Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SINGAPORE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Genital herpes in Singapore.

As in many parts of the world, the incidence of genital herpes has increased in Singapore, the increase occurring sharply from 1982 onwards, and affecting females to a greater extent than males. Peak incidence in both sexes was found to occur in the 15-34 year age group. Changes in sexual practices, a decreasing prevalence of age-specific antibody to herpes simplex type 1 virus in sexually active adults, and greater interest in the disease following publicity in the media, are factors which have contributed to both a real and an apparent increase in incidence. However, the incidence in Malay males is very low, and neonatal herpes is extremely rare in the local population. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is responsible for about 30% of initial genital infections and an even higher proportion of primary genital herpes infections. Approximately 16% of purulent penile ulcers in Singapore are associated with genital herpes infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A decade of PPNG in Singapore.

It has been more than 10 years since PPNG was first diagnosed in Singapore. Since then the prevalence of PPNG has increased progressively, and is now maintained at between 30 to 35% of all gonococcal infections inspite of a decrease in the overall incidence of gonorrhoea in Singapore. PPNG infections have been recorded with all forms of complicated gonorrhoea including pelvic inflammatory disease, ophthalmia and disseminated gonococcal infection. Penicillin alone cannot be used to treat gonorrhoea. The use of antibiotics active against PPNG and NPPNG both in uncomplicated and complicated gonorrhoea as first-line therapy is now essential. The medical cost of treatment of gonorrhoea has increased by 100 to 200% as a result of the emergence of PPNG.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1987

Crohn's disease--a diagnostic rarity in Singapore.

Nine cases of Crohn's disease from the Department of Medicine, Singapore General Hospital were collected over a duration of 9 years (1978-1986). Male (5): Female (4) ratio was nearly equal. Predominantly young people (mean age 30.5 year, range 12-59 year) from all races in Singapore were affected. Presentation could be acute (1), subacute (2), or chronic (6). The commonest symptoms were abdominal pain (8) diarrhoea (6) and weight loss (6). Three patients had a palpable right iliac fossa mass, 3 had definite malabsorption from ileal disease and 1 had perianal involvement leading to an anal stricture. The only extraintestinal manifestations of disease were clubbing and sacroiliatis. Haematological (haemoglobin, total white count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and biochemical (albumin) parameters generally reflected the degree of activity and chronicity of disease prior to presentation. The diagnosis and assessment of disease sites were based on a combination of radiological, endoscopic, operative and histological criteria. Ileal disease (4) per se was commonest followed by ileocolic disease (3) and colonic disease (2). Medical treatment consisted of sulphasalazine +/- steroids in all patients. Azathioprine and metronidazole were used for steroid sparing and perianal disease respectively. Laparotomy was performed in 2 patients. Six patients were well with infrequent (less than or equal to 2 times/year) or no relapses during follow up. Of the remaining three, 2 had either chronically active disease or frequent relapses (greater than 2 times/year) and one severe recurrent disease despite repeated gut resection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Group practice in Singapore.

For a group practice to be successful compatibility of the members of the group is of paramount importance; other important considerations must include mutual respect and common objectives. Despite any high ideals, adequate reward for productivity is always expected by members of the group and any agreement must include an equitable financial distribution. In Singapore with a dentist population of 588, only 97 are involved in group practices. The assistantship type of practice is popular among new graduates who do not have the finance to invest in single-handed practices. Associateships do exist but in view of the increasing over supply of dentists it is envisaged that this type of grouping may not be too common in the future. There are 19 partnership practices in Singapore; a personal example is described to illustrate a successful group practice.

Group Practice, Dental↗
PubMed1986

Social and economic aspects of malaria in Singapore.

Singapore is both receptive and vulnerable to the introduction of malaria because of its location in a malarious zone. The social and economic factors that determined the incidence of malaria included rapid urban and industrial developments which created suitable environmental conditions for the breeding of Anopheles vectors, influx of foreign workers from the endemic countries and increased travel to the malarious areas. The public health significance of the interactions of these factors was exemplified by the occurrence of periodic localized outbreaks. The problem of introduction of drug-resistant falciparum malaria by travellers into the country was another matter of concern. However, the health authorities were fully committed in bringing these problems under control, with political support as well as regional and international collaboration. The result of these efforts was realised in 1982 when Singapore was certified malaria-free by the WHO. The strategies implemented included epidemiological and vector surveillance, health education and environmental health supervision of all major development projects in receptive areas.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1987

Prevalence of mental disorders in the elderly in Singapore--a preliminary report.

A random sample of 1,000 subjects aged 65 or more were selected from the electoral register of 3 constituencies in Singapore. Only 612 subjects could be interviewed at a day centre or at home. The prevalence of dementia in the sample was 1.8% and functional psychiatric disorders 4.3%. In the functional psychiatric disorders, the commonest condition was depression. A review of the literature shows that the prevalence rates of dementia and functional psychiatric disorders in Singapore are low compared to other countries.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Computers in clinical laboratory management in Singapore.

In 1974, an off-line mini-computer system was introduced in the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratories of the Government Department of Pathology in Singapore. With the resiting of the 24-hour emergency biochemistry laboratory on the same floor as the Haematology Department within the new Singapore General Hospital, an on-line computer system was installed in 1983 to serve both the emergency biochemistry and haematology laboratories. An almost identical on-line system was also purchased in 1984 to replace the aged off-line system at the Department of Pathology. A description of the new computer systems based on Eclipse S/140 computers and Medical Information Technology (Meditech) software using Meditech Interpretive Information System (MIIS) language will be given. The specific features required and the selection criteria for the on-line systems are also discussed. The systems are used for the acquisition and processing of all patient and test data of the laboratories, direct capture of data from automated instruments, generation of work schedules and laboratory reports, compilation of work done, workload and revenue statistics and a variety of other reports. Patient cumulative records and quality control statistics are available on a real-time basis, thus greatly facilitating enquiries on patient results and monitoring of analytical performance. Prior experience with an off-line system and careful planning have been helpful in greatly shortening the preparatory period required for the smooth implementation of the on-line systems. Use of the systems has significantly improved laboratory management and has resulted in improved quality, and higher efficiency and productivity.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMed1986

Dental caries status of children and youth in Singapore.

Dental health surveys on Singapore children and youths are reviewed. The survey data showed that Singapore youths had a reduction in DMFT of approximately 55% from 1954 to 1968 while the 1979 survey results showed a small increase in DMFT when compared with 1968 data. In the case of school children the DMFT had dropped from 2.98 in 1970 and 2.61 in 1979 to 1.97 in 1984 for the whole group. The decline in caries incidence could be attributed to water fluoridation, the school dental health programme and dental health education.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Legalized abortion: the Singapore experience.

Abortion has been legal since 1970 in Singapore. This report traces the events leading to the liberalization of abortion laws and examines women's changing attitudes toward abortion, in Singapore. The method of abortion practiced by obstetricians, postabortal sterilization, and the effect of legalized abortion on the incidence of illegal abortion in the country are also examined.

Abortion, Illegal↗
PubMed1985

Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Singapore: comparison with other ASEAN countries.

Singapore is a tropical island city-state with a population of 2.4178 million consisting of Chinese (76.7%), Malays (14.7%), Indians (6.4%) and other races (2.2%). A diabetic survey of the adult population, aged 15 years and above, carried out in 1975, shows that the prevalence of diabetes is 1.99%; it is higher in males (2.36%) than in females (1.64%). It occurs mainly in the age group 40 years and above (5.08%) and is uncommon in the age group 15-39 years (0.40%). In males, the highest prevalence of diabetes (7.0%) is in the age group 45-49 years while in females the highest prevalence (7.2%) is in the age group 55-59 years. 43.3% of the diabetics are of normal weight while 44.3% are overweight and 12.4% are underweight. 59.6% of the diabetics are newly diagnosed while 40.4% are known diabetics; 64.3% of the newly diagnosed diabetics have no symptoms. The prevalence of diabetes among the Indians (6.07%) is significantly higher than that in Malays (2.43%) and Chinese (1.55%). Indian diabetics have a slightly higher positive family history of diabetes (12.7%) than Malays (10.9%) and Chinese (6.5%). Obesity is commoner in Malay diabetics (64.7%) than in Chinese (41.6%) and Indians (35.7%). The possible factors leading to the significantly higher prevalence of diabetes among the Indians compared to the other ethnic groups in Singapore are discussed. It is suggested that the Indian gene is susceptible to diabetes (diabetic genotype) and increased food consumption, altered lifestyle and greater obesity leads to the expression of diabetes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1971

Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Singapore City. 4. Competition between species.

There is a current belief stemming from statements made in the literature that Ae. aegypti is displacing Ae. albopictus in a number of cities of South-East Asia and in Calcutta, India. A critical review of these works showed that either the observations were inconclusive or the methods of collection were biased for one or the other species.Extensive surveys of the larval habitats of the two species in Singapore showed that the sharing of breeding habitats was uncommon in both urban and rural areas. In the laboratory, Ae. aegypti took a slightly shorter time to complete its development from egg-hatching to adult emergence.It is concluded that information available at present is insufficient to interpret the Ae. aegypti-Ae. albopictus population balance resulting from interspecific competition in Singapore. The pattern of distribution of the two species is unlikely to be the result of competitive displacement; it is, rather, probable that this pattern results from factors that favour the rapid increase and spread of one species over the other. It is suggested that Ae. aegypti in the city is favoured by rapid and extensive urbanization and by the higher fecundity and shorter life cycle of the species.

Aedes↗
PubMed1971

Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Singapore City. 5. Observations in relation to dengue haemorrhagic fever.

Dengue haemorrhagic fever in Singapore was a disease of the urban human population, with concentrations of cases occurring in areas of high population density. Mosquito surveys revealed that these areas also had high population densities of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.The disease occurred throughout the year but the incidence of cases appeared to follow a seasonal pattern. Observations from 1966 to 1968 showed that the number of cases increased in April, reached a peak in November, and, thereafter, decreased until the next increase in April of the following year. The epidemic curve generally agreed with the fluctuations of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations, although the latter species appeared to show a better correspondence with the incidence of cases.Six dengue viruses were isolated from the two Aedes species during 1966. One dengue type 2 virus was isolated from a pool of Ae. aegypti and 1 dengue type 1 virus and 4 dengue type 2 viruses were recovered from 5 pools of Ae. albopictus. These viruses were isolated from mosquitos collected during the period of increase in the incidence of cases and in 4 different areas of the city. The dengue virus infection rates per 1 000 mosquitos estimated in the present study were 0.51 for Ae. aegypti and 0.59 for Ae. albopictus.The data obtained in the present study suggest that both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are involved in the transmission of dengue haemorrhagic fever in Singapore.

Aedes↗
PubMed1983

Early gastric cancer in Singapore.

Gastric cancer is one of the commonest malignancies in Singapore. 330 to 350 new cases are reported annually. Only about 8% of these cases undergo curative resection and the rest receive some form of palliative surgery. Early gastric cancer (i.e., cancer limited to mucosa and submucosa) is rarely diagnosed in Singapore. This paper presents 11 cases of early gastric cancer treated successfully by various Departments of Surgery over the past 5 years. All patients are well and free of tumour to date. The aim of this presentation is to remind clinicians of the importance of detecting early gastric cancer which has more than 90% 5 year survival rate.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Fluoridation of public water supplies in Singapore.

Fluoridation of public water supplies as a means of reducing the prevalence of dental caries was introduced in Singapore in 1956. This paper will describe the fluoridation programme, and discuss its role in the prevention of dental decay. Water fluoridation has been advocated by the World Health Organisation in 1958 when the first report by an expert committee concluded that drinking water containing about 1 ppm. fluoride had a marked caries preventive action, and that controlled fluoridation of drinking water was a practicable and effective public health measure. Today, more than 60 countries serving over 330 million people have drinking water which is fluoridated. In Singapore, public water supplies contain 0.7 ppm. fluoride. The efficacy of this programme is reported in follow-up studies. After ten years, mean dmf/DMF reduction of 34.4% was recorded for seven-year old Chinese school children, and 33.6% for the same age group Malay school children. These results are consistent with world-wide studies which show beneficial reduction in carries level in children by 30-80%. Fluoridation of public water supplies is indicated if there is an efficient system of distribution and when there is a moderate-to-high prevalence of dental caries.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Perinatal mortality with particular reference to the Singapore situation.

Perinatal mortality rates have been gradually declining in all countries. The initial decline mainly resulted from improvements in the late foetal mortality rates. Later with improvements in neonatal care, early neonatal mortality rates also improved. The developed countries have consistently shown better results than the developing countries, an indication of the higher standard of living, general health as well as the delivery of health care in these countries. In the Singapore situation, a rapid improvement in perinatal mortality was initially observed due to improvements in the late foetal mortality, followed later by reduction in the early neonatal mortality due to upgrading of neonatal intensive care. The perinatal mortality rate is lowest in the Chinese compared to the Indians and Malays, most likely due to the dietary practices of the three ethnic groups in Singapore; while the Chinese encourage extra nutrition in the pregnant female, the Malays and Indians tend to practise dietary restriction during this period. The improved nutrition of the pregnant mother is a factor in improving the perinatal mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Sickness absence in a Singapore refinery.

Most of the literature on sickness absenteeism is derived from western countries where absenteeism is high and has been rising over the years. Less is known of the situation in the newly developing countries of the east. This paper analyses sickness absenteeism in male industrial employees in a major oil refinery in Singapore in 1982. On average each worker had 5.1 spells and 7.0 working days of absence attributed to illness. Absenteeism increased with age, and shift workers were found to have twice as much sick leave as day workers. However more younger workers had longer durations of absence than older workers. This was because chronic medical conditions more commonly associated with increasing age did not contribute significantly to long spells of absence. A variety of surgical operations, followed by accidents, were the main causes of long absences. The absence rate of 7.0 days per worker was much lower than most of the published data from Europe, and was comparable to two shipyards in Singapore.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1984

Vesico-ureteric reflux in Singapore children--a survey of surgically treated children.

A survey of 29 cases of vesico-ureteric reflux treated surgically at the Department of Paediatric Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, between 1974 and 1981 was carried out to assess the Singapore experience with the disease. There was a 2:1 female predominance but proportionately more males presented before 6 months of age (sex ratio 1:1). In contrast to Caucasian children, the peak incidence is below one year of age, and demonstrates the importance of recognising the condition early in infancy. Correspondingly, the most frequently presenting symptom is fever, as a result of urinary tract infection. In contrast, enuresis is uncommon (unlike in Caucasian children, where the peak incidence is at a later age). There is no predilection to unilateral, bilateral or side of involvement. Ectopia lateralis and patulous ureteric orifices were the most commonly identified structural defects. E. Coli and Klebsiella were the most commonly occurring organisms among those with urinary tract infections, and Ampicillin or Bactrim was adequate for most cases.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Congenital cleft lip and palate in Singapore.

Cleft lip and palate is the most common congenital abnormality seen in the Department of Plastic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital. A total of 461 operative cases seen over a period of 5 years (1977 to 1981) is analysed. There is a relatively high incidence in the Singapore population of 2.0 per 1000 live births. In both cleft lip and cleft palate deformities, there is no significant difference in the sex distribution. The cleft patterns show that 78% of the cases are unilateral clefts, 53% are left sided, 25% are right sided and 22% of the cases are bilateral clefts.

Asian People↗