has a protective effect against the clastogenicity of arsenic. We investigated whether tea extracts could protect against the damage caused by arsenic in vivo. Our experiments were carried out with black tea in mice with the end points of incidence of chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells. Analysis of variance of chromosomal aberrations showed a significant difference in the toxic effects of arsenic, which were reduced by tea infusion. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations was close to the corresponding effects of tea alone. Continued dietary administration of black tea infusion protects against the chromosome-damaging effects of sodium arsenite at a statistically significant level. The degree of protection increases with duration of tea consumption, which may be attributed to the antioxidant and scavenging properties of tea infusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

No adaptogen response of mice to ginseng and Eleutherococcus infusions.

There was no significant difference in mortality, weight gain, liquid consumed, or pathogenesis between mice ingesting four different ginseng infusions for up to 96 days, and control mice drinking distilled water. These results suggest no toxicity or tea selectivity of mice subjected to such regimens. Mice that drank concentrated Siberian ginseng wuchaseng extract with sugar showed significantly more aggressive behavior than those drinking other infusions or distilled water. However, there was no significant difference in stamina or longevity between mice drinking infusions of two preparations of Siberian ginseng, Oriental ginseng, or American ginseng, and control mice when subjected to swimming trials in cold water 38, 46 and 96 days after treatment began. Consequently, ingestion of adaptogenic glycosides did not significantly affect the survival of mice under major environmental stress.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The fluorosis problem in Senegal: data evaluation and presentation of a new method for defluoridating the water supply].

Fluoride intoxication is a serious public health problem in Senegal. The concentration of fluoride ions in underground water in Senegal is higher than the acceptable standard (0.7 mg/l at 25 degrees C) varying between 5 and 15 mg/l according to the season. The hydrological pattern of fluoride ions in Senegalese water is presented. The high levels of fluoride ions are due to the presence of phosphate ores. The health problems associated with the ingestion of toxic doses (about 4 mg/l) are discussed. Epidemiological investigation shows that the intoxication in Senegal is serious. In addition to fluoride in drinking water, high levels are also found in food, particularly tea and vegetables. Nanofiltration is a low cost membrane-based process which can be used to eliminate fluoride from drinking waters. Also known as low pressure reverse osmosis, this process is selective for small molecules and ions. It can thus sterilize and partially demineralize water. Furthermore, it can require only small amounts of energy, such that it can be run from photoelectric cells.

Filtration↗
PubMed2000

Determination of total aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, and nickel and their fractions leached to the infusions of black tea, green tea, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Ilex paraguariensis (mate) by ETA-AAS.

Total aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, and nickel were determined in black tea, green tea, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Ilex paraguariensis (mate) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry after nitric/perchloric acid digestion. In each case, one ground sample of commercially available leafy material was prepared and three 0.5-g subsamples were run in parallel. The infusions were also analyzed and the percentage of each element leached into the liquor was evaluated. The obtained results indicated that hibiscus and mate contained lower levels of aluminum (272+/-19 microg/g and 369+/-22 microg/g, respectively) as referred to black tea (759+/-31 microg/g) or green tea (919micro29 microg/g) and suggested that mate drinking could be a good dietary source of essential micronutrient manganese (total content 2223+/-110 microg/g, 48.1% leached to the infusion). It was also found that the infusion of hibiscus could supply greater amounts of iron (111+/-5 microg/g total, 40.5% leached) and copper (5.9+/-0.3 microg/g total, 93.4% leached) as compared to other infusions. Moreover, it was found that the percentage of element leached to the infusion was strongly related to the tannins content in the beverage (correlation coefficients > 0.82 with the exception for nickel); for lower tannins level, better leaching was observed.

Beverages↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Direct reduction of N-acetoxy-PhIP by tea polyphenols: a possible mechanism for chemoprevention against PhIP-DNA adduct formation.

The chemopreventive effect of tea against 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)-DNA adduct formation and its mechanism were studied. Rats were exposed to freshly prepared aqueous extracts of green tea (3% (w/v)) as the sole source of drinking water for 10 days prior to administration with a single dose of PhIP (10 mg/kg body weight) by oral gavage. PhIP-DNA adducts in the liver, colon, heart, and lung were measured using the 32P-postlabelling technique. Rats pre-treated with tea and given PhIP 20 h before sacrifice had significantly reduced levels of PhIP-DNA adducts as compared with controls given PhIP alone. The possible mechanism of protective effect of tea on PhIP-DNA adduct formation was then examined in vitro. It was found that an aqueous extract of green and black tea, mixtures of green and black tea polyphenols, as well as purified polyphenols could strongly inhibit the DNA binding of N-acetoxy-PhIP, a putative ultimate carcinogen of PhIP formed in vivo via metabolic activation. Among these, epigallocatechin gallate was exceptionally potent. HPLC analyses of these incubation mixtures containing N-acetoxy-PhIP and the tea polyphenols each revealed the production of the parent amine, PhIP, indicating the involvement of a redox mechanism. In view of the presence of relatively high levels of tea polyphenols in rat and human plasma after ingestion of tea, this study suggests that direct reduction of the ultimate carcinogen N-acetoxy-PhIP by tea polyphenols is likely to be involved in the mechanism of chemoprotection of tea against this carcinogen.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Volatile N-nitrosamine inhibition after intake Korean green tea and Maesil (Prunus mume SIEB. et ZACC.) extracts with an amine-rich diet in subjects ingesting nitrate.

The formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines under simulated gastric conditions was studied during the incubation of amine rich food and nitrate, and its possible inhibition by adding kumquat, sweet orange, strawberry, garlic, kale juices, Maesil (Prunus mume) and green tea extracts. The strawberry, kale juices, Maesil and green tea extracts were equally effective in reducing the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). The fruits of P. mume SIEB. et ZACC. (Korean name, Maesil) have been used as a traditional drug and health food in Korea. During four weeks of test (designated EW1, EW2, EW3 and EW4; experiment week 1, 2, 3 and 4 diets) volunteers consumed a diet of low nitrate and amine (EW1) and consumed a fish meal rich in amines as nitrosatable precursors in combination with intake of nitrate-containing drinking water without (EW2) or with Maesil and green tea extracts (EW3 and EW4, respectively). The intake of nitrate-containing drinking water (340 mg nitrate/100 ml) resulted in a significant rise in mean salivary nitrate and nitrite concentrations and in mean urinary nitrate levels. Mean urinary nitrate was increased to 455.0+/-66.2, 334.6+/-67.8 and 333.4+/-50.7 mg/18 h after the nitrate intake of EW2, EW3 and EW4, respectively. Significant increases in urinary dimethylamine and trimethylamine levels were observed in consumption of diets (EW2, EW3, and EW4) rich in amine and nitrate. Maesil and green tea extract in EW3 and EW4 enhanced the increase of urinary dimethylamine and trimethylamine levels. Urinary excretion of N-nitrosodimethylamine in consumption of diet rich in nitrate and amine (EW2) increased to 6504.4+/-2638.7 ng/18 h from 257.0+/-112.0 ng/18 h of low nitrate and amine diet (EW1). Korean green tea and Maesil extracts in nitrate and amine rich diet reduced the excretion of N-nitrosodimethylamine to 249.7+/-90.6 and 752.7+/-595.3 ng/18 h, respectively, compared with 6504.4+/-2638.7 ng /18 h after ingestion of TD1 diet.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Oral health status and oral health behaviour of urban and rural schoolchildren in Southern Thailand.

AIM: To describe the level of oral disease in urban and rural schoolchildren in Southern Thailand; to analyse self-care practices and dental visiting habits of 12-year-olds, and to assess the effect of socio-behavioural factors on dental caries experience. DESIGN: A cross sectional study of 6- and 12-year-old children, urban and rural schools chosen at random from 19 districts of one province. SETTING: Suratthani Province, Southern Thailand. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,156 children of grade 1 (6 yrs) and 1,116 children of grade 6 (12yrs). METHODS: Clinical recordings of dental caries and periodontal CPI scores 0, 1 or 2 according to WHO; structured interviews of 12-year-olds (n=1,084) concerning oral health behaviour and attitudes. RESULTS: At age 6, 96.3% of children had caries and mean dmft was 8.1. In 12-year-olds, 70% had caries in permanent teeth and the level of DMFT was 2.4. Experience of pain during the previous 12 months was reported by 53% of 12-year-olds, 66% saw a dentist within the previous year and 24% reported that visits were due to troubles in teeth. Toothbrushing at least once a day was claimed by 88%. Significant numbers of the children reported having hidden sugar every day: soft drinks (24%), milk with sugar (34%), and tea with sugar (26%). Important predictors of high caries experience were dental visits, consumption of sweets, ethnic group (Muslim) and sex (girls) whereas lower risk was observed in children with positive oral health attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic health education may further improve the oral health of Thai children and the primary school provides a unique setting for such programmes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

The effect of methylxanthines on milk volume and composition, and growth of rat pups.

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of differential dose levels of methylxanthines on lactational performance, with respect to milk volume and composition and pup growth. The methylxanthines; caffeine, theophylline and theobromine, were administered via drinking water in the proportions occurring in tea, at a dose of 50, 1 and 2 mg/kg body-weight respectively to Wistar albino rats throughout pregnancy and for up to the 14th day of lactation. A fourth group received a mixture of all three methylxanthines. Maternal food and fluid intake and weight changes, as well as weight gain in the litter were monitored thrice weekly. Milk samples were collected from the dams on days 7 and 14 of lactation, while milk volume was measured on days 12-13 by a method using tritiated water. Results showed that caffeine and theobromine significantly enhanced litter weight (P less than 0.01 and 0.05 respectively). In the caffeine group, enhanced litter growth was due to a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in milk volume, consequent to increased maternal food intake (P less than 0.05). In the theobromine group there was only a weak association between increased litter weight and milk volume. Theophylline had no effect on the volume or composition of milk, or litter weight. The combination of all three methylxanthines also failed to produce any of the positive effects observed with separate drug treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Gender differences in food and energy intake among adult villagers in northwestern Bangladesh: a food frequency questionnaire survey.

This study aimed to elucidate gender differences in dietary intake of rural Bangladeshi adults. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) survey using 15 food/dish items, together with anthropometric measurements, was conducted for 230 adults and adolescents (95 males and 135 females). To estimate the portion sizes of these foods/dishes, the samples consumed by 25 subjects were weighed. The FFQ revealed that rice was eaten two to three times (or more) per day by 98% of the subjects, providing nearly 60% of energy for both sexes. Puri (fried bread), meats, eggs, pulses, milk, fresh vegetables, fruits, tea with milk and sugar, and soft drinks were consumed more frequently by males. Males' larger portion sizes of rice, fish dish, potato dish, and vegetable dish resulted in larger daily energy intake per body weight in males (235 +/- 41 kJ/kg) than in females (161 +/- 28 kJ/kg). Despite males' larger energy intake, the proportion of chronically energy deficient persons (<18.5 kg/m2 in body mass index) was similar between males (35.8%) and females (37.8%), attributing to males' larger energy expenditure. Females' less-frequent consumption of nutritious foods and smaller energy intake were considered vulnerable to micronutrient deficiency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Delayed tumor onset in transgenic mice fed an amino acid-based diet supplemented with red wine solids.

Increased consumption of vegetable foods (cereals, legumes, fruits) and some beverages (tea, cider, wine) is associated with reduced risk of cancer. Polyphenols in these foods and beverages are thought to be responsible, based on data from in vitro assays and from in vivo studies that used animals pretreated with carcinogen and given tea or polyphenol-spiked water to drink. We tested the hypothesis that dehydrated-dealcoholized red wine (wine solids), when consumed as part of a precisely defined complete diet, would delay tumor onset in transgenic mice that spontaneously develop externally visible tumors without carcinogen pretreatment. Sibling transgenic mice were weaned onto an amino acid-based diet alone or supplemented with red wine solids. Mice were examined daily; the age at which a first tumor appeared was recorded as the age of tumor onset. The concentration of the major polyphenol of red wine (catechin) in blood serum was also measured at the end of the study. The supplemented diet was fed continuously for three generations to ensure that it supported normal growth and reproduction. We discovered that the wine solid supplement delayed tumor onset, that intact catechin was absorbed, and that the supplemented diet supported normal growth and reproduction for three generations. Also, our simple experimental protocol offers an alternate and/or complementary way to identify foods, beverages, and their constituents that delay tumor onset and to investigate possible mechanisms involved.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2000

Approaches for chronic disease prevention based on current understanding of underlying mechanisms.

Much progress has been achieved by exploring the causes of the main human cancers and of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Even more important has been the knowledge acquired about the mechanisms underlying the development of these diseases. In many parts of the world, particularly in the West, the major cancers associated with dietary habits involve the postmenopausal breast, distal colon, prostate, pancreas, ovary, and endometrium. Current evidence suggests that the genotoxic carcinogens for all but the last 2 of these diseases stem from the traditional intake of fried and broiled foods such as meats. The surface of these foods contains a class of powerful mutagens, heterocyclic amines, which are carcinogenic to the target organs in animal models. Fish-eating populations have lower incidences of heart disease and of many types of cancers than do other populations, which may be the result of the n-3 polyunsaturated oils found in fish. Among other dietary practices that may reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease are consuming 5-9 servings of fruits and vegetables daily, which provides antioxidants such as quercetin and isothiocyanates; having a high fiber intake, including bran cereal; and drinking 1.5-2.5 L of fluids daily. Tea polyphenols found in black and green tea may have a protective effect against heart disease and some cancers. Concentrates of such desirable products have been made available in pill form to complement health-promoting personal lifestyles. Biomedical research funded by The National Institutes of Health and organizations such as the American Cancer Society has produced sound results that could lead to prevention of chronic disease. The public must heed this information to achieve long-term health.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Breastfeeding and supplemental feeding for neonates in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.

A prospective cohort study was carried out to determine the factors affecting initiation of breastfeeding, and describe patterns of breastfeeding and supplemental feeding in the multiethnically and culturally diverse population of Al Ain, UAE. Two-hundred-and-twenty-one infants completed the 4 weeks of follow up. None of the mothers opted not to breastfeed, but only 4 per cent of them practiced exclusive breastfeeding during the first month of the infants' life; 51 per cent of them initiated breastfeeding on the first day of life. Factors associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding beyond the first day of life included low birth weight, complicated delivery, ignorance of the advantages of colostrum, and young maternal age. Non-milk supplements fed to babies included water, tea, juice, yansun, and babunj (local herbal drinks). The preferred method of feeding the supplements was the feeding bottle. There were significant associations between the use of these supplements and the mother's nationality and education.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1982

Consumption of sweet foods among adolescents in Finland.

The importance of sugar in the etiology and dental caries is well known but only a few representative studies at population level have been carried out to analyze nutritional factors related to dentistry. As the main exposure to caries the frequency of the use of sugar-products should be known more exactly than we do. The purpose of this study was to analyze the frequency of consumption of sugar-containing products among Finnish adolescents. A representative sample of 3209 Finnish adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 was drawn. The data were obtained by mail questionnaire in February and September 1977, and in February and September 1979. The separate sample was drawn in February 1978 to analyze the changes with time during 1977-79. The response rate to all the mailed questionnaires was close to 90%. The sugar-containing foods included in the study were sugar in coffee or tea, hot chocolate, pastries and cookies, soft drinks, chewing gums, sweets and pastries. In addition, the data on the consumption of artificial sweeteners were collected. According to current health behavior dogma, girls behaved better than boys. A clear relationship was observed between a householder's educational and occupational status and the children's sugar consumption. Children from homes of low social status consumed more sugar than others. The percentage of children frequently consuming sugary products decreased with improved school success. It can be concluded that the use of sugar-containing products is especially frequent among young age groups, particularly among boys from low social background and children with poor school success. Health education should be especially directed towards them.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ethnographic study of neurological and mental diseases among the Uru-Chipaya peoples of the Andean Altiplano].

INTRODUCTION: The Uru-Chipaya people are an ethnic group of about 2,500 people, descendants of primitive Andean cultures. Their isolation (they live at an altitude of 4,000 metres in southern Bolivia), their non-written language (Chipaya-Puquina) and their traditional way of life, clothing and customs, which are similar to those used for thousands of years, make this an unusual culture. The aim of our work was to carry out an ethnographic study of the neurological diseases experienced by these people, the way they conceive such disorders and their therapeutic approaches to them. DEVELOPMENT: An ethnographic field study was conducted in June 2004. A structured interview was held with a yatiri, or Chipaya healer, to allow classification of the neurological or mental diseases. Epilepsy (tukuri) is interpreted as being a consequence of an evil spirit entering through the nose. Treatment consists in drinking an infusion containing dried powdered butterfly (jesko), birds or curupancho. Achamixi (headache) is common and is treated by drinking the yatiri's fermented urine, herb tea made from the chachacoma plant and by blowing, which is done by the yatiri over the patient's head. Fright, the symptoms of which are similar to those of a post-traumatic stress disorder, is treated by a wilancha, that is, the ritual sacrifice of a llama offered to the Pachamama. Sadness, the cultural equivalent to depression, is treated with infusions made from ayrampo, a plant found in the Andean Altiplano. Psychosis (sumsu), which is treated by means of a wilancha, and mental retardation/static encephalopathy (pustkis), which are considered to be a result of a fright suffered by the mother during pregnancy, also exist. No mention was made of the existence of extrapyramidal or vascular pathologies. CONCLUSION: The cultural equivalents of certain neurological pathologies (headache, epilepsy, mental retardation, anxiety and depression) are present in this ancestral culture.

Bolivia↗
PubMed2000

Cancer chemoprevention by tea polyphenols.

Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages, second only to water. Many experimental researches in laboratory animals demonstrated that tea components had an inhibitory effect on carcinogenesis at a number of organ sites. The inhibitory effects of tea against carcinogenesis have been attributed to the biologic activities of the polyphenol fraction in tea. This review summarizes experimental data on chemopreventive effects of tea polyphenols in various tumor bioassay systems. Many laboratory studies have demonstrated the inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenols, especially (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), on carcinogenesis in animals models. The majority of these studies have been conducted in mouse skin tumor models, where tea polyphenols were used either as oral feeding in drinking water or in direct local application. Most studies used 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or ultraviolet (UV) radiation as the tumor promoter and found anticarcinogenic effects caused by green tea polyphenols. Black tea was also found to be effective, although the activity was weaker than that of green tea in some experiments. Other studies showed that black tea polyphenols-theaflavins exhibited stronger anticarcinogenic activity than did EGCG. Caffeine in tea was also important for tea to prevent tumorigenesis. The molecular mechanisms of the cancer chemopreventive effects of tea polyphenols are not completely understood. They are most likely related to the mechanisms of biochemical actions of tea polyphenols, which include antioxidative activities, modulation of xenobiotic metabolite enzymes and inhibition of tumor promotion. In addition, we have also proposed that tea polyphenols function as cancer chemopreventive agents through modulation of mitotic signal transduction. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this modulation need further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Reproducibility and validity of coffee and tea consumption in Italy.

OBJECTIVE: The reproducibility and validity of coffee, decaffeinated coffee and tea intake has not been adequately studied, particularly in Italy, where coffee drinking is peculiar in terms of type and amount of coffee consumed. DESIGN: We compared coffee and tea consumption, measured by two interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), with average intake derived from two 7-day dietary (DD) records (the reference method) on 395 volunteers. The Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were used to assess both reproducibility and validity of information on coffee intake. RESULTS: A satisfactory level of reproducibility and validity of the pattern consumption was observed for coffee, decaffeinated coffee and tea. The reproducibility for both sex combined showed r of 0.74-0.78 for coffee, 0.57-0.65 for decaffeinated coffee and 0.61-0.67 for tea. The validity was about 0.70 for coffee, around 0.58 for decaffeinated coffee and 0.56-0.60 for tea intake. CONCLUSIONS: The FFQ is a satisfactorily reliable and valid instrument for collecting information on coffee, decaffeinated coffee and tea intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The assessment of young children's expectancies of alcohol versus a control substance.

AIMS: The chief purpose of the current study was to assess whether young children endorse expectancies specific to alcohol. DESIGN: In order to accomplish this aim, a 2 (gender of child) by 2 (gender of adult drinker) by 2 (grade level) by 2 (beverage type) repeated measure design was employed with beverage type as the repeated measure. SETTING: Data were collected within elementary schools located in two Midwestern states. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and twenty-four second and third graders (42% male) participated in individually structured interviews. MEASUREMENTS: The expectancy interview was based on the Children's Alcohol-Related Expectancy Questionnaire and assessed each child's beliefs about the desirable and undesirable consequences which adult men and women might experience after drinking alcohol (beer) and a control beverage (iced tea). FINDINGS: The results indicated that children endorsed significantly more undesirable expectancies for beer than for iced tea, and more desirable expectancies for iced tea than for beer. In addition, children's expectancies varied as a function of the gender of the drinker. Specifically, both second- and third-graders expected more undesirable outcomes for women than for men, and second graders expected fewer desirable outcomes for women than for men, regardless of beverage. CONCLUSIONS: Prior to substantial experience with alcohol consumption, children have already developed expectancies for alcohol. Specifically, young elementary children endorse predominantly undesirable expectancies for beer.

Alcohol Drinking↗