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PubMedDate not supplied

Medical facilities environmental concerns and the role of the hospital sanitarian.

The hospital setting is an environmental microcosm with many characteristics similar to the general environment with some unique characteristics. Yet trained environmental experts are in short supply within medical facilities, resulting in other disciplines trying to meet the need. A Hospital Sanitarian is the most likely candidate to assume the responsibility for environmental health in a hospital setting. The author examines the common environmental concerns in hospitals: Food Service, Central Sterile Supply, Laundry, Housekeeping, Infection Control, Infectious Waste, Toxic Substances, and Pest Control. The Sanitarian's proficiencies are described in relation to these areas as well as major obstacles to the Sanitarian entering this specialty area. Discussed are education, internal resistance, and the Sanitarian's own sense of professionalism. The ability of this environmental health professional to make the transition may be dictated by the strength of the profession. Recommendations include specialized certification for the Hospital Sanitarian which would offer a potent force in working with other hospital specialists to ensure a safe and sanitary environment.

Cross Infection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hospital renovation projects: phased construction requires planning at its best.

Building a new hospital facility is a difficult task, but adding onto and renovating an existing structure while normal activity continues is even more difficult. Project planners, designers, contractors, and hospital managers must carefully program the joint effort of construction and hospital operation. Several factors in the construction process and potential problems for hospital operations are described to help hospital managers better anticipate difficulties before plans are finalized and construction commences.

Elevators and Escalators↗
PubMed1999

Diarrhoea following contamination of drinking water with copper.

Three cases of children with suspected copper intoxication from the drinking water are described. The children presented with protracted diarrhoea, which promptly disappeared, when they were given drinking water of low copper concentration but reappeared when given their domestic water. It is concluded that the use of copper tubing in the water pipes may under certain circumstances result in the presence of copper in the drinking water and the risk of intoxication, especially in small children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Chronic poisoning by copper in tap water: I. Copper intoxications with predominantly gastointestinal symptoms.

Copper can induce acute and chronic intoxications in humans. Copper in tap water has caused a series of severe systemic diseases in Germany in recent years (copper induced liver cirrhosis). Besides cirrhosis, another type of disease with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms has occurred which likewise appeared to be induced by copper in tap water. - In a retrospective investigation we looked for additional indications and proof that chronic copper poisoning has been the cause of the observed gastrointestinal diseases. All patients suffering from this type of disease had copper plumbing in their houses. - The patients (children and adults) suffered from nausea, vomiting, colic, and diarrhoea. In the group of infants, one refused formula milk (prepared with tap water) and the others suffered from persistent restlessness, unexplainable screaming (especially at night) and/or long lasting diaper rash. - We accept the diagnosis of chronic copper intoxication as the cause of the gastrointestinal symptoms when at least one of the following criteria were fulfilled: 1. first manifestation, remission and relapse of the disease depend on intake and a non-intake of water containing copper, respectively. 2. hypercupric state of the patients (i.e. pathological high concentrations of the non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper in serum and/or elevated copper levels in urine) 3. signs of systemic copper intoxication in the same patient 4. signs of systemic copper intoxication or hypercupric states in members of the patient s family or in his neighbourhood (non-relatives) - We found that the disease can even be caused by copper concentrations below the allowed concentration given by the German Guidelines for Drinking Water (Trinkwasserverordnung). - The data prove that copper in drinking water can cause gastrointestinal diseases and not only the better known systemic diseases (i.e. copper induced liver cirrhosis). Copper poisoning must be considered as a possible cause of chronic gastrointestinal diseases in those countries in which copper plumbing is common.

Adolescent↗