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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Stable expression of 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes in transgenic rye drastically increases the polymeric glutelin fraction in rye flour.

We generated and characterized transgenic rye synthesizing substantial amounts of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) from wheat. The unique bread-making characteristic of wheat flour is closely related to the elasticity and extensibility of the gluten proteins stored in the starchy endosperm, particularly the HMW-GS. Rye flour has poor bread-making quality, despite the extensive sequence and structure similarities of wheat and rye HMW-GS. The HMW-GS 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 genes from wheat, known to be associated with good bread-making quality were introduced into a homozygous rye inbred line by the biolistic gene transfer. The transgenic plants, regenerated from immature embryo derived callus cultures were normal, fertile, and transmitted the transgenes stably to the sexual progeny, as shown by Southern blot and SDS-PAGE analysis. Flour proteins were extracted by means of a modified Osborne fractionation from wildtype (L22) as well as transgenic rye expressing 1Dy10 (L26) or 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 (L8) and were quantified by RP-HPLC and GP-HPLC. The amount of transgenic HMW-GS in homozygous rye seeds represented 5.1% (L26) or 16.3% (L8) of the total extracted protein and 17% (L26) or 29% (L8) of the extracted glutelin fraction. The amount of polymerized glutelins was significantly increased in transgenic rye (L26) and more than tripled in transgenic rye (L8) compared to wildtype (L22). Gel permeation HPLC of the un-polymerized fractions revealed that the transgenic rye flours contained a significantly lower proportion of alcohol-soluble oligomeric proteins compared with the non-transgenic flour. The quantitative data indicate that the expression of wheat HMW-GS in rye leads to a high degree of polymerization of transgenic and native storage proteins, probably by formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds. Even gamma-40k secalins, which occur in non-transgenic rye as monomers, are incorporated into these polymeric structures. The combination 1Dx5 + 1Dy10 showed stronger effects than 1Dy10 alone. Our results are the first example of genetic engineering to significantly alter the polymerization and composition of storage proteins in rye. This may be an important step towards improving bread-making properties of rye whilst conserving its superior stress resistance.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2005

Effect of baking process on added folic acid and endogenous folates stability in wheat and rye breads.

In Poland bread as a staple food both made from wheat and rye flour can be a potential product for future fortification with folic acid. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of fermentation and baking on added folic acid and some endogenous folates stability during breadmaking of rye and wheat breads. Breads were produced using the formulation containing enriched flour with 0.2 mg folic acid/100 g product, baker's yeast and additionally ascorbic acid for wheat bread and lactic acid for rye bread. Folates were extracted with Hepes/Ches buffer (pH = 7.85) followed by destruction of matrix by amylase and protease and deconjugation with rat serum conjugase. Affinity chromatography (FBP bovine milk) was used to purify and concentrate samples. The folates were separated by HPLC with C18 column and with a combination of fluorescence and UV detection. For both rye and wheat breads there was a decrease of folic acid from flour to bread stage. The total losses depend on baking process and ranged from 12 to 21%. Some changes in the level of different native folate forms during the stage of baking process were also observed.

Bread↗
PubMed2004

Pearling barley and rye to produce phytosterol-rich fractions.

Because of the positive health effects of phytosterols, phytosterol-enriched foods and foods containing elevated levels of natural phytosterols are being developed. Phytosterol contents in cereals are moderate, whereas their levels in the outer layers of the kernels are higher. The phytosterols in cereals are currently underutilized; thus, there is a need to create or identify processing fractions that are enriched in phytosterols. In this study, pearling of hulless barley and rye was investigated as a potential process to make fractions with higher levels of phytosterols. The grains were pearled with a laboratory-scale pearler to produce pearling fines and pearled grains. Lipids were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction, and nonpolar lipids were analyzed by normal-phase HPLC with ELSD and UV detection. Total sterol analyses were performed by GC. After a 90-s pearling, the amounts of pearling fines from hulless barley and rye were 14.6 and 20.1%, respectively, of the original kernel weights. During pearling, higher levels of phytosterols and other lipids were fractionated into the fines. The contents of free sterols and sterols esterified with FA in the fines were at least double those in the whole grains. Pearling fines of hulless barley and rye contained >2 mg/g phytosterol compounds, which makes them a good source of phytosterols and thus valuable raw materials for health-promoting foods.

Food↗
PubMed2005

Therapeutic options for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome continues to pose a treatment challenge for urologists. Most commonly prescribed medications, such as antibiotics, a-blockers, androgen inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory agents, have been shown to help some patients. However, the efficacy and durability of such treatments lack consistency among men suffering from this disorder. The rationale for such treatments is described in this article, along with possible explanations for the apparent shortcomings. Also included is a brief summary of alternative therapies, which are growing in popularity among patients and gaining acceptance in our medical communities.

5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors↗
PubMed1980

Permeability changes of erythrocytes and liposomes by 5-(n-alk(en)yl) resorcinols from rye.

5-(n-Alk(en)yl) resorcinols can induce potassium release from liposomes and erythrocytes. The results suggest that 5-(n-pentyl)resorcinol can induce a specific permeability to protons as well as to potassium and other small molecules. The highest permeability changes were found in the presence of 5-(n-pentadecyl)resorcinol and alkenyl resorcinols. Orcin and resorcin were without effect. The size of permeant as investigated by turbidity measurements indicated that Ca2+ and Mg2+ cannot pass through the alkyl resorcinol-modified membrane but can pass through the alkenyl resorcinol-modified membrane. It was observed that alkenyl resorcinol at a concentration of 15 microM induced not only potassium release but also lysis of erythrocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The effect of 5-(n-alk(en)yl) resorcinols from rye on membrane structure.

The increased membrane permeability for K+, glycerol and erythritol, and membrane lysis induced by alkyl and alkenyl resorcinols, respectively, might be due to the interaction with membrane proteins and the formation of reversed micelles. The 5-(n-alk(en)yl) resorcinols show a very high stability at the air/water interface. The molecular area is 0.28 and 0.37 nm2 (at 30 mN/m) for alkyl and alkenyl resorcinols from rye, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments show a miscibility of alk(en)yl resorcinols with phosphatidylcholines. Only for alkenyl resorcinols is a small reduction found in the free energy of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Electron microscopy studies show protein patching in erythrocyte membranes after the addition of resorcinols. The resorcinol-induced K+ release is not influenced by the presence of proteolytic enzymes, but strongly reduced by bovine serum albumin and glycophorin. 31P-NMR measurements show the occurrence of an isotropic and hexagonal signal in egg phosphatidylcholine in the presence of about 30 mol% alk(en)yl resorcinol.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Fluidity and lipid composition of oat and rye shoot plasma membrane: effect of sterol perturbation by xenobiotics.

Oat and rye plants were treated with either tetcyclacis (an experimental plant growth regulator), nuarimol (a fungicide) or gamma-ketotriazole (an experimental herbicide). These treatments reduced shoot growth and changed the lipid composition of the shoot plasma membranes. In oat, both tetcyclacis and nuarimol treatments increased plasma membrane cholesterol and increased the phosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylcholine (PE/PC) ratio, whereas gamma-ketotriazole treatment reduced cholesterol and the PE/PC ratio. In rye, all treatments reduced the PE/PC ratio. Generally, the sterol/phospholipid ratio was less in oat than in rye but the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was greater. With all treatments in oat and rye, increases were observed in unsaturation of the phospholipid acyl chains. The fluidity of membranes was measured by steady-state fluorescence polarisation of the probe diphenylhexatriene; oat membranes were more fluid than rye. Membrane fluidity was greater in plasma membranes from plants treated with the xenobiotics than the controls. The results are discussed in the context of the effect of plasma membrane lipid composition on membrane fluidity, and it is concluded that there appears to be no overall simple relationship between membrane lipid composition and fluidity that holds for all treatments in both species.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed1993

Dehydration-induced lamellar-to-hexagonal-II phase transitions in DOPE/DOPC mixtures.

Plasma membranes of protoplasts isolated from non-acclimated rye plants undergo a transition from the bilayer to the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase during freeze-induced dehydration at -10 degrees C. It has been suggested (Bryant, G. and Wolfe, J. (1989) Eur. Biophys. J. 16, 369-372) that the differential hydration of various membrane components may induce fluid-fluid demixing of highly hydrated (e.g., PC) from poorly hydrated (PE) components during dehydration. This could yield a PE-enriched domain more prone to form the HII phase. We have examined the lyotropic phase behavior of mixtures of DOPE and DOPC at 20 degrees C by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. HII phase formation was favored by higher proportions of DOPE and lower water contents. Mixtures of 1:1 and 1:3 DOPE/DOPC had a hydration-dependent appearance of two L alpha phases at water contents just above those at which the HII phase occurred. The hydration-dependence of the lamellar repeat spacings suggested that the DOPE-enriched domains preferentially underwent the L alpha-to-HII phase transition. Mixtures of 3:1 DOPE/DOPC did not separate into two L alpha phases during dehydration. These data suggest that the differential hydration characteristics of various membrane components may induce their lateral fluid-fluid demixing during dehydration.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1975

Isolation and purification of RNA polymerases from rye embryos.

A procedure has been developed for the purification of soluble DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) from rye embryos. The enzyme solubilized by high salt extraction with sonication and resolved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography yields two activities. Enzyme I eluted at 0.15 M (NN4)2SO4, was insensitive to alpha-amanitin and was extremely labile. Enzyme II eluted at 0.25 M (NH4)2SO4 was inhibited by alpha-amanitin. However, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography yields three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Enzyme I is resistant to amanitin, while II and III enzymes are inhibited by this poison. Partially purified on DEAE-cellulose, polymerase II was further purified by hydrophobic chromatography on an omega-aminobutyl-Sepharose column. After omega-aminobutyl-Sepharose chromatography, enzyme II was stable and was more active with denatured than with native DNA as template. The activity of purified RNA polymerase II is dependent on the DNA, Mn-2+ and Mg-2+ added and requires ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP for its maximum activity. Transcription is inhibited besides by alpha-amanitin, by chromomycin A3, daunomycin, ethidium bromide and actinomycin D. Rifampin and rifamycin SV do not inhibit the enzyme. Synthetic copolymers were also effective as templates.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

The rye embryo system as an alternative to the wheat system for protein synthesis in vitro.

Isolated rye embryos are a readily available source for the preparation of very active, cell-free, protein-synthesizing systems. Incorporation levels up to 2000 pmol leucine per 50 mul assay are routinely obtained at saturating TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus) RNA concentrations; at limiting messenger RNA concentrations the incorporation exceeds 1000 leucine molecules per TMV RNA molecule. The characteristics of this cell-free system for the translation of TMV RNA are identical with those of a similarly prepared wheat germ system. The major advantage of the rye embryo system is its high reliability as compared to the unpredictable wheat germ system. Sucrose gradient analysis of the reaction mixture during the incubation shows an extensive polysome formation with TMV RNA and demonstrates efficient polypeptide chain release.

Cell Fractionation↗
PubMed1983

The protein synthesis inhibitors from wheat, barley, and rye have identical antigenic determinants.

We have purified the protein synthesis inhibitors from wheat (tritin) and investigated their antigenic relationship to inhibitors from other grains and more distantly related plants. Three forms of tritin (tritin 1, 2, and 3) indistinguishable with regards to their molecular weight and enzymatic properties were found. Antiserum against the most abundant tritin, tritin 2, cross reacted with tritin 1, tritin 3, and with the translation inhibitors from barley and rye, but not with other plant-derived translational inhibitors. The results indicate that only closely related plants contain antigenically similar protein synthesis inhibitors.

Epitopes↗