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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Enteral nutrition in patients with respiratory disease.

Nutritional assessment and management is an important therapeutic modality in patients with respiratory disease. Malnutrition adversely affects respiratory function. Nutritional therapy for the spontaneously breathing patient should include an appropriate diet plus the consideration of nutritional supplements. Complete nutritional support should be undertaken with enteral nutrition in critically ill patients with respiratory failure. Nutritional complications occur. Overfeeding can lead to nutritionally associated hypercapnia.

Enteral Nutrition↗
PubMed1991

The effect of isoprinosine and levamisole on factors relevant to protection of calves against respiratory disease.

Experiments to characterize the effects of two immunomodulators, namely, isoprinosine and levamisole, on factors relevant to the resistance of calves to respiratory infection were undertaken. Daily oral doses of isoprinosine decreased the influx of neutrophils into the respiratory tract, increased membrane immunoglobulin and complement receptor expression on cells from bronchoalveolar lavage samples and decreased the severity of respiratory disease. Additional intravenous doses produced similar effects on neutrophil migration to the respiratory tract and on membrane receptor expression, but the changes were no greater than those seen with oral isoprinosine alone. No significant changes in the anti-bacterial activity of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage samples followed isoprinosine treatment. In vitro incubation of pulmonary alveolar macrophages harvested from normal calves with isoprinosine increased their expression of immunoglobulin and complement receptors. Levamisole did not affect neutrophil migration to the lower respiratory tract or membrane receptor expression by pulmonary alveolar macrophages after in vivo or in vitro treatment. The immunomodulatory effects of isoprinosine beneficially increase the resistance of calves to respiratory disease, and are potentially useful in the control of infectious diseases of farm animals.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

[A measure of chronic respiratory disease questionnaire for clinical trail].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Chronic respiratory disease questionnaire (CRQ) in China. METHOD: Sixty-eight patients with chronic respiratory disease who were in hospital from January to November, 1999 were surveyed with CRQ. Eighteen patients were investigated repeatedly with CRQ in one week to test the reliability; before and the 10th day after treatment, 50 patients were surveyed twice with CRQ and the peakflow of these patients were also detected. The same doctor explained questionnaires and tested peakflow. RESULTS: The correlated analysis of reliability was positive (r = 0.732, P < 0.01). The correlated analysis between the difference of twice-questionnaire scores and the difference of twice-peakflow value was also positive (r = 0.565, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: CRQ can be used by the clinical doctors of China.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Clinical signs, evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and assessment of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association among clinical signs, results of cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and measures of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease. ANIMALS: 9 healthy horses, 5 horses with inflammatory airway disease (IAD), and 9 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PROCEDURES: Clinical examination, lung function tests, and BAL were performed on each horse. RESULTS: Standard lung mechanics of horses with exacerbated COPD differed significantly from those of healthy horses; however, there were few differences among horses with IAD, horses with COPD during remission, and healthy horses. Most variables for forced expiration (FE) in horses with COPD or IAD differed significantly from those for healthy horses. Results of clinical examination had low to moderate sensitivity and predictive values for a diagnosis of COPD (range, 67 to 80%). Results of FE tests had high sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for a diagnosis of COPD (79 to 100%), and results of standard lung mechanics tests had low sensitivity and predictive values (22 to 69%). Percentage of neutrophils in BAL fluid was highly sensitive (100%) but moderately specific (64%) for a diagnosis of COPD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinical examination is moderately accurate for establishing a diagnosis of COPD. Forced expiration tests can specifically detect early signs of airway obstruction in horses with COPD and IAD that may otherwise be inapparent. Cytologic evaluation of BAL fluid allows early detection of inflammatory respiratory disease, but it is not specific for COPD.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Air quality and respiratory disease in Newcastle, New South Wales.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate respiratory illnesses in the Newcastle region, their change over time, and their geographic relationship to industrialised areas. DESIGN: We analysed admissions to public hospitals by postcode area in the Newcastle region, for all causes and for all the various respiratory causes, for the years 1979-1988. Comparisons were made between the State of New South Wales and the Newcastle area, and between geographic areas within Newcastle. Changes over the 10-year period were noted. RESULTS: For both all causes and respiratory causes, admission rates to Newcastle hospitals, 1979-1988, were significantly lower than those for the rest of New South Wales in 1986. There was a correlation between living in the industrial part of the city and hospital admission for all causes and respiratory causes. There was also a correlation between mean disposable family income and hospital admissions, with those areas with the higher incomes having lower admission rates. Over the 10 years studied there was a statistically significant decline in admissions for respiratory causes, both in absolute terms and after controlling for changes in admissions for all causes. In children aged 0-14 years a significant increase in admissions for asthma occurred between 1979 and 1988, which could not be explained by diagnostic shift. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of hospital statistics, the members of the Newcastle population seem little different from those in the remainder of New South Wales. From 1979-1988, the efforts by industry, with the support of the community, to reduce industrial pollution have been accompanied by a reduction in hospital admission rates for respiratory diseases in general and for chronic obstructive lung disease in older people. Other contributing factors include reduced smoking rates and improved medical management. Correlations between geographic location and respiratory admission rates may be a manifestation of social class rather than poor air quality, although a contribution from the latter cannot be discounted. A concomitant rise in asthma admission rates in children aged 0-14 is likely to be unrelated to any change in air quality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Surfactant replacement therapy for non-respiratory distress syndrome neonatal respiratory disease--research or clinical application?

Research studies have highlighted both physiological and pathological evidence to incriminate surfactant abnormality and/or deficiency in many neonatal respiratory diseases. Data from animal models and clinical studies support the concept that surfactant replacement therapy (SRT) may have a role to play in such problems. There is now, therefore, a need to perform further randomized controlled trials to assess the appropriate clinical application of SRT in non-respiratory distress syndrome neonatal respiratory disease.

Hernia, Diaphragmatic↗
PubMed1998

The spectrum of respiratory disease associated with exposure to metal working fluids.

Occupational respiratory diseases have been reported following exposure to metal working fluids. We report a spectrum of respiratory illnesses occurring in an outbreak in 30 workers of an automobile parts engine manufacturing plant. Workers presented with respiratory complaints and, after clinical and laboratory evaluations, were classified as those having hypersensitivity pneumonitis, occupational asthma, or industrial bronchitis, or those without occupational lung disease. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis affected seven workers, with six exhibiting serum precipitins to Acinetobacter Iwoffii. Occupational asthma and industrial bronchitis affected 12 and six workers, respectively. Oil-mist exposures were below current recommendations. Gram-negative bacteria, but no fungi, Thermophiles, or Legionella, were identified. Although specific agents responsible for each individual case could not be identified, probably both specific sensitizing agents and non-specific irritants from metal working fluids, additives, or contaminants contributed to this spectrum of occupational respiratory illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Interpretive criteria for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of ceftiofur against bacteria associated with swine respiratory disease.

Ceftiofur, an extended-spectrum cephalosporin, is active against a variety of animal pathogens, including organisms associated with swine respiratory disease. However, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoint and disk diffusion interpretive criteria have not been established for swine pathogens. Susceptibility tests were performed by broth microdilution MIC and disk diffusion methods on 246 bacterial species that cause swine respiratory disease. Ceftiofur was active against Salmonella sp., Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, and Escherichia coli but was not active against Bordetella bronchiseptica measured by MIC. Based on pharmacokinetic studies of ceftiofur in swine after a single intramuscular injection of 3 or 5 mg/kg body weight of ceftiofur and on the MIC and disk diffusion data, we recommend MIC breakpoints and disk diffusion distances, respectively, of < or = 2 micrograms/ml and > or = 21 mm for susceptible, 4 micrograms/ml and 18-20 mm for intermediate, and > or = 8 micrograms/ml and > or = 17 mm for resistant classification for swine pathogens. When these breakpoints were applied to data from a previous study using bovine pathogens, only 1 minor interpretive error occurred.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae↗
PubMed1996

Allergic respiratory diseases and environmental pollution: experience in the printing/paper-manufacturing industry.

Several studies have shown a correlation between airborne pollutants and respiratory disorders. To determine whether professional exposure to industrial pollution might represent a risk factor for allergic respiratory diseases, we administered allergologic tests to 275 workers employed in a paper-making/printing factory and to a control population composed of 160 office workers from the same urban area. All subjects were evaluated on the basis of personal and family histories, the results of prick tests with common airborne allergens, specific serum IgE levels, pulmonary function test, and standard chest radiography. The percentage of subjects with allergies in the factory-worker group (67/275; 24.4%) was significantly higher than that observed among the office workers (20/160; 12.5%) (chi-square test: 8.17; P < 0.01). Of the 67 factory workers with allergies, 94% had histories of daily exposure to aliphatic hydrocarbons. The results of this study indicate that exposure to the latter type of industrial pollutants is associated with a significantly higher prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The risk of nonvertebral fracture related to inhaled corticosteroid exposure among adults with chronic respiratory disease.

OBJECTIVE: To examine nonvertebral fracture risk in relation to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) exposure among adults with respiratory disease. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Nested case-control study within a cohort of 89,877 UnitedHealthcare members aged > or = 40 years with physician insurance claims for COPD or asthma, enrolled for > or = 1 year from January 1, 1997 to June 30, 2001. METHODS: Cases (n = 1,722) represented patients with a first treated nonvertebral fracture (the index date is the first fracture claim). Control subjects (n = 17,220) were randomly selected from the person-time and assigned a random index date. ICS exposure was ascertained 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months before the index date, with estimated cumulative dose through 0 to 6 months, 7 to 12 months, and 0 to 12 months. Covariates included demographics, oral corticosteroid and other medication exposure, comorbidities, and indicators of respiratory disease severity. Odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for all covariates were estimated by logistic regression. RESULTS: No increased fracture risk with ICS exposure as a class or with fluticasone propionate alone was detected. ORs for exposure in the preceding 30 days were 1.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89 to 1.24), 1.13 (95% CI, 0.90 to 1.40), and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.78 to 1.21) for all ICS, fluticasone propionate, and other ICS, respectively. No dose-response effect was present. Among patients with COPD only (n = 6,932), no increased risk was found for recent ICS exposure (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.25). CONCLUSIONS: Concern about nonvertebral fracture risk should not strongly influence the decision to use recommended doses of ICS for adult patients with asthma or COPD in managed-care settings in the United States. This study could not evaluate very-high ICS dose, long-term ICS exposure, or vertebral fracture risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Higher lifetime prevalence of respiratory diseases in panic disorder?

Current and past frequencies of respiratory diseases were assessed in 30 patients with panic disorder, 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, and 30 patients with eating disorders. Lifetime prevalence of respiratory disorders was significantly higher in patients with panic disorder (47%) than in patients with either obsessive-compulsive disorder (13%) or eating disorder (13%). Point prevalences showed no differences.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Respiratory disease (rhinotracheitis) in turkeys in Brittany, France, 1981-1982. I. Field observations and serology.

During the summer of 1981, a respiratory disease epidemic occurred in turkeys in Brittany, France. Since this initial epizootic, which lasted through fall, epizootic waves similar to the initial one have occurred at approximately 6-month intervals, with smaller peaks at 2-month intervals. The epidemiology, clinical signs, and postmortem findings were highly suggestive of an epizootic of chlamydiosis. Serological tests for chlamydia, paramyxoviruses, avian influenza, adenovirus 127, mycoplasma, and Alcaligenes faecalis were conducted. The chlamydia tests were the only ones consistently positive.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A Pasteurella sp associated with respiratory disease in captive desert tortoises.

Bacteria isolated from captive healthy desert tortoises were compared with bacteria from captive tortoises with respiratory illness and with bacteria from free-ranging tortoises from the Mojave Desert. Major differences were not observed among these groups when bacteria from the mouth, nares, trachea, lungs, and cloaca were compared. Frequently encountered organisms in all 3 groups included: coagulase-negative, catalase-positive, gram-positive cocci; Corynebacterium sp; members of Enterobacteriaceae, including Proteus spp; and a bacterium apparently belonging to the genus Pasteurella. The Pasteurella sp was consistently found to be associated with respiratory lesions in captive tortoises with signs of respiratory disease but was also found to be part of the gastrointestinal and nasal flora of healthy tortoises. It was hypothesized that respiratory disease in captive desert tortoises involves a commensal bacterium with the potential to be an opportunistic pathogen when the tortoise is stressed by a captive environment.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Calf respiratory disease and pen microenvironments in naturally ventilated calf barns in winter.

Relationships between air quality, a variety of environmental risk factors, and calf respiratory health were studied in 13 naturally ventilated calf barns during winter. A minimum of 12 preweaned calves were randomly selected and scored for the presence of respiratory disease in each barn. An air sampling device was used to determine airborne bacteria colony-forming units per cubic meter (cfu/m3) of air in calf pens and central alleys within the barns. Airborne bacteria samples were collected on sheep blood agar (BAP) and eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar plates. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded in each calf pen, the barn alley, and outside the barn. Samples of bedding were collected in each pen and DM was measured. Pen bedding type and a calf nesting score (degree to which the calves could nestle into the bedding) was assigned to each barn. Calf numbers, barn and pen dimensions, ridge, eave, and curtain openings, and exterior wind speed and direction were determined and used to estimate building ventilation rates. Factors that were significantly associated with a reduced prevalence of respiratory disease were reduced pen bacterial counts (log10 cfu/m3) on BAP, presence of a solid barrier between each calf pen, and increased ability to nest. Individual calf pen bacterial counts were significantly different from barn alley bacterial counts on both BAP and EMB. Significant factors associated with reduced calf pen bacterial counts on BAP were increasing pen area, increasing number of open planes of the calf pen, decreasing pen temperature, and wood-particle bedding. Significant factors associated with reduced alley bacterial counts on BAP were increased ventilation changes per hour, increased barn volume per kilogram of calf, reduced pen bacterial counts, and barn type.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

[Clinical studies on te concentration of cefaclor in sera and lung tissues of patients with respiratory diseases].

A 500 mg dose of cefaclor (CCL) was administered orally before surgery to each of patients with respiratory diseases and in fasting. Average concentrations of CCL in sera were 4.04 micrograms/ml at 1.5 hours, 3.03 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 1.68 microgram/ml at 3 hours and 0.45 microgram/ml at 5 hours after administration. Average concentrations in lung tissues during operation were 0.120 microgram/g at 3 hours, 0.272 microgram/g at 4 hours and 0.297 microgram/g at 5 hours after administration. Ratios of concentrations of CCL in lung tissues to that in sera were from 7.1 to 66.0 percent. The CCL was considered to be a useful antibiotic for the treatment of patients with respiratory diseases.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

The association between serological evidence of mycoplasma infection and respiratory disease in feedlot calves.

Calves from five Ontario feedlots were bled on arrival and approximately 28 days later. Calves treated during this interval for undifferentiated respiratory disease were classified as cases and untreated calves were classified as controls. Serum was titrated blindly for antibodies to Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma dispar. Indirect hemagglutination titers of 1:20 or more were assumed to reflect recent or current exposure, whereas 1:10 or less were not. The titers to M. bovis increased in all feedlots indicating active infection. The initial titers to M. dispar were higher than the titers against M. bovis, yet they increased in all feedlots except one, suggesting widespread infection with this organism. There was an increased risk (although not statistically significant) of being treated if the titer against M. bovis rose during the period. Calves with low M. dispar titers on arrival were at increased risk of being treated and titer increases were strongly associated with treatment (statistically significant). Thus, the serological results indicate high prevalence of M. bovis and M. dispar in the feedlot calves and that calves with increasing titers in particular to M. dispar are at increased risk of being treated for respiratory disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Traffic intensity, dwelling value, and hospital admissions for respiratory disease among the elderly in Montreal (Canada): a case-control analysis.

BACKGROUND: Persons exposed to residential traffic have increased rates of respiratory morbidity and mortality. As poverty is an important determinant of ill health, some have argued that these associations may relate to the lower socioeconomic status of those living along major roads. AIMS: The objective was to evaluate the association between traffic intensity at home and hospital admissions for respiratory disease among Montreal residents of 60 years and older. METHODS: Case hospitalisations were those with respiratory diagnoses and control hospitalisations were those where the primary discharge diagnosis was non-respiratory. Morning peak traffic estimates from the EMME/2 Montreal traffic model (MOTREM98) were used as an indicator of exposure to road traffic outside the homes of those hospitalised. The crude association between traffic intensity and hospitalisation for respiratory disease was adjusted by an area based estimate of the appraised value of patients' residences, expressed as a dollar average over a small segment of road (lodging value). This indicator of socioeconomic status, as calculated from the Montreal property assessment database, is available at a finer geographical scale than the neighbourhood socioeconomic indicators accessible from the Canadian census. RESULTS: Increased odds of being hospitalised for a respiratory compared with a control diagnosis were associated with higher levels of estimated road traffic nearby patients' homes, even after adjustment for lodging value (crude OR 1.35, CI95% 1.22 to 1.49; adjusted OR 1.18, CI95% 1.06 to 1.31 for >3160 vehicles passing during the three hour morning traffic peak compared with secondary roads off network). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that road traffic intensity itself, may affect the respiratory health of elderly residents of a large Canadian city, an association that is not solely a reflection of socioeconomic status.

Aged↗