Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SOCIAL CLASS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1963

FAILED PSYCHIATRIC CLINIC APPOINTMENTS. RELATIONSHIP TO SOCIAL CLASS.

A study was made to determine what factors might be related to failure of patients to keep appointments at a county hospital psychiatric clinic. The hypothesis that the lowest status groups would have the poorest appointment records was substantiated in that they had the highest proportion of broken appointments without notification. Contrary to expectations, however, the highest status groups had poorer records than those in the central status groups-the skilled or semi-skilled workers and those with high school education. Marital status was also found to be related to appointment status, with divorced and separated persons displaying the greatest likelihood of breaking appointments without notifying the clinic.

Appointments and Schedules↗
PubMed1986

Assessing child-rearing style in ecological settings: its relation to culture, social class, early age intervention and scholastic achievement.

Middle- and lower-class black and white adolescents were observed interacting with their mothers during a discussion of seven child-rearing problems. Maternal references to a range of disciplinary measures were identified, analyzed, and related to the subjects' scholastic performances concurrently. A factor analysis of process measures confirmed earlier findings based on self-report data concerning parental disciplinary style. Low SES mothers who participated in an early-age intervention and upper middle-class mothers tended to be less punitive than those in the low SES untreated group. Black mothers were less permissive than those in the white group. Parental disciplinary style was found to be significantly related to school performance. The results are discussed in terms of the development of methodological procedures for interaction analysis in semi-structured, ecological research, for the evaluation of process variables in early-age intervention follow-ups and theory relating disciplinary style to intellectual development.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Role of social class in excess black stroke mortality.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It has been suggested that a substantial proportion of the excess stroke mortality among black Americans may be attributable to relatively lower socioeconomic status (SES) in this group. In this report we provide the first quantitative estimates of the proportion of excess black stroke mortality attributable to SES for a large population-based cohort. METHODS: We used data from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study for persons 45 years and older (73,400 white men, 87,528 white women, 6522 black men, and 8816 black women). Sex-specific proportional hazards model were used to estimate excess black stroke mortality with and without adjustment for education and income (measures of SES). The contribution of SES to the excess black stroke risk was estimated from the difference in regression coefficients for race in these models. RESULTS: In men, low SES was associated with increased stroke mortality (P < or = .0001) and accounted for 14% to 46% of the excess black stroke risk (P < .05). However, we could find no association between SES and stroke mortality in women, and SES did not account for a significant proportion of the excess stroke mortality in black women. CONCLUSIONS: Although SES proved to account for a statistically significant proportion of excess male black stroke mortality, overall SES explained less than one quarter of the observed excess between ages 45 and 65. In women, SES did not significantly reduce the estimated excess black stroke mortality. Although SES may be playing a role in excess black stroke mortality, a substantial proportion of the excess appears attributable to other sources, including cerebrovascular risk factors that are unrelated to SES, unmeasured lifestyle influences, social resources, and genetic factors.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1977

Social class, political powere, and the state and their implications in medicine.

This three-part article presents an analysis of the distribution of power and of the nature of the state in Western industrialized societies, and details their implications in medicine. Part I presents a critique of contemporary theories of the Western system of power; discusses the countervailing pluralist and power elite theories, as well as those of bureaucratic and professional control; and concludes with an examination of the Marxist theories of economic determinism, structural determinism, and corporate statism. Part II presents a Marxist theory of the role, nature, and characteristics of state intervention. Part III focuses on the mode of that intervention and the reasons for its growth, with an added analysis of the attributes of state intervention in the health sector and of the dialectical relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state. In all three parts, the focus is on Western European countries and on North America, with many examples and categories drawn from the area of medicine.

Communism↗
PubMed1976

Social class, political power, and the state: their implications in medicine--parts I and II.

This three part article presents an anlysis of the distribution of power and of the nature of the state in Western industrialized societies and details their implications in medicine. Part I presents a critique of contemporary theories of the Western system of power; discusses the countervailing pluralist and power elite theories, as well as those of bureaucratic and professional control; and concludes with an examination of the Marxist theories of economic determinism, structural determinism, and corporate statism. Part II presents a Marxist theory of the role, nature, and characteristics of state intervention. Part III (which will appear in the next issue of this journal) focuses on the mode of that intervention and the reasons for its growth, with an added analysis of the attributes of state intervention in the health sector, and of the dialectical relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state. In all three parts, the focus is on Western European countries and on North America, with many examples and categories from the area of medicine.

Economics↗
PubMed1997

Social theory and social class.

Concepts of class developed with the emergence of industrial society in the nineteenth century. For an understanding of current divisions, theories must reflect the advances of capitalism and the global economy that characterize the late twentieth century. In industrialized societies, reductions in the industrial workforce and the growth of finance, investment and real-estate industries worldwide have produced a new, largely female, service workforce. Large sectors of industry have departed in search of cheaper labour in poorer countries, which also have a rising number of women workers. In those areas, as a result, a new industrial workforce has emerged. Concomitantly, accumulation of land in less developed agricultural regions for production for the world market has led to an increase in mobile agricultural labour and a shift of landless labourers to the cities of less developed countries. In addition, both upward and downward mobility have occurred for individuals and groups in specific populations, as well as for particular diseases in developed and less developed countries. All these processes have precipitated fundamental changes in class, gender and family relationships and transformed the living conditions of populations in both developed and less developed societies. These changes have major implications for the patterns of health and disease in the world today. Objective measures of social change may be difficult to construct and use in epidemiological cancer research. Since questions of class and shifting social relations are directly implicated in the patterns of disease, they must be assessed in future research as accurately as possible.

Developed Countries↗
PubMed2004

Coronary disease in relation to social support and social class in Swedish men. A 15 year follow-up in the study of men born in 1933.

AIMS: Low socio-economic status is a well-known risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), but the evidence concerning social network has been less consistent. In this prospective cohort study of men we sought to estimate the impact of social network factors on the risk of incident coronary heart disease and mortality from all causes. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a population of 741 men aged 50 at baseline 92 new cases of coronary disease were identified over a follow-up period of 15 years. Social factors included occupational class, two measures of social support-- "emotional attachment" and "social integration"-- and a measure of global mental stress. Among the men in the lowest quartile of social integration, there were 13.6 cases (per 1000 observation years), compared to 8.9 in the intermediate two quartiles and 6.0 in the highest quartile (P for trend 0.003). After adjustment for all relevant risk factors the hazard ratio (HR) for the highest, compared with the lowest, quartile was 0.45 (0.24-0.84);P for trend 0.013. Emotional attachment was also associated with significantly reduced risk. The adjusted HR for the lowest quartile was 0.58 (0.37-0.91); P=0.019. No relation between mental stress and risk of CHD, or between low occupational class and risk of CHD was found. CONCLUSION: In this prospective study of men, we found two dimensions of low social support-low social integration and low emotional attachment-to be predictive of coronary morbidity, independently of other risk factors.

Aged↗