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PubMed1995

Evaluation of an automated urine chemistry reagent-strip analyzer.

We evaluated the Miles Inc., Clinitek Atlas Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzer for 11 tests: bilirubin, color, glucose, ketones, leukocyte esterase, nitrite, occult blood, pH, protein, specific gravity, and urobilinogen. The instrument uses a roll of reagent strips affixed to a clear plastic support; urine specimens are automatically pipetted onto these strips. The instrument measures the pads' color using reflectance colorimetry. Specific gravity is measured using a fiberoptic refractive index method. Four hospitals participated in the evaluation, and tests were performed only on fresh urine samples. We found the instrument easy to use; it has walk-away capability with up to 40-specimen loading capacity plus spaces for STATs, calibrators and controls. We found good comparability with chemical tests and other nonreagent strip procedures, as well as good agreement with the Miles Inc. Clinitek 200+ urine chemistry analyzer and visual reading of the Miles Inc. Multistix Reagent Strips. The Clinitek Atlas is rugged and reliable, and is suitable for a high-volume urinalysis laboratory.

Automation↗
PubMed1983

Test for estimation of bovine hepatic lipid content.

The lipid content of bovine liver was found to be highly correlated with its specific gravity. This observation was used as the basis for a clinical test to estimate the liver lipid content in dairy cows. The test consisted of submerging needle biopsy specimens of liver into water and copper sulfate solutions with specific gravities of 1.025 and 1.055. On the basis of buoyancy in these liquids, bovine liver samples were classified accurately as containing greater than 34% lipid, greater than 25% lipid, greater than 13% lipid, or less than 15% lipid.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The use of demeclocycline in the treatment of patients with psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome).

Eight patients (7 men and 1 woman, mean age 43.1 +/- 8.9 years) with psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome) underwent treatment with demeclocycline in an effort to normalize serum sodium levels and thereby protect the PIP patients against complications including hyponatremic seizures and coma. There tended to be an improvement (p = .080) in early morning serum sodium following treatment with demeclocycline (baseline 132.6 +/- SD 3.3 and treatment serum sodium 134.8 +/- SD 3.3 mEq/1). At the same time, there was an increase (p = .043) in urinary specific gravity following treatment with demeclocycline (baseline 1.0047 +/- SD .0029 and treatment urinary specific gravity 1.0063 +/- SD .0026). Clinical indications for and potential mechanisms of action of demeclocycline treatment in the PIP syndrome are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Reevaluation of nonphytate phosphorus requirement of growing pullets with and without phytase.

An experiment was conducted to re-evaluate the nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) requirement of growing pullets and to determine to what extent this requirement could be reduced by phytase. Six diets in a 3 x 2 factorial design were used. The pullets of the control group (T1) were fed a sequence of 0.4-0.35-0.3% NPP for the age periods of 0 to 6, 6 to 12, and 12 to 18 wk, respectively, according to NRC (1994) recommendation. The NPP level was reduced by an increment of 0.1% in each phase in T2 and T3. The pullets of T4 to T6 were fed similar NPP levels to T1 to T3, respectively, with 300 units phytase/kg diet. From 18 to 30 wk of age, the pullets on all growing regimens were fed a layer diet with 0.4% NPP. Records were maintained for BW and feed intake during the growing period and for egg production during the laying period. Blood and tibia samples were taken at 6, 12, and 18 wk of age for determining plasma P, tibia weight, and tibia ash. Two digestion trials were conducted at Weeks 5 and 18 for determining total P excretion. Body weights at 18 wk and feed intake for the period of 0 to 18 wk were not different from the control for pullets fed the two lower NPP regimens (P > 0.05). Phytase had a favorable effect on BW at 18 wk (P = 0.0539) and feed intake for the period of 0 to 18 wk (P < 0.05). Plasma P was lower for pullets fed the least NPP than for those fed the control NPP regimen only at 6 wk of age (P < 0.05). Bone quality measurements at 6, 12, and 18 wk of age were not different for pullets fed various NPP regimens (P > 0.05). Phytase, for the most part did, not have an effect on plasma P and bone quality (P > 0.05). Total P intake and total P excretion (mg/bird per day) were reduced due to lowering the dietary NPP in both digestion trials (P < 0.05). Phytase did not have an effect on daily total P intake or excretion. Production and specific gravity were not influenced by NPP regimens used during the growing period. Specific gravity for the entire experiment was greater for pullets fed phytase (P < 0.05). The results indicated that the lowest NPP regimen in the absence of phytase was adequate to support performance of pullets, and due to this, it was not possible to determine the effect of phytase in diminishing the P need of growing pullets.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed2004

Hydration testing in collegiate wrestlers undergoing hypertonic dehydration.

UNLABELLED: Because dehydration (DEH) violates assumptions used in the assessment of body composition, hydration testing has become an integral part of minimal weight (MW) assessment. PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of hydration tests for the detection and quantification of hypertonic DEH. METHODS: Twenty-five male collegiate wrestlers (mean +/- SD, age: 20.0 +/- 1.4 yr, height: 175.0 +/- 7.1 cm, body mass: 81.7 +/- 15.3 kg) had their hydration assessed under well-controlled conditions of euhydration (EUH) and DEH. The DEH phase occurred on the same day as EUH, after subjects acutely dehydrated 2-6% of body weight through fluid/food restriction and exercise in a hot environment. RESULTS: All hydration tests except plasma potassium significantly increased from EUH to DEH, and meaningful cutoff values could be established for most tests. Cutoff values for urine tests were 586 mOsm.L(-1) for osmolality and 71 mEq.L(-1) for potassium. Plasma cutoff values were 293 mOsm.L(-1) for osmolality, 140 mEq.L(-1) for sodium, 103 mEq.L(-1) for chloride, and 3.5 pg.mL(-1) for arginine vasopressin. For ratio tests, a urine:plasma osmolality of 2.06 and an extracellular:intracellular water of 0.533 measured by the bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy were cutoff values. For urine specific gravity, a cutoff value of 1.020 g.mL(-1) had a sensitivity and specificity of 96% each for the automated harmonic oscillation technique and 87% and 91% (respectively) for the dipstick technique. Protein (by dipstick) was detected in 5% of subjects in EUH, and 100% of subjects in DEH. Correlations between hydration tests and dehydration were only low to moderate. CONCLUSION: This study supports a specific gravity cutoff of 1.020 g.mL(-1) for the identification of hypertonic DEH. Future research should test the cutoff values established in this study and explore the relationship between DEH and urine protein.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Pharmacological reduction of brain edema induced by intracarotid infusion of protamine sulphate: a comparison between a free radical scavenger and an AMPA receptor antagonist.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) of rats was opened by infusing 10 mg protamine sulphate (200 microliters in 30 s) into the right internal carotid artery. Ten minutes later, tirilazad, a 21-aminosteroid (3 mg/kg): NBQX, an AMPA receptor antagonist (5 mg/kg); or dixyrazine, a phenotiazine derivate (10 mg/kg), was administered intravenously and the rats were killed 2 h after protamine infusion. Brain specific gravity was determined in the frontal, parietal and occipital cortex and in the striatum. In separate experiments, serum albumin content was determined in the brain of rats by immunoelectrophoresis 2 h after protamine infusion with or without tirilazad pretreatment. Specific gravity was significantly higher in all of the studied brain regions in rats given tirilazad or NBQX than in those given vehicle or dixyrazine (p < 0.001). A combination of tirilazad and NBQX was significantly more efficient than either drug alone in reducing edema in the occipital cortex (p < 0.05) and more efficient than NBQX alone in the frontal and parietal cortex (p < 0.05). None of the drugs reduced the albumin content in CSF; in addition, tirilazad failed to reduce albumin extravasation in the brain and CSF when given before protamine infusion. We conclude that the anti-edematous effect of tirilazad and NBQX is related to cellular events within the brain and not to a reduction of leakage over the BBB.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Acute changes in regional brain water content following experimental closed head injury.

A Remington humane stunner was used to deliver blows to the skulls of anesthetized cats. The animals were sacrificed at 30 minutes or 1, 2, or 6 hours after trauma and selected for data collection on the basis of the following two categories of gross intracranial pathology: 1) unilateral contusion, with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); or 2) SAH only. For selected cats, specific gravity was measured in 5- to 10-mg samples of uncontused tissue taken from coronal slices at the level of the frontoparietal suture. The regions tested included dorsal cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, deep white matter, and caudate nucleus. Specific gravity data from injured animals were compared with those from similar areas in uninjured anesthetized cats to test for cerebral edema. At 30 minutes after head injury, contused hemispheres had significant edema of all tested except the caudate nucleus. Edema of the subcortical and deep white matter increased with time after the injury. Increase in water content of the cerebral cortex was transient and appeared unrelated to contusion. The caudate nucleus was edematous only at 6 hours, suggesting movement of fluid from the deep white matter compartment into the nucleus. The hemispheres opposite the contusion and those related to SAH had, with one exception, an absence of edema in the white matter and caudate nucleus, but a transient increase in water content of the cerebral cortex. These findings suggest that, in the presence of contusion, cerebral edema can contribute to brain swelling as early as 30 minutes after closed head trauma. In addition, a transient and minimal cortical edema, perhaps related to ischemia, occurred in all groups of hemispheres examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Neuroprotective effects of NPS 846, a novel N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, after closed head trauma in rats.

OBJECT: The authors sought to determine whether 3,3-bis (3-fluorophenyl) propylamine (NPS 846), a novel noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, alters outcome after closed head trauma in rats. METHODS: The experimental variables were: presence or absence of closed head trauma, treatment with NPS 846 or no treatment, and time at which the rats were killed (24 or 48 hours). The NPS 846 (1 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally at 1 and 3 hours after closed head trauma or sham operation. Outcome measures were the neurological severity score (NSS), ischemic tissue volume, hemorrhagic necrosis volume, and specific gravity, water content, and concentrations of calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium in brain tissue. The following closed head trauma-induced changes in the injured hemisphere (expressed as the mean +/- the standard deviation) were reversed by NPS 846: decreased specific gravity of 1.035 +/- 0.006 at 24 hours was increased to 1.042 +/- 0.004; the decreased potassium level of 0.583 +/- 0.231 mg/L at 48 hours and at 24 hours was increased to 2.442 +/- 0.860 mg/L; the increased water content of 84.7 +/- 2.6% at 24 hours was decreased to 79.8 +/- 2%; the increased calcium level of 0.592 +/- 0.210 mg/L at 24 hours was decreased to 0.048 +/- 0.029 mg/L; and the increased sodium level of 2.035 +/- 0.649 mg/L was decreased to 0.631 +/- 0.102 mg/L. Administration of NPS 846 also lowered the NSS (improved neurological status) at 48 hours (7 +/- 3) and caused no significant changes in ischemic tissue or hemorrhagic necrosis volumes in the injured hemisphere at 24 or 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: In this model of closed head trauma, NPS 846 improved neurological outcome, delayed the onset of brain edema, and improved brain tissue ion homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of spot tests with AdultaCheck 6 and Intect 7 urine test strips for detecting the presence of adulterants in urine specimens.

BACKGROUND: Several adulterants are used to mask tests for abused drugs in urine. Adulterants such as "Klear" and "Whizzies" contain potassium nitrite while "Urine Luck" contains pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC). The presence of these adulterants cannot be detected by routine specimen integrity check (pH, specific gravity, creatinine and temperature). We previously reported the development of rapid spot tests to detect the presence of these adulterants. AdultaCheck 6 and Intect 7 urine test strips are commercially available for detecting the presence of these adulterants along with specific gravity, creatinine and pH in urine. METHODS: The performance of these two test strips for detecting adulterants was compared with the results obtained by spot tests. RESULTS: Both AdultaCheck 6 and Intect 7 effectively detected the presence of nitrite and pyridinium chlorochromate in urine. Moreover, both test strips successfully detected the presence of glutaraldehyde, for which no spot test is currently available. High amount of glucose and ascorbic acid did not cause any false positive result with AdultaCheck 6 or Intect 7. CONCLUSIONS: Both AdultaCheck 6 and Intect 7 can be used for checking the integrity of a urine specimen submitted for drugs of abuse testing.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1990

Analysis of peritoneal fluid as a diagnostic aid in grass sickness (equine dysautonomia).

The analysis of peritoneal fluid is of value in the differential diagnosis of equine colic but its characteristics have not been evaluated in grass sickness. Peritoneal fluid was collected from 15 normal horses and from 11 cases of medical colic, 11 cases of surgical colic, 20 cases of acute grass sickness and 13 cases of subacute grass sickness. The fluid was analysed for its appearance, total and differential white cell count, specific gravity, total protein concentration and total and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity. Fluid from cases of medical colic was normal in these respects. Surgical cases were unique in having bloodstained fluid with a high alkaline phosphatase activity. Grass sickness cases had a higher specific gravity and protein content than the cases of medical colic although the appearance of the fluid was similar. Grass sickness cases were distinguishable from cases of surgical colic on the basis of the appearance of the fluid and its lower alkaline phosphatase activity.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ischemia in normo- and hyperglycemic rats: effects on brain water and electrolytes.

Previous investigations have shown that preischemic hyperglycemia worsens cerebral outcome. This study sought to delineate the temporal relations between postischemic brain edema and the development of spontaneous epileptic activity. Fasted rats were subjected to 10 minutes of forebrain ischemia. One-half of the animals were made hyperglycemic by glucose infusion prior to ischemia. At serial recirculation intervals regional specific gravity and cortical electrolytes were measured. Normoglycemic animals showed a biphasic increase in brain water content that was fully resolved by 96 hours and had no convulsive activities. Hyperglycemic brains, although displaying a slower resolution from an initial transient decrease in specific gravity, also developed an interval with normal water content that persisted at 18 hours postischemia. At 24 hours, an increase in water content recurred and was soon followed by the onset of seizure activity. Cortical electrolyte changes were unremarkable until seizures occurred. Significant increases in total Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+ and a decrease in K+ were then seen. We conclude that while the normoglycemic brain is capable of resolving postischemic edema in this model, the hyperglycemic brain develops a delayed secondary increase in water content followed by the onset of seizure activity accompanied by a deterioration of ionic homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Chemical and physical methods in dating human skeletal remains.

Chemical and physical methods for dating skeletal remains were examined. Benzidine reaction, ultra-violet fluorescence, specific gravity and supersonic conductivity were carried out on 71 dated skeletal findings distributed over the span of the last 3,5000 years. Results given by benzidine reaction and ultra-violet fluorescence basically coincide, and positive readings were obtained up to about 200-350 years. Values, measured in specific gravity and supersonic conductivity testing show a parallel trend, pointing out a clear difference between samples of the three first centuries and the ones belonging to more ancient periods examined.

Benzidines↗
PubMed2003

Performance of two strains of laying hens fed ground and whole barley with and without access to insoluble grit.

The live performance from 19 to 43 wk of age of two strains of commercial White Leghorn hens fed two levels of whole barley (0 or 60%) and insoluble grit (0 or 4 g/bird per wk) was compared. The 0 and 60% whole barley diets differed only in feed form and were formulated to the same nutrient specifications. No dilution of nutrients or ingredients occurred. The 0% whole barley diet was fed in mash form. The 60% whole barley diet was fed as whole grain and mash concentrate blended into a complete diet and fed in the same feed trough. Feeding whole barley reduced egg production, feed efficiency, and egg specific gravity and increased feed intake, egg weight, and body weight gain. Access to insoluble grit had no effect on any of the production variables measured. The two strains of hens responded similarly to whole barley but differed in feed intake, feed efficiency, egg weight, egg specific gravity, and body weight gain. Feeding whole barley combined with a mash concentrate depressed hen performance compared to birds fed a similar diet in mash form. Strain of hen and access to insoluble grit did not alter the response to feeding whole barley.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1984

Selected physical and chemical characteristics of prostatic fluid collected by ejaculation from healthy dogs and from dogs with bacterial prostatitis.

Forty specimens of prostatic fluid, collected by ejaculation from 36 dogs with bacterial prostatitis, and 43 specimens of prostatic fluid collected by the same method from 42 healthy dogs were analyzed with respect to pH, specific gravity, cholesterol concentration, and zinc, copper, iron, calcium, and magnesium concentrations. Values from prostatic fluid of infected dogs were compared with values from prostatic fluid of healthy dogs, using a variety of statistical methods. In striking contrast to data obtained from human beings, prostatic fluid pH, specific gravity, or cholesterol zinc concentrations were not altered in dogs with bacterial prostatitis. Seemingly, these tests are not reliable in the diagnosis of bacterial prostatitis in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Body fat in pregnant rats at mid- and late-gestation.

Carcass fat content was estimated in fed 12- and 19-day pregnant rats and fed and 48 hour starved virgin females following both specific gravity determination and direct gravimetry of extracted lipids. No change in body fat accumulation was found in 12-day pregnant rats whereas in 19-day pregnant animals it increased significantly. A significant correlation was also found when the percentage of carcass fat was plotted against specific gravity considering values from all subjects. Results indicate that in spite of reported maternal anabolic changes in the rat at midgestation fat accumulation occurs later in pregnancy when the mother has the highest food intake, which makes available sufficient substrates to support both fetal growth and body lipidic deposition.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Udder edema in cattle: effects of diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, acetazolamide, and 50% dextrose) on serum and urine electrolytes.

Blood and urine chemical values at parturition in clinically normal Holstein cows (n = 12) were compared with the same values in Holstein cows developing udder edema (n = 12). There was no statistically significant mean difference between the 2 groups for the serum and urine chemical data. Furosemide (500 mg) given IV caused a significant increase in serum calcium and sodium, urine chloride, potassium, and sodium, and fractional excretional ratio of chloride, potassium, and sodium. There was a significant mean decrease in the serum potassium, urine creatinine, osmolality, pH, and specific gravity. Hydrochlorothiazide (250 mg) given IV caused a significant mean increase in serum chloride, urine chloride, potassium, and sodium, and fractional excretion ratio of chloride, potassium, and sodium. There was a significant mean decrease in serum potassium and sodium, urine osmolality, pH, and specific gravity. Acetazolamide (500 mg) given IV caused a significant mean increase in blood urea nitrogen, serum chloride and glucose, urine sodium, and fractional excretion ratio of sodium, while causing a significant mean decrease in serum potassium, sodium, and phosphorus, and urine creatinine. Dextrose (500 g) given IV as a 50% solution caused a statistical mean increase in serum glucose, urine chloride, potassium, and sodium, and fractional excretion ratio of chloride and potassium. A statistical mean decrease occurred in the packed cell volume, blood urea nitrogen, serum calcium, potassium, sodium, and phosphorus, urine creatinine, osmolality, and pH.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed1994

Background levels of total mercury concentrations in blood and urine.

We investigated the background levels of total mercury in blood and urine samples from Japanese subjects without occupational exposure to mercury vapor. Blood and urine specimens were decomposed in sealed Teflon containers, and total mercury concentration was measured by reductive vaporization-gold amalgam capture-atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean total mercury concentration in the blood of 56 women aged 34-65 was 18.2 +/- 9.9 ng/ml (range 3.9-56.8 ng/ml). The mean total mercury concentration in the urine of 130 men aged 22-39 was 2.33 +/- 1.50 micrograms/l (range 0.27-10.26 micrograms/l). The mean total mercury concentration in urine adjusted by specific gravity was 2.19 +/- 1.15 micrograms/l (range 0.68-7.68 micrograms/l), and that adjusted by creatinine was 1.51 +/- 0.68 micrograms/g creatinine (range 0.39-4.21 micrograms/g creatinine). These concentrations did not differ greatly from those reported from Europe and Japan. In expressing the total mercury concentration in urine, the creatinine-adjusted range between the minimum and maximum values was smaller than the range adjusted by specific gravity.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Acute mountain sickness, dehydration, and bicarbonate clearance: preliminary field data from the Nepal Himalaya.

BACKGROUND: In 1999, Basnyat et al. published preliminary data demonstrating an inverse correlation between hydration status and acute mountain sickness during an epidemiological study performed in the vicinity of Mount Everest. To expand on these findings, we have re turned to the Langtang area of the Nepal Himalaya to perform more specific studies of altitude illness related to dehydration and hypoxemia using urine studies, pulse oximetry, and physical examination. HYPOTHESIS: Dehydration will incite physiological changes aimed at the preservation of vascular volume homeostasis characterized by the production of sodium and water sparing hormones. As sodium is reabsorbed in the kidney, bicarbonate anion is also reabsorbed resulting in insufficient bicarbonate anion excretion by the kidney leading to an incomplete compensation for altitude induced hypocapnic alkalosis and the development of clinical disease. METHODS: Estimates of intravascular volume (urine specific gravity), oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry), urinary bi carbonate excretion (urine pH), and AMS (Lake Louise Score) were collected from Hindu pilgrims at 4243 m during an annual sacred festival at Lake Gosinkunda. RESULTS: Worsening altitude illness approx imated by increasing Lake Louise Score was associated with increasing urine specific gravity (p = 0.043), decreasing oxygen saturation (p = 0.020), and decreasing urine pH (p = 0.040) after rapid ascent to 4243 m. CONCLUSIONS: Worsening altitude illness, indicated by increasing Lake Louise score, was associated with increasing measures of dehydration, hypoxemia, and urine acidity.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗