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PubMed1990

Density of Toruli Tactiles in the goat (Japanese saanen).

Toruli Tactiles (TT) were clearly observed to be stained with methylene blue solution, and the density of distribution of TT on the body surface was measured in the goat. TT in the goat were present on the hairy skin as papilla-like structure of about 200 to 300 microns in plane-diameter. A high density of TT on the body surface occurred in the areas from the lateral portion of the arm to forearm, and from the thigh to leg. On the other hand, areas of low density of TT were present in the facial-cranial region except for the buccal-masseteric area, cranial-breast, perineum (male), axilla, inguen, carpus-metacarpus, and tarsus-metatarsus. TT were rarely observed in the ears, on the nose, around the mouth, perianal parts, palms and soles.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The anatomy of the lacrimal portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle (tensor tarsi or Horner's muscle).

Horner's muscle (the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi muscle) has a fan-shaped origin in the lacrimal bone. Its muscle fibers are oriented from 160 to 210 degrees relative to the ear-eye plane and converge towards the medial palpebral commissure. Then the muscle divides into superior and inferior bundles of fibers. Some of the lower fibers participate in the formation of the superior bundle and some of the higher fibers participate in the formation of the inferior bundle and, thus, some of Horner's muscle is twisted. Each bundle courses laterally to the lateral palpebral commissure and has three insertions. The first insertion is located at the medial margin of the tarsi. The second insertion is into the subcutaneous tissue along the palpebral margins. Minute fascicles of Horner's muscle are fastened to the palpebral margins. The third insertions are into the lateral palpebral ligament and subcutaneous connective tissue of the lateral commissure. Serial histological sections of a fetus at 14 to 16 weeks gestation revealed that the extent of the envelope formed by Horner's muscle around the lacrimal canaliculus decreases gradually from the lacrimal papilla to the lacrimal sac. The various observations suggest the following roles for Horner's muscle: (1) it closes the medial canthus of the eye and closes the lacrimal punctum; (2) it pulls the tarsus medially; (3) it tautens the palpebral margins and presses against the eyeball; and (4) it squeezes the lacrimal canaliculus with a decreasing gradient of pressure from the lacrimal papilla to the lacrimal sac. These actions are likely to be important for the flow of lacrimal fluid in the lateral to medial direction on the eyeball, for maintenance of the thickness of tear film over the cornea, for opening and closing of the lacrimal punctum, and for passage of the lacrimal fluid from the canaliculus to the sac. Horner's muscle appears, thus, to be a muscle of prime importance in all phases of the flow of lacrimal fluid.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

The effect of conformation on orthopaedic health and performance in a cohort of National Hunt racehorses: preliminary results.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There is a lack of scientific data and studies on the effect of conformation on performance or on orthopaedic health. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between conformation, injury and performance in racehorses used for racing over fences. METHODS: Over 2 years, 108 National Hunt racehorses were followed and their medical and performance data recorded. Conformation was measured in 3D with a computerised motion analysis system. Linear multiple regression models were used to evaluate the effect of conformation on measures of race performance and stepwise forward logistic regression models to assess the effect on risk of injury. RESULTS: An increase in intermandibular width, flexor angle of the shoulder joint and coxal angle (the angle between the ilium and ischium) was demonstrated to have a positive effect on performance. Performance decreased with increasing girth, length of the hind digit and valgus conformation of the metacarpophalangeal joint. The risk of suffering from superficial digital flexor tendon injury increased with increasing metacarpophalangeal joint angle and with carpus valgus conformation. The risk of pelvic fracture increased with valgus conformation of the tarsus and decreased with an increasing coxal angle. CONCLUSION: Valgus deformation was demonstrated to be detrimental to performance or increased risk of injury, perhaps resulting in higher loads on musculoskeletal structures. The coxal angle was the only parameter to have an effect on both risk of injury and performance. An alignment of the muscles with the axis of the pelvis may be beneficial for force transmission and decrease the bending moment of the muscles on the bones. The statistical power of this study is limited, however it provides preliminary data necessary for the planning of a larger scale study on the effect of conformation on performance and risk of injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Studies of the effects of conformation on performance and risk of injury may aid in identifying individuals likely to perform well on the racecourse and avoid risks of injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Surgical treatment of eyelid cancer with special reference to tarsoconjunctival flaps. A follow-up on 193 patients.

203 cancers of the eyelid were operated on in 193 patients. 65% of the tumours occurred in males and the peak incidence was at 75 years. 60% afflicted the lower eyelids and 21% the medial canthi. Basal cell carcinoma were found in 182 specimens and spinocellular carcinoma in only 8. Malignant melanoma, Meibomian gland carcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma appeared each in one patient, the latter representing the only fatal case in eyelid cancer. All cancers were excised with a free margin around 5 mm. The standard procedures of reconstruction of the eyelid defect were a fullthickness skin graft in cases where conjunctiva and tarsus could be preserved (97 cases), and a tarsoconjunctival flap in full-thickness defects of the lower eyelid (58 cases). Other methods used were wedge excision and direct approximation in very small lesions involving the lid margin, an infratarsal island flap from the lower eyelid for medium-sized to large defects in the upper lid and a forehead or scalp flap after exenteration of the orbit. 18/203 cancers recurred and 12 of these were primarily regarded as radically treated. Seven of the latter were reoperated after more than 3 years and may in fact be new tumours. No metastases were found. The various reconstructive procedures are discussed in detail

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Bipedicled tarsoconjunctival flap in advanced cicatricial entropion. Case report.

In the treatment of cicatricial entropion it may be necessary to bring new tissue to the lid margin after this has been split and the eyelashes have been everted. A bipedicled tarsoconjunctival flap from the proximal part of the tarsus forms a stable and non-irritant new lid rim for both the upper and the lower eyelid. The donor site is closed by advancement of the conjunctiva of the fornix. Three case histories are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Flattening of the rheumatoid foot in tarsal arthritis on X-ray.

222 consecutive and unselected patients suffering form classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis wee studied. 397 of their feet were examined. Talonavicular arthritis was the commonest finding (31.5% of all patients), followed by sub-talar (23.3%), cuneo-navicular (20.4%) cuneo-metatarsal (14.9%) and tibio-tarsal arthritis (12.6%). Rheumatoid disease of the tarsus becomes commoner as the disease progresses. The incidences of involvement of the talo-navicular and sub-talar joints show a similar pattern, with a leap of 25% between 5 years of duration of the disease and 10 years. The same is seen with involvement of the cuneo-navicular and cuneo-metatarsal joints, between a duration of 10 years of the disease and 15 years. The percentage of flat foot is greater in feet with tarsal arthritis (p less than 0.001). The authors observed a relationship between tarsal arthritis, the length of history of rheumatoid arthritis, and flat foot. The method of investigation is discussed, and theories about evolution of the rheumatoid foot are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Reconstruction of a tuberculous thumb by free bone grafting. A case report.

Tuberculosis with secondary staphylococcal infection destroyed the right thumb and index phalanges of a 24-year-old farmer. Four months after starting antibiotic therapy the index finger was amputated, and the thumb reconstructed by excising the disorganized phalanges and transferring the index metacarpal as a free graft to replace them. No previous report of this technique has been traced. A concurrent infection of the patient's left tarsus was treated by triple arthrodesis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Polytetrafluoroethylene as a spacer graft for the correction of lower eyelid retraction.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of porous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE, Goretex) containing large pores made with a 21-gauge needle as a graft for the correction of lower lid retraction. METHODS: e-PTFE grafts were implanted between the tarsus and lower lid retractor via a transconjunctival approach with/without amniotic membrane transplantation, or via a transcutaneous approach. Rabbits were examined and assessed for comeal and conjunctival complications and for e-PTFE graft status. Rabbits were sacrificed for a histological study at 8 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: e-PTFE grafts were uniformly extruded 3 weeks postoperatively in eyelids operated on via the transconjunctival approach. However, rabbits operated on via the transcutaneous approach demonstrated e-PTFE graft retention; in addition, dense fibrovascular ingrowths into the large pores of e-PTFE were observed histologically. CONCLUSIONS: e-PTFE is a good substitute for other graft materials as a spacer in lower lid retraction operations, especially as an interpositional graft using a transcutaneous approach.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The diagnosis and management of the superior rectus suspension syndrome.

The diagnosis and management of patients having had superior rectus suspension procedures for the correction of blepharoptosis can be quite difficult. Patients who have had these procedures frequently present with a syndrome which included 1) history of an unknown type of ptosis surgery performed at least ten years ago, 2) good eyelid excursion, 3) minimal lid lag associated with marked lagophthalmos, 4) hypotropia, and 5) corneal scarring. One must evert the upper eyelid to demonstrate the pathognomonic adhesion between tarsus and the superior rectus muscle. The correct management of this condition is virtually impossible until the diagnosis is made. To correct the corneal and motility problems that result from superior rectus suspension procedures, the adhesion between the superior rectus muscle and the upper eyelid must be released. It is very easy to overlook this syndrome if one is unaware of its presentation. We present five patients who illustrate the superior rectus suspension syndrome.

Blepharoptosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of cosmetic results in frontalis sling operations: the eyelid crease incision versus the supralash stab incision.

PURPOSE: In addition to ptosis, the lack of eyelid crease is one of the main cosmetic problems of patients with poor levator function. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of the incision site on ptosis correction and eyelid crease formation in frontalis sling operations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Photographs and charts of 27 patients (45 eyelids) who underwent frontalis sling operations were retrospectively reviewed. All patients had congenital ptosis with poor levator function ranging from 0 to 4 mm. In group I (15 eyelids), 3 supralash eyelid skin incisions were performed and the sling material was threaded along the tarsal surface. In group 11 (30 eyelids), the eyelid crease approach was used with the suturing of the sling material directly to the tarsus. RESULTS: Although lid contour and lid crease symmetry were good in 46.6% of the cases in group I, eyelid crease formation was not satisfactory in any of the cases. Lid contour and lid crease symmetry were good in 76.6% of the cases in group II. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that the eyelid crease approach provided better functional and cosmetic results than did the supralash stab incision in frontalis sling operations. The passage of the sling material behind the orbital septum by direct visualization in the eyelid crease approach is one of the main factors affecting the surgical success of the frontalis sling operation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Severe carpal and tarsal shearing injuries treated with an immediate arthrodesis in seven dogs.

The medical records of seven dogs with severe, grade 3, open shearing wounds of the carpus or tarsus that were treated with an immediate arthrodesis were reviewed. Six dogs were managed with a transarticular external skeletal fixator (ESF), and one dog was treated with plate fixation. The soft tissues were managed simultaneously along with the definitive joint stabilization in all cases. Minor complications occurred in four dogs: one dog that required a skin graft, one dog in which a skin graft was recommended but not performed, one dog in which a secondary skin closure was performed, and one dog in which a delayed cancellous bone graft was placed. Major complications occurred in three dogs: two dogs that required restabilization of the arthrodesis and one dog that required implant (i.e., plate) removal due to infection. All dogs healed with acceptable functional and cosmetic results. Further long-term evaluation of five dogs revealed that all but one dog had either excellent or good functional outcomes, and the remaining dog had a fair outcome. Similarly, five dogs had either excellent or good cosmetic outcomes, with the remaining dog having a fair outcome. All owners were very satisfied with the overall results. This clinical study demonstrated that an immediate, definitive management technique, in which bone fusion and wound management are undertaken as simultaneous objectives, is a viable technique of managing severe periarticular shearing injuries. Transarticular stabilization with an ESF is the technique recommended.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of canine acral lick dermatitis by behavior modification using electronic stimulation.

Canine acral lick dermatitis is characterized by excessive licking on areas of one or more limbs, usually near the carpus or tarsus. In this prospective study, five dogs with acral lick dermatitis were treated with remote punishment utilizing precisely controlled, momentary shock from an electronic training collar. The problem resolved in four dogs. Resolution was defined as one month in which no shocks (i.e., no electronic shock collar worn) or Elizabethan collars were utilized and no licking had occurred sufficiently to recreate a gross skin lesion. Relapse during the follow-up period of six-to-12 months occurred in two dogs, but licking stopped after brief retraining periods.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Giant cell tumor of the intermediate cuneiform. A case report.

Although it has yet to be determined which surgical procedure provides the least chance for recurrence, surgical treatment remains the preferred therapy for giant cell tumors of bone. Few cases of giant cell tumor of the tarsus have been reported in the literature, with less than 10 of these cases occurring in the cuneiforms. When the extent of the tumor is questionable, definitive radiologic techniques should be used to aid in the selection of the most appropriate surgical procedure. Follow-up radiographic examination is critical to ensure that the patient remains tumor free. Yearly chest x-rays are recommended to rule out pulmonary metastasis. Although giant cell tumors represent only 5% to 8% of all benign primary osseous neoplasms of the foot, they have the potential to undergo malignant transformation, increasing the morbidity and mortality to the patient. Giant cell tumors of bone are locally aggressive, often occurring adjacent to articular surfaces, and usually are large when diagnosed. It is essential for the surgeon to plan a treatment that not only minimizes the chance of recurrence, but also attempts to preserve function of the involved part.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

Closed kinetic chain tarsal mechanics of subtalar joint arthroereisis.

The weightbearing biomechanics of the tarsus with and without subtalar joint arthroereisis was investigated in 11 fresh frozen cadaver specimens using a three-dimensional (3-D) radiowave tracking system. Specimens, consisting of the distal half of the tibia and fibula and the intact ankle and foot, were mounted on a nonmetallic loading frame test system that allowed positioning of the foot to simulate midstance position of gait. The tibia was axially loaded to 756 N (one bodyweight) with 15% of the total load diverted through the fibula. Receiving transducers were attached to the talus, navicular, calcaneus, and cuboid bones. Tarsal movements were monitored as the specimen was loaded with and without subtalar joint arthroereisis. Three-dimensional data sets of osseous positions and orientations were collected and analyzed. Significant rotational differences were detected with and without subtalar joint arthroereisis for all four tarsal bones (p < or = 0.05). Tarsal translational position changes were small and not statistically significant.

Arthrodesis↗
PubMed2000

Tarsal functions, movement, and stabilization mechanisms in foot, ankle, and leg performance.

The authors investigated the function of the tarsus and the skeletal segments of the foot in terms of the biomechanical significance of the individual links of the foot-ankle-leg complex. A performance model based on pressure-washed trabecular systems and the interface of the different segments making up the articular foot skeleton is presented and discussed. The biomechanical influence of these segments on each other and on their appendicular companion bones is assessed, and an explanation of their function is provided.

Ankle↗
PubMed1992

Comparative response of nestling European starlings and red-winged blackbirds to an oral administration of either dimethoate or chlorpyrifos.

Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus; blackbird) and European starling (Sturnus vulgaris; starling) nestlings were dosed with either 2.0 mg/kg body mass chlorpyrifos, 50.0 mg/kg body mass dimethoate, or a propylene glycol carrier in situ. Four growth measurements (body mass, culmen, tarsus, wing) were recorded from nestlings to determine if these organophosphorus compounds caused perturbations in development at sublethal concentrations. Blackbird nestlings were more sensitive to chlorpyrifos than starling nestlings were more sensitive to dimethoate than blackbird nestlings. This was in contrast to reported adult LD50 values where the reverse was true. Blackbird nestlings were more tolerant of a substantially higher concentration of dimethoate than the adult LD50. The sensitivity of starling nestlings to dimethoate was similar to adults. In contrast, juveniles of both species were more sensitive to chlorpyrifos than adults. After the initial 24 hr, surviving nestlings dosed with either chemical recovered and continued their development. Exposure to dimethoate caused significant depression in starling body mass during the initial 24 hr period. Survivors obtain body mass equal to controls within 48 hr post dosing. The research presented here demonstrates that the simple supposition that passerine nestlings are typically more sensitive to toxins than adults does not always hold true. It also indicates that sensitivity relationships among adults do not necessarily apply to their nestlings.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Fetal ossification centers as predictors of gestational age in normal and abnormal pregnancies.

The main fetal ossification centers appear ultrasonically as egg-shaped echo-rich areas. The calcaneal and talar ossification centers are seen at the level of the tarsus osseus, and the distal femoral epiphyseal and proximal tibial epiphyseal ossification centers are found at the level of the knee. Examination of 312 normal pregnancies between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation showed that the calcaneal ossification center was detectable for 24 weeks of gestation, the talar ossification center from 26 weeks, and the distal femoral epiphyseal and proximal tibial epiphyseal ossification centers, from 32 and 36 weeks, respectively. Corresponding figures found for 36 pregnancies showing intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), examined between 34 and 40 weeks of gestation, were similar for the calcaneal and talar ossification centers but showed delays in the development of the epiphyseal ossification centers, which were particularly striking in cases of symmetrical IUGR. The amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was also evaluated in 51 normal pregnancies between 31 and 38 weeks of gestation and was found to be greater than or equal to 2 in every case where the distal femoral epiphyseal ossification center was greater than or equal to 6 mm in diameter. Evaluation of fetal ossification centers may be another useful means to evaluate gestational age in late pregnancy

Calcaneus↗
PubMed1998

[Suspending of blepharoptosis on temporalis fascia slings: our own experience].

There are many procedures providing treatment of ptosis. In cases with palpebrae levator palsy, procedures involving mechanical suspension of palpebrae are used. Artificial and natural materials are used to suspend the lid. We describe surgical treatment of blepharoptosis using autogenous temporalis fascia sling. The sling is attached to the tarsus and spreads to the frontalis muscle. We have used this procedure in 12 cases. Full effect of functional elevation of palpebrae was achieved in 14 to 30 days after procedure. We did not encounter any significant complications due to this material. These operative modifications make this procedure more closely parallel to the normal eyelid dynamics and provide consistently good results for this difficult problem.

Adolescent↗