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PubMed1980

Current development in Social Security financing.

The current financial outlook for the old-age, survivors, disability, and health insurance (OASDHI) program indicates several problems. During 1980-84, income and outgo for the OASDI and hospital insurance (HI) trust funds combined are roughly in balance, according to the annual report of the Board of Trustees. The OSI program, however, is running out of funds as automatic benefit increases exceed the growth in payroll tax revenues. Clearly, additional financing will be needed throughout the 1980's. Funds now earmarked for the DI and HI trust funds could serve this purpose, although more short-range financing will be needed if real wages continue to show losses instead of the usual gains. The 1977 amendments that strengthened social security financing provided only a thin margin of safety against unfavorable experience during the early 1980's. The short-range economic picture has darkened considerably since 1977, with adverse consequences for social security financing. Only the DI experience has improved. Based on tax rates in the present law, a large buildup of OASDI trust funds is expected over the next 25 years. HI financing, however, is projected to become inadequate after 1990. Projections over the next 75 years indicate severe financing problems for the OASDI program early in the 21st centruy, as the aged population grows relative to the work force.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Gender-specific differences in the development of social relations in the elderly--results of an empirical study].

This study examined gender differences in the social networks of 60 healthy women and men aged 65 to 89 years. Semi-structured interviews and a modification of the social convoy method (Kahn and Antonucci, 1980) were used. The results confirm the assumption of sex-role-specific behavior in social relationships. Gender differences were not found in the size of the social network.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

[Soccer--more than a game! About development of social aspects of soccer among children and adolescents in Norway].

The three most important social aspects of children's sports are: the social aspect, the preventive aspect, and the social network aspect. In 1981, The Norwegian football Association decided to make general improvements to the sport of football for children and youths. The idea was that all children who wanted to, could join in a game of football in a friendly sporting environment where everybody enjoyed participating. To find out the best way of doing this, we conducted three research projects: an epidemiological study, an outcome study, and a study on new ways of recruiting players and leaders in the local community. The following type of questions were explored: What are the social characteristics of 12 to 16-year old children who play football? Does football recruit children with behavioural or emotional problems? Who are the drop-outs, and why? This paper summarises some of the research findings and describes some of the main changes that were made in rules, organisation of the game, training of leaders, and attitudes and values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Social work leadership development through international exchange.

Social workers in large bureaucratic settings face the pressure to define their service in relation to other professional disciplines and to maintain a quality service despite conflicting mandates and economic restraints. Few strategies exist for providing training and education to senior social workers in order to help them develop leadership roles in multidisciplinary environments. This paper examines the characteristics and qualities necessary to provide social work leadership in a complex hospital environment. The ideas emerged from an international leadership exchange program with The Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City. Aspects of this experience are used to illustrate leadership roles.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1985

Comprehensive management of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita syndrome, characterized by multiple congenital joint contractures, is a manifestation of a neurogenic or myopathic disorder of unknown etiology. An accurate diagnosis is critical in management strategy. Muscle biopsy is usually the most important diagnostic procedure. Once the diagnosis is established, a team approach to comprehensive care is instituted, and the child is assisted in achieving maximum cognitive, physical, and social development. Physicians, nurse clinicians, therapists, social workers, and others constitute the team and work in coordination to develop an individual habilitation plan. The treatment plan is continually updated and modified as needed. Because the musculoskeletal deformities are generally the most prominent abnormality, the orthopedist usually has the major role in management. The orthopedist may serve as coordinator of the comprehensive care team and therefore must have a fundamental understanding of and global approach to management.

Arthrogryposis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of peer-play level on initiations and responses of preschool children with delayed play skills.

The potential impact of peer-play opportunities on the overall development of young children has been well-documented in the social development, occupational therapy, and special education literature. However, the effect of peer characteristics on the manifestation and facilitation of specific types of play roles and behaviors has received little attention. This topic is of key importance to occupational therapists who are striving to develop interventions that enhance the development of social participation and play in preschool children. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in initiation and response exhibited by preschool-aged children with social-play delays when participating in free-play dyads with peers of differing developmental levels. A single-subject alternating treatments design was replicated across five preschool-aged children with developmental play delays. Each child was paired with one peer who had lower developmental play skills and one peer who had higher developmental play skills. The arranged dyads were given the opportunity to play together in a specially designed playroom at their school. Their interactions were videotaped and later coded. All five children generally showed more initiation and response to initiation during play with higher-level peers, although one participant showed less differentiation for initiation than the other four children. An occupational therapist working with a preschool child with play delays and wanting to facilitate the child's initiation and response in play situations should consider pairing the child with play delays with a child who has higher play skills.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1991

[Rehabilitative measures in hearing-impaired children].

On the basis of certain fundamental data on the maturation processes of the central auditory pathways in early childhood the importance of early intervention with hearing aids is discussed and emphasized. Pathological hearing, that is acoustical deprivation in early childhood will influence the maturation process. Very often speech development is delayed if diagnosis and therapy or rehabilitation are not early enough. Anamnesis, early diagnosis and clinical differential diagnosis are required before a hearing aid can be fitted. Selection criteria and adjustment parameters are discussed, showing that the hearing aid fitting procedure must be embedded in a complex matrix of requirements related to the development of speech as well as to the cognitive, emotional and social development of the child. As a rule, finding and preparing the "best" hearing aids (binaural fitting is obligatory) for a child is a long and often difficult process, which can only be performed by specialists who are pedo-audiologists. After the binaural fitting of hearing aids an intensive hearing and speech education in close cooperation between parents, pedo-audiologist and teacher must support the whole development of the child.

Auditory Pathways↗
PubMed2004

Child nutrition in developing countries.

Malnutrition permeates all aspects of health, growth, cognition, motor and social development of young children in developing countries. More than 50% of deaths in these children can be attributed to malnutrition, most often in conjunction with serious infection. Irreversible and lifelong sequelae prevent children from reaching their full potential. Child survival initiatives and programs have accomplished much to save the lives of children from common and preventable illnesses, but the quality of the survivors' health needs to be improved, with much more attention paid to nutrition of the preschool and school child. Promotion of nutritional health must become an integral part of primary health services, especially for infants, preschoolers, schoolchildren, and women. Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding and appropriate complementary feeding and weaning are essential inputs. A daunting challenge is to improve diet quality through the raising and consumption of small animals by rural subsistence households to enhance maternal and child nutrition. School feeding from preschool onward must be an integral part of education so children are in a condition to learn. An excellent example of such programs is the WHO initiated Integrated Management of Childhood Illness, which integrates nutrition into the care of both sick and well children. The Early Child Development Program initiated by the World Bank and UNICEF has taken hold in many countries. Nutrition outcomes are closely linked with health and education activities starting in the preconception period through pregnancy, lactation, and childhood. Investment in human capital early in life will optimize the growth and social and economic development of children, families, and communities.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed2006

Social experience influences the development of a central auditory area.

Vocal communication develops under social influences that can enhance attention, an important factor in memory formation and perceptual tuning. In songbirds, social conditions can delay sensitive periods of development, overcome learning inhibitions and enable exceptional learning or induce selective learning. However, we do not know how social conditions influence auditory processing in the brain. In the present study, we raised young naive starlings under different social conditions but with the same auditory experience of adult songs, and we compared the effects of these different conditions on the development of the auditory cortex analogue. Several features appeared to be influenced by the social experience, among which the proportion of auditory neuronal sites and the neuronal selectivity. Both physical and social isolation from adult models altered the development of the auditory area in parallel to alterations in vocal development. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that social deprivation has as much influence on neuronal responsiveness as sensory deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

World malaria situation 1990. Division of Control of Tropical Diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva.

Malaria risk of varying degree exists in 99 countries or areas. However, falciparum malaria does not exist or its relative prevalence is less than 1% in 13 of these countries. Accurate information on the global incidence of malaria is difficult to obtain because reporting is particularly incomplete in areas known to be highly endemic. The global incidence of malaria is estimated to be nearly 120 million clinical cases each year, with nearly 300 million people carrying the parasite. 90% of the total number of cases reported annually to WHO are from 19 countries only. This does not include the WHO African Region where reporting of cases remains fragmentary and irregular despite improvements in recent years. Some 75% of cases are concentrated in 9 countries (in decreasing order): India, Brazil, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, Viet Nam, Cambodia and China. Furthermore, within these countries malaria is concentrated in certain areas. Of a total world population of about 5.3 billion people, 3.1 billion (59%) live in areas free of malaria (it never existed, disappeared or was eliminated by antimalaria campaigns and the malaria-free status has been maintained). 1.7 billion people (32%) live in areas where endemic malaria was considerably reduced or even eliminated but transmission was reinstated and the situation is unstable or deteriorating. These latter areas include zones with the most severe malaria problems which developed following major ecological or social changes, such as agricultural or other economic exploitation of jungle areas, sociopolitical unrest, etc.; these zones comprise only about 1% of the world population. Areas where endemic malaria remains basically unchanged, and no national antimalaria programme was ever implemented, are inhabited by 500 million people (9%), mainly in tropical Africa. Severe malaria and mortality are caused by Plasmodium falciparum which is the predominant species of malaria in tropical Africa. In the rest of the world it is far less common. WHO receives very limited and irregular reports on malaria deaths. The vast majority of malaria deaths occur in Africa; estimates vary greatly: a figure of 800,000 deaths per year in African children has been quoted in 1991 by the WHO African Region. There are indications that mortality in children has fallen in some areas because of the widespread use of antimalarials, of social development and of better education. Countries in tropical Africa are estimated to have more than 80% of all clinical cases and more than 90% of all parasite carriers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Africa↗