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PubMed1984

Congenital ocular defects in food-producing animals.

Congenital ocular defects in neonates pose a diagnostic challenge to veterinarians. Defects are usually obvious at birth, but detection depends on the nature and extent of the defect. In addition to congenital ocular defects, other abnormalities may be manifest including multiple system involvement with embryonic mortality, fetal death, mummification, abortion, dysmaturity, premature birth, full-term stillbirth, or nonviable or viable neonate. Many defective neonates are not reported or escape monitoring systems. Although congenital ocular defects are rare, they are important and should be diagnosed. All congenital defects should be regarded as genetic until proven otherwise. Many ocular defects are inherited as simple autosomal recessive traits. Polygenic inheritance appears to be of increasing importance.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A review of emergency foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines.

The primary objectives of this paper are to describe emergency foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines and review literature on emergency vaccine efficacy to protect animals against (1) clinical signs and (2) infection (local virus replication). The reviewed experiments suggest that in cattle, sheep and pigs, the vaccine could be effective in preventing disease within 4-5 days post-vaccination. These studies also suggest that the risk of spreading infection decreases as the interval between vaccine and challenge increases and that vaccination could reduce the amount of virus excreted compared to non-vaccinated animals. We suggest areas of future research to improve our knowledge of emergency vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Canadian farm animals.

Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are commonly identified intestinal pathogens in humans and animals. In light of the clinical disease, production losses and zoonotic potential of both Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections, a study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of these parasites in cattle, sheep, pigs and horses in Canadian farms at different geographical locations. A total of 104 cattle, 89 sheep, 236 pigs and 35 horses were sampled from 15 different Canadian geographical locations. Fecal samples were examined after concentration and immunofluorescent staining. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were present in cattle and sheep in six out of six sites sampled. In cattle the overall prevalence was 29% for Giardia and 20% for Cryptosporidium. Giardia was identified in 38% of sheep while 23% of sheep were positive for Cryptosporidium. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were identified in four out of six hog operations with an overall prevalence of 9% for Giardia and 11% for Cryptosporidium. All horse sampling locations (4/4) were positive for Giardia with 20% of animals infected. Cryptosporidium was identified in three out of four sampling sites with a prevalence of 17%. The prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was greater in calves and lambs compared to adults. This study demonstrates that both Giardia and Cryptosporidium appear to be prevalent in farm livestock.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Integrated and biological control of parasites in organic and conventional production systems.

Organic and other non-intensive animal production systems are of growing importance in several countries worldwide. In contrast to conventional farms, parasite control on organic farms is affected by several of the prescribed changes in management e.g. access to the outdoors in the summer and in most countries, a ban on preventive medication, including use of anti-parasiticides. Organic animal production relies heavily on grazing, and pasture or soil related parasites are thus of major importance. Several studies in northern temperate climate have indicated that outdoor production of pigs, primarily sows, and laying hens results in heavier and more prevalent helminth infections compared to conventional intensive production under indoor conditions. In organic dairy cattle, parasitic gastroenteritis in heifers may be more prevalent. In a short to medium term perspective, integrated control may combine grazing management with biological control using nematophagous micro-fungi, selected crops like tanniferous plants and on conventional farms, limited use of anti-parasiticides. At present, the non-chemotherapeutic control of pasture related infections is based mainly on grazing management strategies. Preventive strategies, where young, previously unexposed stock, are turned out on parasite-free pastures, can be used for grazing first season dairy heifers and in all-in-all-out poultry production. Evasive strategies aim at avoiding disease producing infections of a contaminated area by moving to a clean area and may be relevant for ruminants and pigs. In cattle, effective control of nematodes can be achieved by repeated moves of the herd or alternate grazing with other species. High stocking rates seem to be an important risk factor. In pig production, the effect of paddock rotation on parasite infections is largely unknown and studies are warranted. Control of nematodes by larvae-trapping fungi, or perhaps in the future by egg-destroying fungi, looks promising for ruminants and certain monogastric animals but delivery systems and practical dosing regimes integrated with grazing management have to be developed. In conclusion, good prospects are expected for acceptable parasite control without a heavy reliance on anti-parasiticides through integration of the above mentioned procedures but future studies are needed to confirm their efficacy under practical farming conditions.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Improving the assessment of the economic impact of parasitic diseases and of their control in production animals.

This paper reviews the ways in which the economic impact of parasitic diseases of production animals have been evaluated. It then discusses the shortfalls of such studies, as well as the opportunities for improving the quality of economic impact assessments and their value to decision makers in the future. The paper first identifies the impacts that are specific to parasitic diseases. It then goes on to review the abundant literature on estimating the total costs of diseases. The authors argue that this approach severely limits the opportunity for economic assessments to aid decisions in disease control and research. The paper then reviews the literature on studies of avoidable costs, before discussing ways in which economic impact assessments can be enhanced. These issues include greater emphasis on incorporating the lost productivity potential caused by parasitic diseases, greater emphasis on valuing actual rather than intended control measures, and greater emphasis on quantifying the productivity effects at the societal level, particularly in the developing world.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

An overview of the epidemiology and epizootology of brucellosis in selected countries of Central and Southeast Europe.

The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the epidemiologic and epizootic status of brucellosis in selected countries of Central and Southeast Europe (Balkan region). Based on dimension of the disease problem, there is a need to establish collaboration in the eradication and prevention of brucellosis between all countries in the region. Although there were no readily accessible data concerning epidemiology and epizootology of brucellosis in these countries, the limited official and published data were analyzed. The incidence of brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis in sheep, goats and humans is a very significant problem in Macedonia and Greece. In Greece, cattle are also affected either by B. melitensis or B. abortus. The disease is an endemic problem in some regions of Yugoslavia and includes B. suis biovar 2 in pigs and in Croatia, B. melitensis in sheep, goats and human is found occasionally. No problem appears to exist with brucellosis in Bulgaria. Financial well-supported brucellosis control programs of the European Union that will include all countries, regardless of the magnitude of brucellosis incidence, are needed for eradication and control of brucellosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Epidemiology and control of brucellosis in China.

The paper describes the history and evolvement of brucellosis in China. It presents the variation of epidemic situation, epidemiological characteristics, application of vaccines and control in brief. Before 1980s, human and animal brucellosis was quite severe; during 1980s, the incidence of human and animal brucellosis was relatively low, and seemed to decrease during the decade. During 1990s, there were no obvious changes in the incidence of animal brucellosis, but the incidence of human brucellosis increased, especially from 1995 to 2001. There are not only some common characteristics but also some differences in brucellosis epidemiology relative to that reported in the rest of the world. For the entire country, B. melitensis was the predominant strain associated with outbreaks, and the epidemic peak is from February to June. Several Brucella vaccines have been used in China for prevention and control of brucellosis. such as B. abortus 104 M in humans, B. suis S2 in animals. The introduction of comprehensive measures has allowed great progress in the prevention and control of brucellosis in China. Surveillance points were set-up countrywide to estimate the epidemic situation. In addition, we discussed the new characteristics of brucellosis in China, the influence of the El Nino phenomenon on brucellosis epidemic situation, the phenomenon of antigenic interference between Brucella species and some disadvantages of live Brucella vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium isolated from pigs and broiler chickens to tetracycline degradation products and distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants in E. coli from food animals.

One hundred Escherichia coli isolates from diseased and healthy pigs, cattle and broiler chickens were screened for the presence of tetracycline resistance genes tet(A), (B), (C), (D) or (E). The tet(A) gene was the most abundant (71% of the 100 isolates) followed by tet(B) (25%). The predominance of tet(A) and tet(B) applied to all three animal species, and there was no difference between the distribution of tet(A) and tet(B) genes among non-pathogenic and pathogenic E. coli in any of the animal species. The susceptibility of 20 of these isolates together with 10 tetracycline sensitive E. coli and 18 tetracycline resistant and 10 sensitive Enterococcus faecium to tetracyclines and tetracycline degradation products was determined. The resistant isolates showed reduced resistance to anhydrotetracycline, 4-epi-anhydrotetracycline, anhydrochlortetracycline and 4-epi-anhydrochlortetracycline. In general both the tetracycline resistant and susceptible E. faecium were more susceptible to the compounds tested than E. coli.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Pathogenesis of ruminant herpesvirus infections.

Ruminants are hosts for members of both Alpha- and Gamma-herpesvirinae. A wide range of disease syndromes is associated with infections by these agents. The associated diseases reflect the biological nature of the causative viruses. Clinically, the symptoms may be mild and localized or include severe generalized disease, leading eventually to death. Much knowledge has been gained concerning the pathogenesis of some alpha-herpesviruses. Initially, these viruses replicate in epithelial cells at the portal of entry. The symptoms of the acute diseases are often associated with the destruction of those epithelial cells. However, as in the case of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), the virus may spread in the infected host by viremia, gaining access to a broader range of tissues and organs, and causing a broader variety of diseases. Furthermore, many herpesviruses are capable of entering neuronal cells. There, they may replicate, which may lead to neuronal diseases, for example, encephalitis. In addition, the herpesviruses may establish latency in neuronal or lymphoid cells. During latency, apparently no viral antigens are synthesized but the genomes of the latent viruses are present in the nuclei of long living cells, such as, e.g., neurones of the ganglia corresponding to the sites of peripheral replication. Upon reactivation, the viruses re-establish the lytic cycle of replication. Shielded from the effectors of the immune system, they migrate back to the peripheral tissues where they are excreted and may be transmitted. Although a strong immune response is provoked during primary viral replication, these mechanisms help the herpesviruses to escape from immune surveillance during latency and to a lesser degree during reactivation. It has been observed that certain herpesviruses may behave differently upon infection of different hosts. Relatively little progress has been made concerning the understanding of the pathogenesis of ruminant herpesviruses but much has been learned about viral molecular biology. Many viral proteins have been identified and characterized and the technology to create recombinant viruses has been established. With these tools in our hands, it is now possible to address the really interesting questions concerning pathogenesis. We postulate that herpesviruses contain at least two sets of genes, a first set involved in gene expression and viral replication, and a second set responsible for functions, which may affect pathogenesis, latency, and virus/host interactions. Using recombinant virus technology, it will be possible in the future to design targeted deletions and gene transfers in ruminant herpesviruses in order to study the viral and host factors involved in pathogenesis on the molecular level.

Alphaherpesvirinae↗
PubMed1997

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) interaction with Haemophilus parasuis.

The interaction of bacteria and virus has been well demonstrated in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease in swine. The interaction between porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSv) and Haemophilus parasuis has not been studied. We initiated studies to evaluate a possible effect of the PRRSv on the pathogenesis of polyserositis caused by H. parasuis. A group of 30 three week old piglets were distributed in 4 groups. Group I (10 pigs) was inoculated with PRRSv and H. parasuis. Group II (10 pigs) was inoculated with H. parasuis alone. Group III (5 pigs) was inoculated with virus alone and group IV (5 pigs) was inoculated with culture media. Lesions consisted of a severe fibrinous polyserositis affecting 7 of 10 animals in group II and a mild fibrinous pleuritis in 1 of 10 animals of group I. Three of ten animals dually infected with the two agents died during the course of the study. These animals had pulmonary congestion and focal lung hemorrhages. No other animals died from other groups. Group III and IV had no macroscopic lesions. Microscopically group III had interstitial pneumonia. Immunomodulating virus effect may explain the differences in terms of lesions severity between groups I and II. Septic shock was suspected as cause of sudden death.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Vaccine genotype and route of administration affect pseudorabies field virus latency load after challenge.

The influence of vaccine genotype and route of administration on the efficacy of pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccines against virulent PRV challenge was evaluated in a controlled experiment using five genotypically distinct modified live vaccines (MLVs) for PRV. Several of these MLVs share deletions in specific genes, however, each has its deletion in a different locus within that gene. Pigs were vaccinated with each vaccine, either via the intramuscular or intranasal route, and subsequently challenged with a highly virulent PRV field strain. During a 2-week period following challenge with virulent PRV, each of the vaccine strains used in this study was evaluated for its effectiveness in the reduction of clinical signs, prevention of growth retardation and virulent virus shedding. One month after challenge, tissues were collected and analyzed for virulent PRV latency load by a recently developed method for the electrochemiluminescent quantitation of latent herpesvirus DNA in animal tissues after PCR amplification. It was determined that all vaccination protocols provided protection against clinical signs resulting from field virus challenge and reduced both field virus shedding and latency load after field virus challenge. Our results indicated that vaccine efficacy was significantly influenced by the modified live vaccine strain and route of administration. Compared to unvaccinated pigs, vaccination reduced field virus latency load in trigeminal ganglia, but significant differences were found between vaccines and routes of administration. We conclude that vaccine genotype plays a role in the effectiveness of PRV MLVs.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2000

Interpretation of basic gross pathologic changes of the digestive tract.

The necropsy is a valuable diagnostic tool. When presented with a dead animal, it is not uncommon for the necropsy to be the springboard for the entire diagnostic evaluation. Not only is important information gained from gross examination of the organs but during necropsy, tissue and fluid samples for supportive tests--bacterial culture, antibiotic sensitivity, virus isolation, serology, parasite burden, and toxicologic and histopathologic studies--are collected. It is not essential for a veterinarian to be a pathologist to get good information from a necropsy. This article attempted to identify a number of basic lesions that occur with the most common diseases of the digestive tract of food animals. Additionally, associations between lesions and certain etiologies as well as diseases have been made so that when one identifies a particular lesion (in a live or dead animal), a prioritized list of possible differential diagnoses comes to mind. The necropsy does not stand alone or above the other sources of diagnostic information. The information gained from a necropsy must be correlated with the other information to arrive at either a specific diagnosis or a short list of possible diagnoses. The veterinarian must seek further input, in the latter situation, from additional clinical examinations, laboratory tests, or interviews with the client to arrive at the diagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Toxicologic disease of the digestive tract.

There is a diverse and long list of toxicants that can affect the digestive system of food-producing animals. The plants and other natural toxicants discussed in this article are those primarily affecting the GI system. A number of other plants may also affect the digestive tract, but the effects from these are considered secondary and less pronounced. Often, plant poisonings affecting the digestive tract present with similar clinical signs, and a good thorough history is necessary to help differentiate between them. Moreover, a careful walk through the pasture with a keen eye to note plants that have been browsed or grazed may greatly assist the history. In cases where toxins are suspected as the cause of a GI disorder, consultation with a veterinary toxicologist at a diagnostic laboratory may be indicated. These professionals are knowledgeable about a wide variety of natural and other toxicants that may be present in your area. They can help with developing a differential diagnosis and the selection of appropriate samples to confirm the diagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The National Animal Health Monitoring System. A source of on-farm information.

The National Animal Health Monitoring System is a program of the USDA:APHIS:Veterinary Services designed to collect, analyze, interpret, and disseminate data on the management and health of US livestock, poultry, and aquaculture populations. The system is comprised of a national program staff, the National Veterinary Services Laboratories, and a field component that includes state and federal animal health officials distributed throughout the United States. The system uses a variety of approaches (large national studies, on-going monitoring, and target short-term studies) to address high priority objectives for US animal agriculture defined through a far-reaching information-needs assessment process.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Congenital skin abnormalities.

It must be remembered that viral infections and maternal nutritional deficiencies can and do cause congenital skin diseases and must be included in a complete differential diagnosis list. These disorders are covered adequately in most current texts on infectious and nutritional diseases and therefore are not described here. When an hereditary, congenital skin disease is suspected, biopsy specimens should be submitted for diagnosis. Many breed associations have control programs for these types of diseases and only with veterinary and producer cooperation will these programs be successful.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Porcine urogenital disease.

Porcine urogenital disease is the result of an imbalance of the normal microflora of the urinary and reproductive tracts brought about by hormonal, environmental, and management-related stress factors. Production and economic losses can be substantial, and diagnosing and treating the problem can be frustrating. Through proper hygiene, facility design, and culling procedures, the severity of the problem can be minimized.

Animals↗