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PubMed2002

Home environmental influences on children's television watching from early to middle childhood.

Identifying correlates of children's television (TV) watching could help identify strategies to reduce children's TV watching and impact children's weight status. Children's TV time and home environment factors were assessed longitudinally among 169 families with children followed from 6 to 12 years of age. TV watching increased with age, as did the number of in-home TVs and the presence of videocassette recorders (VCRs), the frequency of meal eating while watching TV, and the percentage of children with bedroom TVs. Greater meal eating while watching TV was consistently related to overall TV watching and increases in TV watching over time. The number of in-home TVs and the presence of a bedroom TV were less consistent correlates. TV watching was related to weight status when children were younger, and when children were older, more than 2 hours of TV daily was a risk factor for higher weight. Modifying TV access, particularly by reducing the frequency of meals eaten while watching TV, could promote lower children's TV watching and adiposity.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1976

A preliminary report on experienced closed-circuit television users.

In an attempt to describe the use and usefulness of closed-circuit televisions (C.C.T.V), a preliminary follow-up study of 27 veterans was undertaken by the Western Blind Rehabilitation Center. The veterans had been loaned C.C.T.V.'s by the Veterans Administration and represented a wide range of ages, backgrounds, and pathologies. On the basis of the present data, it is concluded that C.C.T.V. significantly improve the functioning of the majority of users and that this improvement appears to be a long-term benefit.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

A second-generation interactive classroom television system for the partially sighted.

This paper describes the various parts of a new interactive classroom television system (ICTS) that is being used by partially sighted elementary school children. This ICTS permits children to view one of seven separately controlled TV screens and thereby be in continuous visual communication with their teacher, classmates, and classroom. Comments are made on the advantages of educating partially sighted children separately from normally sighted children.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Adult and youth response to the Massachusetts anti-tobacco television campaign.

This article is a response to DeJong and Hoffman's critique of the Massachusetts anti-tobacco television advertisements. It presents data on the recall and perceived effectiveness of the advertisements by a representative sample of adults and youth, and summarizes a previously published analysis of the impact of exposure to the advertisements on progression to regular smoking among youth. These data indicate that the campaign has achieved high levels of penetration into the population, that the advertisements are seen by the public to be effective, and that high levels of reported exposure are associated with reductions in teen smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Drinking on television: a content analysis of recent alcohol portrayal.

The portrayal of alcohol on British television was examined in a systematic sample of 50 programmes broadcast in 1988. Nearly three-quarters of the programmes contained visual or verbal references to alcohol. On average, there was a reference to alcohol in every six and a half minutes of programming. Alcohol was most prominently featured in fictional programmes, particularly in one soap opera, Eastenders. A third of the programmes showed specific brands of alcohol. It is estimated that the portrayal of alcohol in Britain's most popular programmes is worth pounds 487 million of free promotion to the alcohol industry per annum. Nevertheless, in comparison with an earlier study, carried out in 1986, there appeared to be fewer alcohol images. A number of recommendations are made for further action and monitoring of alcohol portrayal.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Television reading system.

The value of the television reading aid system is discussed, in the training of visually handicapped children.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Alcohol portrayal in Australian prime time television in 1990 and 1997.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the frequency of scenes involving alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinking acts in Australian TV serials in 1990 and 1997. METHOD: In 1990 and 1997, 87.5 and 85 hours (respectively) of prime time Australian serials were video taped. Tapes were coded using a standard protocol, including visual or verbal references to alcoholic beverages and the act of consuming or preparing to consume any type of beverage. RESULTS: In 1990 and 1997, prime time viewers saw on average 2.6 acts of alcohol consumption per hour. There was a statistically significant threefold decrease in the total number of references to alcohol on prime time Australian serials (primarily accounted for by a significant reduction in the incidental depiction of alcohol), an almost halving of the number of episodes that made some reference to alcohol and less consumption of beverages (both alcoholic and non-alcoholic) in 1997 compared with 1990. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in incidental references to alcohol was not due to an obviously more socially responsible depiction of alcohol. In both 1990 and 1997, uncritical viewers could conclude from watching Australian TV serials that alcohol is everywhere, is there to be drunk, is used and accepted by all ages and both sexes and is rarely associated with any negative consequences. IMPLICATIONS: The portrayal of health or risk-taking behaviour on television may influence the perception of viewers that certain behaviours are 'normal', common or acceptable, may encourage modelling of that behaviour and may indirectly influence the policy agenda.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Estimates of young children's time with television: a methodological comparison of parent reports with time-lapse video home observation.

Accurate information on behavior of young children at home is crucial to the study of child development. The present study compared parent diaries of 5-year-old children's time spent with television to concurrent automated time-lapse video observations. In addition, a number of control groups were employed to assess the effects of observational equipment in the homes. The sample consisted of 334 mostly white middle-class families, of whom 106 had observational equipment installed. Results indicated no systematic subject selection of families who were willing to have observational equipment as compared to the controls. In addition, there were no differences in reported viewing behavior between the observed families and controls. Of 3 types of parent estimates of 5-year-old TV viewing, concurrent diaries correlated best with video observation (r = .84) and produced a very small absolute mean time error. Direct parent estimates of typical time spent viewing produced smaller correlations and large overestimates as compared with diaries.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Young children and television: the retention of emotional reactions.

In 6 experiments, we examined preschoolers' ability to interpret or remember the affective reactions of television characters. In 2 studies, children viewed a "Sesame Street" or "Cosby Show" segment, and then retold the story. In both, mention of the protagonists' affective states was low, with less than 1% of the reactions recalled. In 3 experiments (using muppet, cartoon, or human portrayals), we examined whether this low retention was due to an inability to interpret reactions, identify their emotional labels, or remember them across a short period. For muppet and cartoon shows, children accurately recognized labels for reactions immediately after portrayal, but showed significant reductions in recognition memory by the end of the show. For human portrayals, subjects showed accurate recognition immediately after presentation, as well as after the show. In a final experiment, free descriptions of the reactions were assessed. Correct description was significantly higher for basic emotions than complex emotions.

Child Development↗
PubMed2003

Perceptions of the authority of health information. Case study: digital interactive television and the Internet.

As part of a Department of Health funded project nearly 2000 people were surveyed as to their use of two digital health information services, one on the Web and the other on digital interactive television (DiTV). The website was of a commercial company-Surgerydoor-and the DiTV service NHS based. This paper concentrates on the issue of trust in digital health information. Two of the main findings were that advertising was found to have an effect on trust, though the quality and type of advertising will impact in different ways on trustworthiness. DiTV subscribers who had either used the Living Health channel which carried NHS branded health information or had heard of the service, were more likely to say that the NHS was a symbol of trust for them compared with DiTV subscribers who had not used the service.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Patient and provider attitudes toward commercial television film crews in the emergency department.

UNLABELLED: One of the most successful reality-based television shows is The Learning Channel's "Trauma-Life in the ER," in which patients are filmed prior to being consented and camera crews are intimately intertwined in resuscitations. OBJECTIVE: To assess provider and patient attitudes regarding privacy and satisfaction during filming. METHODS: This was a prospective survey of patients and providers working in an urban, county teaching emergency department (ED). Scores of visual analog scales (VASs) for satisfaction, privacy, and willingness to return to the ED were accessed. RESULTS: Eighty patients, 39 physicians and 39 nurses, were interviewed. On a 10-cm VAS where 0 = no invasion of patient privacy and 10 = extreme privacy invasion, the mean (+/-SD) rating by physicians was 5.4 (+/-2.6), by nurses was 4.9 (+/-3.1), and by patients was 2.3 (+/-3.2). There was no significant difference between physician and nurse ratings (p = 0.69), but patients rated invasion of privacy significantly lower (p < 0.0001). Filmed patients rated significantly higher invasion of privacy (3.8 +/- 4.1) than patients not filmed or those unsure whether they had been filmed (1.6 +/- 2.5); p < 0.01). On a 10-cm VAS where -5 = extreme decrease in satisfaction and 5 = extreme increase in satisfaction, the mean rating by physicians was -0.25 (+/-1.6), by nurses was -0.32 (+/-1.3), and by patients was 0.02 (+/-1.4). There was no statistical difference between the satisfaction levels of providers and patients (p = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: Providers rated invasion of patient privacy higher than patients rated their own invasion of privacy. Patients who were filmed rated invasion of privacy higher than patients who were not filmed. Filming had no significant effect on the satisfaction of providers or patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Autonomic and cardiovascular responses of preschool children to television programs.

This exploratory study examined the heart rates (HR) and skin temperatures (ST) of 18 preschool children while they viewed two clips of everyday children's television (TV) programming. The measurements were made in a day care setting, in a naturalistic environment designed to mimic the real world of children's TV viewing. The purpose of the study was to determine whether cardiovascular and autonomic arousal to TV programming might occur in some children. Since a large body of psychosocial literature addresses the affects of TV violence on children, HR and ST were examined during exposure to scenes from Mr. Roger's Neighborhood and G.I. Joe cartoons. The Mr. Roger's clip was slow, rhythmic, prosocial, and nonviolent, while the G.I. Joe clip was fast-paced, staccato, colorful, and full of verbal and action violence. The study found a significant effect of exposure to the cartoon violence on HR, with HR increasing. ST decreased, but not significantly, and there was a significant effect of time on the ST, due possibly to habituation. This finding has relevance to nursing assessment, intervention, and education of parents and children, since TV viewing is a pervasive cultural phenomenon. The possibility of excessive or inappropriate autonomic and cardiovascular responsiveness in some children to TV must be considered.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2002

Television viewing and its associations with overweight, sedentary lifestyle, and insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables among US high school students: differences by race, ethnicity, and gender.

Television (TV) viewing has been associated with overweight, decreased physical activity, and unhealthy dietary behavior among children and adolescents, and may represent a modifiable cause of childhood obesity. This study examined race, ethnic, and gender-specific differences in these associations among high school students in the United States. The study analyzed data from the 1999 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a representative sample (N = 15,349) of US high school students. Logistic regression tested for significant associations. TV viewing on an average school day exceeded 2 hours/day among 43% of students; it was greater among Black (74%) and Hispanic (52%) than White (34%) students. Overall, 11% of students were overweight, 31% of students were sedentary (i.e., did not participate in moderate or vigorous physical activity at recommended levels), and 76% ate less than five servings/day of fruits and vegetables. Watching TV more than 2 hours/day was associated with being overweight, being sedentary, and eating insufficient fruits and vegetables among White females, and with being overweight among Hispanic females. No significant associations were found among Black females. TV viewing was associated with being overweight and eating insufficient fruits and vegetables among White males. No significant associations were found among Hispanic males. Among Black males, TV viewing was associated with greater participation in physical activity. These findings suggest the presence of cultural factors to consider when developing interventions to promote physical activity, healthy eating, and healthy weight through reduced TV viewing among adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Direct ophthalmoscopy with simultaneous colour television transmission.

The authors have developed a direct ophthalmoscope with simultaneous television transmission. The ophthalmoscope is used clinically for student as well as postgraduate teaching and for intercollegial discussion of retinal changes which give rise to differential diagnostic difficulties.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1976

The use of closed circuit television in the teaching of dental technology.

A low cost, single-operator, four-camera, closed-circuit television system was developed to teach dental technology to large classes (120) of second and third year (pre-clinical) undergraduates. Its use permits demonstrations to be conducted, recorded and played back, with no electronic knowledge, little training, and a minimum of preparation and assistance. The field of view is from above the demonstration table, and is selected by pushing button in the size range, 30 cm x 20 cm down to 3cm x 2cm. The system has many advantages, few disadvantages, is reliable in operation, and is acceptable to students.

Australia↗
PubMed1978

Television and children: issues involved in corrective action.

Economic, legal, and political/moral factors affecting the state of children's programming on television are reviewed, and their effects on the effort to encourage "pro-social" programming are considered. It is suggested that the leadership of child-care professionals is essential in the battle to reduce gratuitous violence, limit questionable advertising, and increase positive programming for children.

Advertising↗
PubMed1993

You in Mind: a preventive mental health television series.

This study of BBC Television's 'You in Mind' series provides preliminary evidence for the benefits of a mass media approach to preventive mental health. The series was seen by a large national audience who appraised it positively. It had a greater impact in the area of understanding problems as opposed to seeing what to do about them, and a greater impact on the viewer's perceptions of the problems of people the viewers knew, as opposed to the problems of the viewers themselves. Measures of intentions to change behaviour, even when corrected for over-reporting, suggest that a significant minority of the audience had changed or intended to change their behaviour as a result of the series. However, no specific pre-post changes in coping or help-seeking were found. These findings are discussed in terms of the potential and limitations of the mass media for mental health promotion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Perceptions of television violence: effects of programme genre and type of violence on viewers' judgements of violent portrayals.

This paper reports two studies which examined the mediating effects of programme genre and physical form of violence on viewers' perceptions of violent TV portrayals. In Expt 1, a panel of British viewers saw portrayals from five programme genres: British crime-drama series, US crime-drama series, westerns, science-fiction series and cartoons which feature either fights or shootings. In Expt. 2, the same viewers rated portrayals from British crime-drama and westerns which featured four types of violence, fist-fights, shootings, stabbings and explosions. All scenes were rated along eight unipolar scales. Panel members also completed four subscales of a personal hostility inventory. Results showed that both fictional setting and physical form had significant effects on viewers' perceptions of televised violence. British crime-drama portrayals, and portrayals that featured shootings and stabbings, were rated as most violent and disturbing. Also, there were strong differences between viewers with different self-reported propensities towards either verbal or physical aggression. More physically aggressive individuals tended to perceive physical unarmed violence as less violent than did more verbally aggressive types.

Adult↗