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PubMed1991

Effects of stress, social support, and self-esteem on depression in children with limb deficiencies.

Limb deficiencies in children are the result of trauma, disease, or congenital causes. The potentially negative impact on psychologic adjustment from the chronic strain of living with limb deficiencies appears to be mediated by perceived social support (interpersonal protective factor), microstressors and daily hassles (socioenvironmental risk factor), and self-esteem (intrapersonal protective factor). These risk and protective factors were simultaneously investigated as potential predictors of depressive symptomatology in 54 children with congenital or acquired limb deficiencies. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to test the main effects and the interaction effects of the predictor variables on depressive symptomatology. None of the interaction terms were statistically significant. An overall simultaneous multiple regression analysis of the main effects model predicted 72% of the variance in depressive symptomatology, with perceived classmate social support emerging as the strongest predictor variable. The findings are discussed in terms of the risk and protective effects of mediating factors on the psychologic and social adaptation of chronically ill and handicapped children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Social selection in human populations: sufficient conditions for protection of deleterious alleles in a subdivided population.

Population dynamics of wild type (A1) and the deleterious genes (A2) under social selection have been studied by considering a subdivided population where the i-th subpopulation consists of Ni individuals with relative size ci (= Ni/sigma i Ni, i = 1,2, ..., n). A social selection model is constructed by assuming that the fitness of an individual is determined by its own as well as the parental phenotypes and that the number of migrants (M) from the ith subpopulation is divided equally into other subpopulations including the ith subpopulation itself. It has been shown that the gene frequency change depends on the loss of fitness of an individual due to the trait (gamma), an affected parent in the ith subpopulation (beta i), the probability that the heterozygote develops the trait (h), and the migration rates mi (= M/Ni). For 0 less than h less than or equal to 1, a sufficient condition for protection of the deleterious allele from extinction also depends on all of these parameters. However, when mi much less than 1 for all i, the condition is beta i less than gamma/(1 - gamma) for some i, whereas when mi much greater than h[gamma + beta i(1 - gamma)] for all i it is given by sigma i ci beta i less than -gamma/(1 - gamma). When h = 0, that condition is given by sigma ici beta i less than - gamma/(1 - gamma). Analyses also show that, when the deleterious alleles in a population are rare, the relative fitnesses of A1A1, A1A2, and A2A2 are given approximately by 1, 1-hS, and 1 - S, respectively, where S is the harmonic mean of Si = gamma + beta i(1 - gamma). Thus, under mutation-selection balance, the equilibrium frequency of deleterious alleles in the entire population is given by alpha/hS for 0 less than h less than or equal to 1 and square root alpha/S for h = 0, where alpha is the irreversible mutation rate from A1 to A2 in each generation. Population dynamics of rare deleterious genes under social selection can readily be studied by considering a finite population size.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

The impact of social and organizational factors on workers' use of personal protective equipment: a multilevel approach.

OBJECTIVE: On the basis of the job demands-control-support model by Karasek and Theorell, we investigated how social and organizational factors influence workers' use of personal protective equipment (PPE). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed among 1420 workers in 203 motor vehicle-repair garages. Multilevel modeling was performed to account for the hierarchical structure of the data. RESULTS: Social and management support correlated positively with PPE use at the worker level. Low demands measured at the garage level and having a health and safety management system at the garage also correlated with active use of PPE. An interaction effect between social support and garage-level demands was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to health information and provision of PPE, focusing on social and organizational factors seems necessary to get more workers to comply with the instructions on PPE use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Adolescent use of illicit drugs other than marijuana: how important is social bonding and for which ethnic groups?

We predicted Grade 12 use of illicit drugs other than marijuana ("hard" drugs) from characteristics at Grade 10, examining the protective value of social bonds and testing whether certain social bonds have greater importance for some racial/ethnic groups. We also explored the association of previous substance use with later "hard" drug use when social bonds and a broad range of other personal and environmental variables are statistically controlled. Bonds with family were inversely related to any use of illicit drugs other than marijuana; various forms of prior use were positively related to both any and frequent use. However, variables other than social bonds and prior use were equal or stronger predictors of both outcomes. Some differences were obtained across racial groups: African-Americans were less likely to use illicit drugs other than marijuana, Mexican-Americans were more affected by family factors than were other groups, and Asian-Americans were more affected by school failure. Implications for prevention are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Observations of summer sun protection among children in New Zealand: 1998-2000.

AIMS: To examine sun protection among New Zealand children (ten years and under) at beaches and playgrounds. METHODS: In the summers of 1998, 1999 and 2000, observations were made of 753 children at selected beaches and playgrounds in Dunedin and Hawkes Bay to determine the extent of sun protection. Parents/carers were also interviewed about sun protection. RESULTS: Across most body sites, levels of protection were high. Clothing and SPF15+ sunscreen were used most often, while the use of shade was relatively low. About four in every ten parents/caregivers were aware of the UV index or burn-time. Level of sun protection among children at beaches was best predicted by parent/carer's own level of protection, the child's perceived susceptibility to burning, and being a preschooler. CONCLUSIONS: Observed levels of sun protection among the children were high and most likely reflected an increased awareness among parents and carers of the social acceptability of protective behaviours. Nevertheless, opportunities to seek shade were limited, and the provision of shade at beaches and playgrounds represents an important next step in a community wide approach to sun protection.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Protective factors related to antisocial behavior trajectories.

A group of 115 fifth- and sixth-grade Latino students were surveyed at the beginning and the end of the school year before their transition to middle or junior-high school about their engagement in antisocial behaviors and about individual, social, and behavioral protective factors. The best predictors of decreases in antisocial behavior for these students, above and beyond variance for initial ratings and gender, were student perceptions of social support, parent supervision, and classroom participation. The importance of keeping students engaged in school academic work as a protection against antisocial behavior is emphasized as well as the need to help students gain skills necessary to access support for this academic work.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2002

Measurement of risk and protective factors for drug use and anti-social behavior among high school students in South Africa.

The study sought to examine, for South African adolescents: 1) the reliability of sub-scales of the Communities that Care Youth Survey (CTC Youth Survey) of risk and protective factors for drug use and anti-social behavior; and 2) the extent to which tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use can be predicted from community, family, school, and peer-individual factors based on sub-scales of the CTC Youth Survey. On two occasions, 92 male and 31 female, Grade 8 and 11 students completed measures concerning: 1) their past month tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use; and 2) various community, family, school, and peer-individual factors. Cronbach alpha coefficients of sub-scales of the questionnaire ranged between .60 and .94. Kappa values were at least moderate (above .40) on 19 sub-scales, and on the remaining sub-scales observed agreement levels ranged between .49 and .94. Each domain predicted tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that alcohol use was most strongly accounted for by the peer domain, tobacco use by the school domain, and marijuana use by the peer and community domains. The findings support use of the CTC Youth Survey, with slight revisions, among South African high school students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Seva Vanitha Movement of Sri Lanka (Incorporation) Act (No. 10 of 1987), 10 March 1987.

This Act incorporates the Seva Vanitha Movement of Sri Lanka, which was established by the Women's Bureau of Sri Lanka. Among the objectives of the Movement are the following: "a) to maintain a record of current public affairs with particular reference to the interests of women, children and youths so as to ensure their physical, mental, moral, religious and social development and to protect them from exploitation and discrimination; b) to promote cooperation and mutual confidence among all members irrespective of race, religion, language, occupation and political opinion to enable women to act as a single group interested in National Development; c) to ensure that the women actively participate in development activities outside their homes; and d) to conduct surveys and studies and collect data on problems relating to women and children in collaboration with the Women's Bureau, Children's Secretariat and Governmental and nongovernmental agencies."

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Complex physical and mental health needs of rural incarcerated women.

Despite the growing numbers of incarcerated women, there still remain few systematic analyses of their unique physical and mental health needs. A descriptive design was used in a convenience sample of 30 incarcerated female offenders in a rural detention center to investigate the complex health care needs of this population and formulate appropriate community-based nursing interventions. The participants received a detailed physical and mental health assessment, as well as screening for alcohol and drug abuse. Sixty-three percent of the women reported drug problems and 80% reported alcohol problems, while 84% reported physical or sexual abuse. Serious health problems were identified, including AIDS, STDs, and delirium tremens. Scores on the Global Severity Index of the Brief Symptom Inventory showed that 70% percent of the women were in the clinical range for mental health problems. The scores on the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were negatively correlated with the Global Severity Index on the BSI (r = -.377, p = .04) which may indicate some protective effect of social support with regards to psychiatric distress. The data demonstrate a need to develop a brief objective mental health screening test for this specific population to identify psychiatric problems that require immediate attention during the incarceration period. The results also highlight incarceration as an excellent opportunity for the advanced practice nurse to initiate focused health care interventions and other strategies which can foster incarcerated women's re-entry into the community. More research is needed in this underserved group, particularly concerning issues of maternal incarceration, STD prevention, detoxification, psychiatric treatment, and sources of social support.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Social engagement and disability in a community population of older adults: the New Haven EPESE.

This paper examines the effect of social engagement on disability among community-dwelling older adults in 1982-1991. Data were collected from the New Haven, Connecticut, site of the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Baseline social engagement was measured by using 11 items related to social and productive activity. Disability data consisted of a six-item measure of activities of daily living, a three-item measure of gross mobility, and a four-item measure of basic physical functions. Nine waves of yearly disability data were analyzed by using generalized estimating equations models. After adjustment for age, gender, race, and physical activity, significant cross-sectional associations (p's < 0.001) were found between social engagement and all three measures of disability, with more socially engaged older adults reporting less disability. Social engagement also showed small, but negative interaction effects with follow-up-time outcomes (p's < 0.01), indicating that the protective effect of social engagement decreased slightly during follow-up. Results suggest a strong, but not necessarily causal association of social engagement with disability. Promotion of social engagement may still be important for the prevention of disability.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1978

Malpractice: an ogre on the horizon.

Although social workers are sued for malpractice only infrequently, the possibility exists nonetheless. Drawing analogies with areas of liability that exist in other professions, particularly psychiatry, the author calls attention to ways in which the social worker can protect himself against malpractice suits.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

A typology of child protective service cases: design and implementation issues for social work administrators.

Case typologies can help to delineate client problems and needs, inform the design of service delivery, and measure service outputs and outcomes. The author describes the development of a typology of the child protective services cases of one large public department of social services. To assist social work administrators develop and apply case classification schemes within their agencies, this typology is used to illustrate the following key conceptual and methodological issues: (1) reasons for case typologies: (2) identifying and selecting case attributes: (3) re-organizing and reducing the number of attributes: and (4) forming groups.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1989

[The public health association and the proletarian naturopathy movement (1891-1933)].

The Public Health Association emerged from the proletarian nature healing movement developing in the late 19th century and united organizations that were interested in the preservation of health of the working people. As against the bourgeois nature healing movement, the Association searched for the reasons of the absolutely unsufficient protection of health of the working class in the capitalist society. The fall of this system and the setting-up of socialism were - in the opinion of the Association - the preconditions of social safety and protection of the health of all people. As a self-help organization of the working class, the Association strove for education in the field of health and a healthy life-style and for the application of natural cures. Progressive physicians supported the work of this organization.

Germany↗
PubMed1983

Protecting abused and neglected children: can law help social work?

In the United States, about 25% of all child fatalities attributed to abuse or neglect occur after the child has been reported to a child protective agency. (Tens of thousands of other children receive serious injuries short of death while under child protective supervision.) Increasingly, individual workers are being blamed when the children in their care suffer further maltreatment. In all parts of the country, workers are being given administrative reprimands, are being fired, downgraded, or reassigned for mishandling their cases. Many are being sued for professional malpractice; some are being criminally prosecuted for official malfeasance and negligent homicide. Blaming workers is sometimes deeply unfair and fear of unfair criticism leads to defensive social work and, hence, to overintervention into private family matters. Existing laws encourage this unfair criticism by greatly overstating the ability of workers to predict future maltreatment. Laws can be reformulated to help workers better protect maltreated children. Laws should make clear that, subject to certain minor exceptions, protective action is warranted only when the parents' past behavior seriously injured the children or was capable of causing serious injury.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Dimensions of social inequality in the health of women in England: occupational, material and behavioural pathways.

This paper examines the role of behavioural and psychosocial risk and protective factors in explaining social inequalities in the general self-assessed health of women. Using path analysis, data from the Health Survey for England (1993) are used to demonstrate how different dimensions of social position (working conditions, general social advantage and material deprivation) have distinct pathways to ill-health. Smoking, diet, alcohol consumption, exercise, social support and job strain were all related to poorer health, but not always in the predicted direction. The effects of social position on health were not fully mediated through these risk and protective factors. Each dimension of social position had unique pathways to ill-health via other unidentified mechanisms. Furthermore, the salience of the three dimensions of social position differed according to the level of labour market attachment. Different path models are required to fit the data for women at home or in full-time or part-time work.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A life-span developmental perspective on social status and health.

This article presents a life-span developmental (LSD) perspective on the linkages between social status and health. The objective is to develop a conceptual framework that is useful in understanding why people are differentially exposed to risks of disease or protective factors and the social conditions that link the effects of risk and protective factors to the social environment over the life span. The discussion distinguishes between the complementary concepts of "life span," "life cycle," and "life course," critical theoretical distinctions that may help refine hypotheses about the relationship between health and social status. We argue that life-cycle and life-course concepts can be viewed as embedded in a more general LSD perspective. Using the theoretical principles derived from this perspective, the review examines (a) gender differences, (b) race-ethnic experiences, (c) childhood experiences, (d) educational levels, (e) socioeconomic differences, and (f) age differences. The emphasis in the review is to highlight the value of a broader LSD perspective in the study of health inequalities. The article ends with a brief summary of where future research is headed and novel developments in the study of social status and health.

Health Status↗
PubMed2004

Social and motivational functioning is not critically dependent on feedback of autonomic responses: neuropsychological evidence from patients with pure autonomic failure.

Social, emotional and motivational behaviours are associated with production of automatic bodily responses. Re-representation in the brain through feedback of autonomic and skeletomuscular arousal is proposed to underlie "feeling states". These influence emotional judgments and bias motivational decision-making and guide social interactions. Consistent with this hypothesis, dissocial behaviour and deficits on emotional and motivation tasks are associated with blunted bodily responses in patients with orbitofrontal brain lesions or developmental psychopathy. To determine the critical dependence of social and emotional behaviours on bodily responses mediated by the autonomic nervous system, we examined patients with pure autonomic failure (PAF), a peripheral denervation of autonomic neurons with onset in middle age. Compared to healthy subjects, PAF patients were unimpaired on tests of motivational decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task), recognition of emotional facial expressions, Theory of Mind Tasks and tests of social cognition. Only on a test of emotional attribution, which is perhaps more sensitive to subjective feeling states, did PAF patients score worse than the comparison group, though there was no evidence that this deficit was specific to a discrete emotion and requires further validation. These findings suggest that emotional and social functioning is not critically tied to on-going experience of autonomic arousal state, Acquisition of autonomic failure late in life may protect against maladaptive social behaviour through established behavioural responses that may be associated with central "as if" representations.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Sex partner selection, social networks, and repeat sexually transmitted infections in young men: a preliminary report.

GOAL: The goal of this study was to examine the risk for repeat sexually transmitted infections (STIs) associated with reducing the number of sex partners who come from within the social networks of males 13 to 25 years old in Baltimore, Maryland, and Denver, Colorado. STUDY: Asymptomatic males diagnosed with chlamydia and/or gonorrhea as part of an asymptomatic chlamydia and gonorrhea male screening project were recruited and interviewed about their sexual behaviors and their perceptions of social characteristics and sexual behaviors of their sex partners. We characterized the sex partners of each participant as belonging to or not belonging to his social network. We examined whether a decrease in percentage of sex partners who were in the participant's social network was associated with repeat infection. RESULTS: There were 47 participants in Baltimore and 92 in Denver. In both cities, there was a trend toward a finding that decreasing the percentage of sex partners belonging to a participant's social network was protective for repeat STI. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that interventions may need to be designed to reduce the prevalence of infection in the social networks of infected men.

Adolescent↗