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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Dissociation of recognition memory components following temporal lobe lesions.

It has been proposed that recognition decisions are based on contextual retrieval of specific trace information, in addition to an assessment of item strength. The retrieval component is maximal after a single presentation, whereas the strength component increases with multiple repetition. We report that unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) in the language dominant (left) hemisphere impairs initial recognition accuracy without affecting the rate at which repetition improves performance. The implication that the temporal lobe contributes to retrieval rather than strength during recognition is supported by simultaneous event-related potential (ERP) recordings. In normal subjects, the large ERP difference between repeated and nonrepeated words does not increase with increasing study and is associated with contextual integration in other tasks. Thus, the lack of a repetition-induced ERP difference after left-ATL reported here provides converging evidence for a critical role of the temporal lobe in contextual retrieval during recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Infant recognition memory: studies in forgetting.

In a series of studies on delayed recognition and forgetting, the failure of 22-week-old infants to recognize which of 2 face photos (e.g., man or woman) had been previously exposed was shown to be influenced by what the infant saw during a retention interval. Highly similar intervening targets (other face photos) consistently produced failure of recognition. Targets intermediate in similarity (rotated photos) or of low similarity (line drawings) had little effect. Forgetting due to interference with high-similarity targets was shown to be temporary in nature, however, with recovery of recognition occurring after longer retention intervals and forgetting easily offset by further, brief exposure to the familiar stimulus.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1996

[Nonlinearity of interference in recognition memory for multiple contexts].

It is logically inferred that in a recognition judgment, subjects unconsciously discriminate an experimental episode from past episodes concerning the test item. This implies that the interference effect reported in the list specific recognition task (Anderson & Bower, 1974) must also appear in the standard recognition judgment. This paper investigated the nature of such an interference effect. In the experiment subjects were presented with a target list following non-target lists, and then performed a YES-NO recognition test. Each previously-studied list contained both targets and distracters in a different order. The subjects were divided into four groups according to the number of prior study lists (0, 1, 2, 3). Results indicate that recognition performance deteriorated as the number of prior lists increased. The most important result was that the rate of increase of the interference effect, especially when estimated based on the increment of false alarms, decreased as the number of prior lists increased. This paper calls this phenomenon non-linearity of interference effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Neuronal activity in the human medial temporal lobe during recognition memory.

Human medial temporal lobe neuronal activity and event-related potentials were recorded during the following behaviours: contextual recognition of words and faces, semantic discrimination of nonwords from words, and discrimination of stimulus classes based on perceptual attributes. Three distinct classes of behavioural correlates of unit activity were demonstrated by visual inspection of peristimulus histograms and by nonparametric statistics: (1) neuronal excitation during a keypress related to the subject's choice; (2) specific and nonspecific excitation to words; (3) excitation or inhibition to rare stimuli in a sensory discrimination task. Responses specifically to familiar (as opposed to unfamiliar) words or faces, or to tasks requiring recent memory per se were never seen. Keypress excitation was relatively common (32/76 units) and occurred regardless of whether the keypress target was a repeated or nonrepeated word, or the task required recent or remote semantic memory. In a more complex recognition task utilizing two responses and an imperative cue for the patient's response, units with prior keypress excitation failed to generate the response. This suggests that keypress excitation is not strictly tied either to response choice or to generation. The onset latencies and temporal relationship to event-related potentials of the nonspecific and specific excitation to words and the excitation to rare stimuli suggest that they represent contextual encoding of stimuli. Similar evidence suggests that the inhibition to rare stimuli represents inhibitory processes terminating contextual encoding. Thus human medial temporal lobe neurons seem to contribute information during successive stages of a cognitive stimulus-response task: contextual encoding, closure and response-selection.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1984

Further evidence that amygdala and hippocampus contribute equally to recognition memory.

The medial temporal neuropathology found in an amnesic neurosurgical patient [17] was simulated in monkeys in an attempt to determine whether the patient's mnemonic disorder, which had been ascribed to bilateral hippocampal destruction, may have also been due in part to unilateral amygdaloid removal. For this purpose, monkeys were prepared with bilateral hippocampectomy combined with unilateral amygdalectomy, and (as a control) bilateral amygdalectomy combined with unilateral hippocampectomy. The animals were trained both before and after surgery on a one-trial visual recognition task requiring memory of single objects for 10 sec each and then given a postoperative performance test in which their one-trial recognition ability was taxed with longer delays (up to 2 min) and longer lists (up to 10 objects). The two groups, which did not differ reliably at any stage, obtained average scores on the performance test 75 and 80%, respectively. Comparison with the results of an earlier experiment [8] indicates that this performance level lies approximately midway between that of monkeys with amygdaloid or hippocampal removals alone (91%) and that of monkeys with combined amygdalo-hippocampal removals (60%). The results point to a direct quantitative relationship between degree of recognition impairment and amount of conjoint damage to the amygdala and hippocampus irrespective of the specific structure involved. Evidence from neurosurgical cases tested in visual recognition [21] indicates that the same conclusion may apply to man.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2005

Conjunction errors in recognition memory: modality-free errors for older adults but not for young adults.

A dual-process theory of memory was applied to processes in normal aging, with a focus on recognition errors in the feature-conjunction paradigm (i.e., false recognition of blackbird after studying parent words blackmail and/or jailbird). Study repetition was manipulated so that some parent words occurred once and others occurred three times. Age-related differences on hit scores occurred for two experiments. The results for feature and conjunction conditions showed repetition effects but no age-related differences when participants were uninformed of the lures (Experiment 1). However, age-related differences emerged when the retrieval of modality source information created a way to evade conjunction errors (Experiment 2). In the second experiment, study repetition decreased errors for the young adults but increased errors for the older adults, and young adults were better able than older adults to avoid conjunction errors when the parent words had been repeated. For older adults, the conjunction errors were modality-free. The results provide additional evidence that older adults experience difficulty in recollecting aspects of a study experience, and the results from groups of young adults required to respond quickly on the tests provide converging evidence for this conclusion.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Signal-detection analysis of hemispheric differences in visual recognition memory.

In the present experiment, subjects decided on each trial whether or not a unilaterally presented probe digit was a member of a previously memorized set of two, three, or four digits. The probe was presented at a near-threshold duration and followed by a visual pattern mask. Signal-detection estimates of detectability and response bias were obtained from subjects' confidence ratings regarding their decisions. The detectability of the probe in memory was significantly better when the probe was presented to the right visual field-left hemisphere than when presented to the left visual field-right hemisphere. The response criterion became significantly more lax as memory-set size increased, but only for probes presented to the left visual field-right hemisphere. The present results are consistent with reaction-time studies using verbal stimuli that indicate a left hemisphere advantage in the efficiency of memory comparison.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Frequency-specific effects of flicker on recognition memory.

The functions of the electroencephalographic rhythms are uncertain. Correlational evidence has linked 10-12Hz alpha rhythms to memory formation in healthy people. Moreover, loss of 10Hz alpha correlates with memory problems in Alzheimer's disease. Going beyond mere correlation, brain stimulation or peptides that alter electroencephalographic rhythms can modulate behaviour and enhance memory in rats. This latter finding fits with evidence that electroencephalogram-frequency stimulation can enhance long-term potentiation, the neural basis of memory. I aimed to test if manipulations of alpha-frequency electroencephalographic activity enhance human memory. Flicker provides an experimental means of modulating the human electroencephalogram: 9-12Hz flicker can entrain alpha-like activity. In rats, the frequency-specificity of brain stimulation's behavioural effects excludes the possibility that they result from non-specific (i.e. non-electroencephalographic) mechanisms. I tested if flicker manipulations would show analogous frequency-specific effects in man. In view of the above correlational data, I predicted that flicker at 10Hz (a frequency near to the peak power of endogenous alpha) would enhance human memory, but adjacent frequencies (8.7 and 11.7 Hz) would not. The results confirmed this prediction. This suggests that 10Hz electroencephalographic alpha subserves memory formation in man: 10Hz flicker enhances memory in healthy people and may have therapeutic potential in memory disorders.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perception and recognition memory in monkeys following lesions of area TE and perirhinal cortex.

Monkeys with lesions of perirhinal cortex (PR group) and monkeys with lesions of inferotemporal cortical area TE (TE group) were tested on a modified version of the delayed nonmatching to sample (DNMS) task that included very short delay intervals (0.5 sec) as well as longer delay intervals (1 min and 10 min). Lesions of the perirhinal cortex and lesions of area TE produced different patterns of impairment. The PR group learned the DNMS task as quickly as normal monkeys (N) when the delay between sample and choice was very short (0.5 sec). However, performance of the PR group, unlike that of the N group, fell to chance levels when the delay between sample and choice was lengthened to 10 min. In contrast to the PR group, the TE group was markedly impaired on the DNMS task even at the 0.5-sec delay, and three of four monkeys with TE lesions failed to acquire the task. The results provide support for the idea that perirhinal cortex is important not for perceptual processing, but for the formation and maintenance of long-term memory. Area TE is important for the perceptual processing of visual stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Disembedding performance and recognition memory in autism/PDD.

This study explored the claim that superior disembedding performance in autism reflects "less capture by meaning" and/or reduced "central coherence" [Shah & Frith, Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 24, 613-620 (1983); Shah & Frith, Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 34, 1351-1364 (1993)]. Meaningless as well as meaningful disembedding contexts were used, and memory for contextual information was examined. Neither qualitative (search strategy) nor quantitative (RT or accuracy) data indicated that high-functioning individuals with autism/PDD were superior to younger, developmentally matched controls. For both groups, disembedding was slowest from meaningful contexts, which generally were remembered best. No evidence was provided for "less capture by meaning" or reduced "central coherence" in autism/PDD, raising the possibility that earlier findings reflect a developmental, rather than a stable autism-specific, phenomenon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Effect of depth of processing on recognition memory for normal and inverted photographs of faces.

40 undergraduates categorized photographs of faces on the basis of sex or liking and then attempted to recognize them in normal or inverted orientations. For photographs which were normally oriented, accuracy and confidence were greater for pictures initially categorized for liking than for pictures initially categorized for sex. However, for inverted photographs, accuracy and confidence scores did not differ as a function of initial judgement, although they were generally poorer for the inverted than normal faces. Finally, subjects more often correctly recalled the initial category for normal than for inverted photographs, although both levels were close to chance. These findings are interpreted as being more consistent with a semantic than a feature model of facial representation.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Recognition memory and awareness: occurrence of perceptual effects in remembering or in knowing depends on conscious resources at encoding, but not at retrieval.

We report four experiments in which a remember-know paradigm was combined with a response deadline procedure in order to assess memory awareness in fast, as compared with slow,recognition judgments. In the experiments, we also investigated the perceptual effects of study-test congruence, either for picture size or for speaker's voice, following either full or divided attention at study. These perceptual effects occurred in remembering with full attention and in knowing with divided attention, but they were uninfluenced by recognition speed, indicating that their occurrence in remembering or knowing depends more on conscious resources at encoding than on those at retrieval. The results have implications for theoretical accounts of remembering and knowing that assume that remembering is more consciously controlled and effortful, whereas knowing is more automatic and faster.

Association Learning↗
PubMed2001

The variance theory of the mirror effect in recognition memory.

The mirror effect refers to a rather general empirical finding showing that, for two classes of stimuli, the class with the higher hit rates also has a lower false alarm rate. In this article, a parsimonious theory is proposed to account for the mirror effect regarding, specifically, high- and low-frequency items and the associated receiver-operating curves. The theory is implemented in a recurrent network in which one layer represents items and the other represents contexts. It is shown that the frequency mirror effect is found in this simple network if the decision is based on counting the number of active nodes in such a way that performance is optimal or near optimal. The optimal performance requires that the number of active nodes is low, only nodes active in the encoded representation are counted, the activation threshold is set between the old and the new distributions, and normalization is based on the variance of the input. Owing to the interference caused by encoding the to-be-recognized item in several preexperimental contexts, the variance of the input to the context layer is greater for high- than for low-frequency items, which yields lower hit rates and higher false alarm rates for high- than for low-frequency items. Although initially the theory was proposed to account for the mirror effect with respect to word frequency, subsequent simulations have shown that the theory also accounts for strength-based mirror effects within a list and between lists. In this case, consistent with experimental data, the variance theory suggests that focusing attention to the more difficult class within a list affects the hit rate, but not the false alarm rate and not the standard deviations of the underlying density, leading to no mirror effect.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Revisiting the role of recollection in item versus forced-choice recognition memory.

Many memory theorists have assumed that forced-choice recognition tests can rely more on familiarity, whereas item (yes-no) tests must rely more on recollection. In actuality, several studies have found no differences in the contributions of recollection and familiarity underlying the two different test formats. Using word frequency to manipulate stimulus characteristics, the present study demonstrated that the contributions of recollection to item versus forced-choice tests is variable. Low word frequency resulted in significantly more recollection in an item test than did a forced-choice procedure, but high word frequency produced the opposite result. These results clearly constrain any uniform claim about the degree to which recollection supports responding in item versus forced-choice tests.

Association Learning↗