[The histological aspect of the endocrine glands in old age. I. The thyroid gland].
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Aged↗
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[Epithelial tumors with thymus differentiation of the thyroid gland and the neck].
Epithelial tumors with thymus-like differentiation occurring in the thyroid gland and the neck, delineate four entities with distinct histological features and different behaviour. The spindle epithelial tumors with thymus-like differentiation are potentially malignant tumors occurring in the thyroid gland of young patients. They are highly cellular with pattern of spindle cells and tubulopapillary formations and mucinous glands. Carcinomas showing thymus-like differentiation of the thyroid gland are histologically identical to some thymic carcinomas. The ectopic hamartomatous thymoma is strictly benign and occurs in the soft tissues of the lower neck. It is characterized by spindle and solid or cystic islands of epithelial cells associated with adipose cells. The ectopic cervical thymoma is usually benign and histologically similar to mediastinal thymomas. All these tumors are particularly rare and arise from ectopic thymus or remnants of branchial pouch. The differential diagnoses of these tumors can be difficult and include some other proliferations occurring in the neck.
Adipose Tissue↗
Parotid and thyroid gland cancers in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia.
This study describes the clinicopathologic features of parotid and thyroid gland cancers in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (AT). The medical records of 412 AT patients were reviewed to identify those patients who developed parotid or thyroid gland cancers. Presenting features, diagnoses, types of therapy, risk factors, and other primary cancers were analyzed. Five patients with parotid or thyroid gland cancers were identified. Three had parotid (2 mucoepidermoid and 1 acinic cell) and 2 had thyroid gland (1 papillary and 1 follicular) cancers. Four patients presented with head and neck masses and 1 had an occult papillary thyroid carcinoma. Four patients had more than one primary cancer. The only mode of therapy was surgery. The 2 patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma had complete parotidectomies. One is alive without any evidence of disease 12 months after diagnosis and 1 died of refractory lymphoma without any evidence of mucoepidermoid carcinoma at autopsy. The patient with acinic cell carcinoma had a parotid biopsy only. The 2 patients with thyroid cancer were diagnosed at autopsy. The results indicate that patients with AT are at risk for developing multiple primary cancers including those of the parotid and thyroid gland, and should be evaluated for such primaries.
Adolescent↗
[Pregnancy and the thyroid gland].
The authors assessed, using ultrasonography, the volume of the thyroid gland in 93 women 4 days and then 3 and 6 months after parturition. The results were compared with a control group of women who were not delivered of a baby during the last 12 months. Women 4 days after delivery had on average a thyroid gland by 3.1 ml larger (P < 0.01) than controls. Three months after delivery there was still a significant difference in the volume between women who had a baby and the control group (P < 0.05). Goitre (volume larger than 22 ml) was observed after childbirth in 11 (11.8%), where as in the control group only in 3 women (5.3%). The authors analyze the causes which may bring about enlargement of the thyroid gland during pregnancy.
Adolescent↗
Hydatid disease of the thyroid gland--(a case report).
Hydatid disease of the thyroid gland, presenting as a solitary thyroid nodule, is being reported below. Pre-operative investigations, including thyroid isotope scanning and aspiration of the nodule, did not help in establishing the diagnosis which was later confirmed by histological examination. Post-operative investigations revealed it to be an isolated involvement of the thyroid gland.
Adult↗
[Rational diagnosis of thyroid gland diseases].
The recommendations for the diagnosis of diseases of the thyroid gland issued seven years ago by the Thyroid Gland Section of the German Society of Endocrinology continue to apply, and are still relevant. On this basis, the main procedures available for effective and rational diagnostic evaluation are discussed. Depending upon the case history and clinical findings, a diagnostic strategy is developed for the most common benign diseases of the thyroid gland.
Diagnostic Imaging↗
Morphine induced thyroxine release from rat thyroid gland in vitro.
Male rat thyroid glands were incubated for two hours in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with different amounts of morphine and/or naloxone. Five micrograms/ml morphine produced a significant increase in the T4 concentration of incubation medium, and resulted in an accumulation of cAMP in the tissue. Naloxone did not change the T4 release but its incubation with morphine prevented the morphine-induced changes. Similarly, naloxone inhibited the morphine-induced accumulation of cAMP in the thyroid tissue.
Animals↗
Alterations within the rat thyroid gland during vitamin A deficiency.
Thyroid glands from female rats kept vitamin A deficient for one, two, and three months were examined by electron microscopy. After one month on the diet, no consistent alterations were noted. After two months, the colloid in some follicles displayed a peripheral zone of decreased density. In addition, ultimobranchial follicles within the gland had become keratinized. After two to three months on the diet, cells were seen entering the colloid. Many of these cells were identified as follicular cells since they often occurred in groups and occasionally exhibited remnants of desmosomes. Often the cells within the colloid appeared vacuolated, and by light microscopy were thought to contain lipid. However, electron microscopy revealed that these cells contained many digestive vacuoles rather than lipid droplets. Quantitative and autoradiographic studies indicated that thyroids of vitamin A deficient rats took up less radioiodide than thyroids of control rats. The keratinization of ultimorbranchial follicles in vitamin-A deficiency has been suggested as preliminary in the histogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, an effect of vitamin A deficiency on thyroid follicular cells has not heretofore been reported. It's possible that the presence of follicular cells in the colloid reflects an accelerated turnover of these cells and could indicate an early pathological sign.
Acid Phosphatase↗
Calcium iodate-another effective blocker of radioiodine uptake by the thyroid gland.
KI and KIO3 are the commonly used prophylactic drugs for the protection of thyroid glands against radioiodine. In this study, we have demonstrated the use of another iodine containing salt, calcium iodate [Ca(IO3)2], as an effective blocker of radioiodine uptake by the thyroid gland in rats. Ca(IO3)2 is permitted by the FDA as a food additive and is "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS, CFR No.1206). We have also compared the efficacy of Ca(IO3)2 with KIO3 in blocking thyroidal uptake of radioiodine, which could be important considering the better shelf life of Ca(IO3)2. Laboratory rats were administered 131I and stable iodide in the form of KIO3 or Ca(IO3)2 was given orally, 2 h after the administration of 131I. All the animals were monitored for whole body retention (WBR) of 131I, at 24 h and further for 14 d. The results of the present study provide us with evidence that Ca(IO3)2 can serve as another promising radioiodine blocker, and is as equipotent as KI/KIO3 in protecting the thyroid gland. We have not found any studies that examined the property of Ca(IO3)2 in blocking radioiodine uptake by the thyroid gland and the present study is an attempt in this direction.
Administration, Oral↗
Immunohistochemical study of progesterone receptors in thyroid gland.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the progesterone receptor status in thyroid gland. METHODS: This study was based on immunohistochemical staining of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues, for progesterone receptors, in 50 previously diagnosed cases of various thyroid lesions and surrounding normal thyroid tissue. RESULTS: Out of 50 cases, 8 were nodular goiter, 9 cases of adenoma, 19 papillary carcinoma, 10 follicular carcinoma and four cases were of medullary carcinoma. Surrounding normal tissue was available in 4 non-neoplastic and 21 neoplastic lesions. Overall male patients comprised 20% (10 cases) and females 80% (40 cases). Although a wide range of lesions in both the sexes including wide age range were available, none of our cases were positively stained for progesterone receptors. CONCLUSION: In contrary to earlier reports by immunohistochemical method using monoclonal mouse anti-PR antibody clone PgR 636, on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded thyroid tissues, the progesterone receptors were not detectable in our human samples. The effect of progesterone on thyroid gland may be an indirect one.
Adolescent↗
Sonography of multinodular thyroid gland in children and adolescents.
Multinodular disease of the thyroid gland is uncommon in children and adolescents, and has received little attention in the recent literature. This article reviews the clinical, sonographic, and pathologic findings in 16 children with multinodular disease of the thyroid gland, and draws attention to the high incidence of other associated clinical findings. This condition was associated with a triad including renal and digital anomalies in three patients, with McCune-Albright syndrome in two patients, with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in three patients, and with thyroid carcinoma in four patients. Three of five patients with a history of previous radiation therapy had thyroid carcinoma. Sonography is a proven valuable imaging modality for the study of thyroid disease in children and has contributed to our understanding of multinodular disease of the thyroid gland in this age group.
Adolescent↗
Glands in the neck. 1. The thyroid gland.
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Nursing↗
[Morphological study of the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and thyroid gland in intestinal carcinogenesis].
Pathomorphology of the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and the thyroid gland of 150 rats of both sexes was investigated in intestinal carcinogenesis induced by 1.2-dimethyl hydrazine. Inhibition of the neurosecretory activity of paraventricular and supraoptical nuclei as well as atrophic changes in th: thyroid gland were found to be associated with the latent period of carcinogenesis. The arising of the intestinal tumor is accompanied by hypertrophy of neurons and their nuclei, by a decrease in the neurosecretory substance content and the thyroid gland tendency to return to normal. The tumor spreading provoked neuron hypertrophy and the reduction of the neurosecretory substance as well and pronounced atrophic changes in the thyroid gland.
Animals↗
Calcitonin activity of the thyroid gland in primary hyperparathyroidism.
The thyroidal content of calcitonin was investigated in patients with euthyroid goitre, patients undergoing laryngectomies or neck operations and finally patients with primary hyperparathyroidism using method of biological titration. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had markedly decreased content of calcitonin in the thyroid gland when compared with the content of calcitonin of both groups of patients without calcium metabolism disturbance. Decreased content of calcitonin in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism can be explained by long lasting hypercalcaemia during which the rate of biosynthesis of calcitonin in the C cells does not keep up with the rate of release of calcitonin into the circulation.
Adult↗
[Anaplastic epithelioma of the thyroid gland 6 years after cervical irradiation for malignant lymphoma].
Carcinoma of the thyroid gland may develop after irradiation of the cervical region. It is well documented in patients who received radiation therapy to the neck in childhood but rarely when the therapy was given in adulthood. A case of an undifferentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland occurring in an adult 6 years after irradiation of the cervical region for a malignant lymphoma is reported. The role of irradiation and the factors related to the development of carcinoma of the thyroid gland are reviewed.
Age Factors↗
["Mixed" follicles in the rat thyroid gland (electron microscopic findings)].
The thyroid gland of the rats 3, 5, 7, 11 days and 1 month old has been studied by electron microscopy method. Mixed follicles with walls consisting of usual thyrocytes and unusual stratified epithelium have been observed. Particularly large cells containing glycogen are described in stratified zones. Structural relation of basal cells with marginal cells has been traced. Mitosis of basal cells has been demonstrated. The origin of mixed follicles is discussed and some doubts arise as to their ultimobranchial nature.
Animals↗
Monoamines in the C cells of the thyroid gland of callithricid primates.
The thyroid gland of three species of marmosets were studied with the Falck and Hillarp fluroescence technique for monoamines. Two types of fluorescent C cells were observed. The predominant type displayed the greenish (or blue) fluorescence characteristic of catecholamines. The other type displayed a yellowish fluorescence most probably due to 5-HT. The presence of monoamines in C cells now reported for the first time in Primates offers an interesting possibility for studying their presumed role in calcitonin secretion.
Animals↗
[Cells with unusual mitochondria in the thyroid gland of an old rat].
Thyroid glands of 3 year old rats have been studied by electron microscopy. The cells with changed mitochondria were found next to the typical thyrocytes in the follicle walls. The large mitochondria with dense matrix and tubular cristae often occupy the major part of the cytoplasm in these cells. On this basis, the author considers the changed cells to be the Askanazy cells, or oncocytes. Mitochondria-rich cells were found also among calcitocytes. The origin of oncocytes from usual thyrocytes and calcitocytes is under discussion.
Aging↗