Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “RESINS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

[Interchangeability of resin composites and bonding agents based on bis-GMA or UDMA].

Recently, dentin bonding systems have been released separately from the resin composites, because the adhesive systems have been quickly improved. Since the merit of each material should be effectively utilized for each clinical case, the bonding systems and resin composites produced by different manufacturers may be combined according to the clinical purpose. The current restorative resins are basically categorized into two groups according to the main resin monomer, bis-GMA or UDMA resins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interchangeability between the bonding systems and resin composites, which were made by different manufacturers. Two bonding systems and five resin composites based on bis-GMA or UDMA were used in this study. The evaluation was performed by the tensile bond strength, fracture modes, and SEM observation, using the dentin surface of freshly-extracted bovine teeth. The highest bond strength (19.2 MPa) was shown by the combination of LBII sigma and AP-X. The bond strengths of nine other combinations were not statistically different (p > 0.05). There were many cohesive failures in dentin or resin composite, using all combinations. From the results, it was concluded that the interchangeability of the resin composites and bonding systems should be clinically acceptable.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Light and scanning electron microscopy of the inner surfaces of resins used in direct pulp capping.

PURPOSE: To investigate with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the inner surface of the resin restorative used as a direct pulp capping. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Class V cavities were prepared on the facial surfaces of 90 intact monkey teeth, and the pulps were intentionally exposed with a carbide bur through the cavity floor. Each exposed pulp was capped with one of three commercially available adhesive resin systems (BondWell LC, GC; Imperva Bond, Shofu; Clearfil Liner Bond II, Kuraray). The cavities were restored with an adhesive resin and a hybrid resin-based composite. Histopathological changes of the mechanically exposed pulp were evaluated at 3, 30 and 60 days postoperatively. The interface between the resin and pulp tissues on the inner surface of the resin restorative was observed by SEM. RESULTS: Bacterial penetration along the cavity walls and pulp tissue could not be detected in any specimen. Slight inflammatory cell infiltration was the main initial reaction, while dentin bridge formation was the major long-term reaction in all groups. The resin surface adjacent to the etched cavity floor contained numerous resin tags corresponding to the dentin tubules. Remnants of pulpo-dentin complex, such as fragments of blood clots, pulpal cell, and dentin were also seen scattered along the inner resin surface.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of interfacial bond quality on the direction of polymerization shrinkage flow in resin composite restorations.

Shrinkage in light curing resin composites is assumed to be directed toward the light source. However, the strong bond at the dentin-resin interface achieved by newer generation dentin bonding systems may affect the direction of polymerization shrinkage. In this study, various curing modes of adhesive resin simulating different bond qualities were applied to determine the extent of interfacial gap formation with a scanning electron microscope. We also measured the free surface depression with a profilometer. The direction of polymerization shrinkage was inferred from the ratio of the interfacial gap measurement at the floor to the free surface depression. Various curing modes used in this study include Group 1: light curing of resin composite without the bonding agent as the negative control; Group 2: simultaneous light curing of the bonding agent and resin composite; Group 3: start of the chemical cure of the dual-cured bonding agent before light curing the resin composite; Group 4: curing the light-initiated bonding agent before insertion and light curing of the resin composite. When the bonding agent was light cured prior to inserting the resin composite (Group 4), the free surface depression was the greatest and the interfacial gap smallest among those in all groups. Therefore, if a good bond between dentin and resin composite can be established, the shrinkage flow will be directed toward a center located near the bonded interface rather than toward the incident light, thus reducing detrimental shrinkage stress.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2003

[Rheological properties of photo-polymerized composite resin reinforced with retentive filler].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rheological properties of the photo-polymerized composite resin reinforced with retentive filler (RF) and its rheological difference with normal filler (NF) composite resin. METHODS: Rheological properties of the composite resins, such as viscosity, shear stress and creep compliance, were measured with dynamic stress rheometer at room temperature (25 degrees C). RESULTS: The viscosity of the composite resin reinforced with RF is higher than that of NF composite resin (P < 0.01); at the beginning, the viscosity of the former has little change with the rising of shear stress and the latter decreases, then the viscosities of the two composite resins increase with the rising of shear stress as soon as over 203.18 Pa of shear stress; the creep compliance of the composite resin reinforced with RF is significant smaller than that of NF composite resin (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The rheological properties of the two composite resins have significant difference, so they have different clinical using properties.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed2003

Characterisation of fresh and aged terpenic resins by micro-FTIR and GC-MS analyses of varnishes in XVI-XVII centuries paintings.

Resinous materials, generally added to drying oils, were often employed as final protective films in paintings, both in tempera and oil techniques. Most of the resins used in fine arts come from exudates of plants. Natural resins are mainly composed by terpenoids. Among these resins, dammar, rosin, mastic, elemi gum, Venice turpentine were frequently employed in easel paintings. The aim of this work is the identification of natural resins in samples collected from works of art. In this paper we propose to use micro-FTIR spectrometry as a preliminary and non destructive technique to detect the presence of resinous materials in microsamples collected from paintings, followed by GC-MS analyses to obtain a precise identification of the resin. To reach this aim commercial resins, employed as standard, were analysed previously by micro-FTIR spectrometry and then analysed by GC-MS chromatography, searching characteristic chemical compounds used as "markers" of resins. The results obtained on standards allowed us to successfully analyse samples collected from two works of art: the "Portrait of a Young Gentleman", by Lorenzo Lotto (XVI century), and the "Madonna with the Infant Jesus and Saints": by Carlo Maratta (XVII secolo).

Art↗
PubMed2004

Translucency of opaque-shade resin composites.

PURPOSE: To measure the translucency parameter of opaque-shade resin composites. The secondary purpose was to evaluate the ability of the materials to mask dark background color. METHODS: CIELAB coordinates (L*, a*, b*) of three resin composites: UniFil S (UF), Palfique Estelite (PE), and Filtek A110 (FA) were determined in two shades (Opaque A3 and A3) at 1 mm and 2 mm thickness on a white backing, a backing of material itself and a black backing using a colorimeter. From the L* a* b* of 2 mm thick specimens on the white and black backing, translucency parameter (TP) were calculated for each material and shade to evaluate opacity of the materials. In addition, CIELAB color differences (deltaE*) were also calculated from the L*, a*, b* of 1 mm and 2 mm thick specimens on the material itself and on black backing, in order to estimate effectiveness of the resin composite materials to mask dark background color. If the calculated deltaE* were above 2, color differences were estimated as "perceptible." RESULTS: The TP values of Opaque A3 shade resins were lower than those of A3 resins for all the materials evaluated. When comparing the materials used, the Opaque A3 shade of FA indicates a higher TP value than those indicated for the Opaque A3 shade of the other two materials, while the A3 shade of FA revealed a higher TP value than the A3 shade of UF. As for the deltaE* values, the deltaE* recorded for 1 mm-thick specimens were in the range of "perceptible" and larger than those of 2 mm specimens, regardless of the shades and materials. For the 2 mm specimens, all of the deltaE* values for the Opaque A3 shade were classified as "imperceptible," whereas all deltaE* values for A3 shade were evaluated as "perceptible." CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The opaque-shade resin composites were less translucent than the usual composites. Hence, if a restoration was relatively thick, the opaque-shade resin composites might effectively mask the dark background color from the oral cavity. However, if a restoration was relatively thin, the opaque-shade resin composites could not mask the dark background color as well as the usual composites. Therefore, clinicians should take into consideration the effect of dark background color in the shade matching procedure for a relatively thin restoration, even if opaque-shade resin composite is used.

Color↗
PubMed1990

[Classification and several mechanical properties of core composite resins].

According to the classification proposed by Hosoda, six core resins could be divided into two categories on the basis of the elemental composition and size distribution of filler particles by SEM observation and EDX analysis. Furthermore, several mechanical properties of the resins were determined. The following facts were found: Bell Feel Core, Clearfil Core, Clearfil PhotoCore, Core Max, and Core Max II resins were classified as a semihybrid resin, and Microrest Core resin as a hybrid type resin. The elements detected in the resins by the EDX were Si, Zr, Al, Ba and La. The mechanical properties of the resins were shown to be highly stable at one day or one week after curing. The mechanical properties of the resins suggest that the subsequent crown preparation and impression taking should be postponed until the next appointment.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1990

Controversies in posterior composite resin restorations.

The use of posterior composites is riddled with so many controversies that the puzzled practitioner must step warily among them. This modality is a minefield, where one careless movement can bring disaster. All composite restorations are subject to three big destructive forces--moisture, polymerization shrinkage, and clinical wear--forces that can eventually produce both microleakage and deterioration of the silane coupling agent linking filler particles to resin matrix. Despite the extreme technique sensitivity of posterior composite resins, knowledge of resin technology, sound operative dentistry principles and foresight in case selection can be effective in producing durable cosmetic restorations. Posterior composite resin restorations bonded to enamel and dentin reputedly strengthen teeth in both conventional and adhesive types of preparations provided polymerization shrinkage can be controlled. It is imperative that a knowledge of occlusal contacts be used to influence cavity outline, confining the trauma or occlusal forces away from the tooth-resin interface and helping to minimize occlusal wear. With the increased use of posterior resins, the trend in cavity preparations should break away from the traditional Black preparation toward the adhesive type preparation. If the Black Class II preparation is used, it is suggested that bevels be confined to the facial and lingual margins of the proximal box. Prewedging helps to maintain a conservative Class II preparation. Shade selection must be made prior to rubber dam isolation for greater accuracy and to help prevent postinsertion discoloration. The enamel should be pumiced to present a clean substrate for acid etching. The smear layer should be removed. The type of pulp protection applied before acid etching is dependent on the material used. After etching, the enamel should be washed with a 1 per cent potassium chloride solution. It is a more universally chemically stable solution than additive-laden local water supplies. The potassium chloride solution lowers the electrostatic forces on the enamel that would interfere with the flow of enamel bonding agents. Furthermore, tests have shown that the use of potassium chloride washes increase the strength of the enamel body by 40 per cent. Because of the depth of most posterior cavities, an incremental filling technique must be used to ensure a thorough polymerization of the resin and to forestall a massive polymerization shrinkage. When finished and contoured, the margins of the restoration should be re-etched, washed, and dried and then covered with an application of unfilled resin to discourage microleakage. Traditional operative dentistry technique must become flexible enough to meet the new demands of resin technology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1989

[Several properties of a newly developed light-cured anterior restorative composite resin "Graft LC"].

A newly developed light-cured anterior restorative composite resin "Graft LC" by GC Co. is characterized by having Vita VMK 68 shades and containing glass filler particles treated with graft binders. Several properties of the resin were examined by using the SEM, surface recorder, and color analyzer. The Graft LC resin was classified as semi-hybrid resin. The filler particles of Graft LC resin comprised two kinds of glass filler in which Si, Ba and Al, and Si were detected. Graft LC resin showed a relatively small surface roughness after polishing in spite of the semi-hybrid resin. According to the degradation test in the alkaline solution, the polished surfaces of Graft LC resin became rough and the depth of subsurface damage layer increased with time. However, the filler particles were retained in the subsurface damage layers. An Ar ion etching employed for SEM preparation is useful to observe the subsurface damage layer distinctly under the SEM. No color change was found even after long-term immersion in a distilled water, though the color of Graft LC resin changed greatly due to irradiation.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1986

Posterior composite resins. Council on Dental Materials, Instruments, and Equipment.

Information on the long-term clinical performance of composite resins in posterior restorations is still very limited. The council has classified some composite resins as "provisionally acceptable" for permanent teeth on the basis of information submitted under the guidelines for the acceptance program for composite resins for occlusal Class I and Class II restorations. This classification, however, does not imply their unlimited use as routine restorative material in stress-bearing areas in all situations. No justification exists to extrapolate the performance data to situations in which there are limited documented results. Also no justification exists to extrapolate the performance of one composite resin to other composite resins. The guidelines of the acceptance program were established on the basis of information available in 1981. Information is emerging that suggests that these limits do not necessarily provide a critical evaluation of the long-term performance of composite resins in posterior restorations. The guidelines are being reviewed and revised. The profession is advised to be cautious in the manipulation and application of composite resins as they are sensitive to technique. A composite resin should not be handled like an amalgam. Slight deviations from the proper technique may result in postoperative sensitivity, secondary caries, and clinical performances different from those reported in clinical studies. The cavity preparation should be conservative, and the restoration should be subjected to minimal occlusal stresses. The use of a rubber dam is essential. The profession should be aware that composite resins do have occlusal wear. Proximal contacts are difficult to establish.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1995

[The evaluation of acrylic resins for the study of nondecalcified human teeth with the light and electronic microscopes].

Resin embedding of human teeth for light and transmission electron microscopic studies becomes difficult without previous decalcification. The limited and slow infiltration of the resin into hard tissues may cause problems during preparation and observation of the samples. Moreover the type of resin that is used may affect the morphologic preservation of both tissues and cellular elements. Recently there has been an increasing number of studies on the application of acrylic resins in light and electron microscopy, in order to overcome problems encountered with the use of epoxy resins still utilized in morphologic studies. We compared different acrylic resins (Technovit 7200 VLC, LR White, LR Gold, Bioacryl) in order to understand which one was more suitable for undecalcified human dental tissues under light and transmission electron microscope. Evaluation of such resins was performed using the following criteria: ease of cutting with ultramicrotome, soft and hard tissues infiltration, uptake of tissue stains for both light and electron microscopy, morphologic preservation and stability under electron beam. This study, carried out on the pulp area comprising predentin and dentin, showed excellent quality of Bioacryl and LR Gold, the two resins presenting, by far, the best results among all the different types tested. The optimal morphologic preservation obtained with such resins is indicated for light and electron microscopic studies, allowing their application in different fields of dental research.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1995

Repair strength of denture base resins using various methods.

The object of this study was to measure the repair strength of denture base resins repaired using, (a) standard heat activated polymerising resin, (b) a denture base resin especially formulated for microwave-activated polymerisation, and (c) an autopolymerising resin. Comparisons were made between conventional water bath and microwave curing and autopolymerised resin repairs, using transverse bend and impact tests. Repairs with the two heat-activated denture base resins were carried out using conventional dental flasking procedures, whereas autopolymerised resin repairs were carried out in open gypsum moulds. The results indicate that the transverse strength, and impact resistance of the resin specimens repaired with microwave irradiation were generally superior to specimens repaired by using a water bath curing cycle or the use of an autopolymerising resin.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2001

Effect of various surface protections on the margin microleakage of resin-modified glass ionomer cements.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Because conventional glass ionomer cements are moisture sensitive, a surface coating is recommended during the initial setting stage. It is unknown whether resin-modified glass ionomer cements also need surface protection. PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of various surface protections on microleakage with Class V resin-modified glass ionomer restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty extracted molars with buccal and lingual Class V cavity preparations were restored with a resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC). The occlusal margin of each restoration was on enamel and the cervical margin on dentin. After immediate finishing and polishing, the teeth were divided into 4 groups according to the following surface protection treatments: group I, unprotected; group II, Fuji varnish; group III, resin adhesive; and group IV, acid etching and resin adhesive. After these procedures, all teeth were stored in isotonic saline for 24 hours, thermocycled 1500 times at 5 degrees C to 60 degrees C, and soaked in dye solution for 24 hours. The teeth then were longitudinally sectioned and observed under a stereomicroscope. The degree of dye penetration was recorded and analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (P<.05) RESULTS: None of the 4 groups demonstrated complete margin sealing at either the occlusal or cervical margins. Groups II and III displayed the least microleakage at cervical margins; a significant difference existed between groups I and III (P=.034). Compared with the other 3 groups, group IV showed significantly greater microleakage at the cervical margins. CONCLUSION: Although resin-modified glass ionomers can be finished immediately, they remain moisture sensitive. Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that resin adhesive should be used as a surface protection to reduce margin microleakage of resin-modified glass ionomer restorations.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Shear bond strength between composite resin and denture teeth: effect of tooth type and surface treatments.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the strength of the composite resin-denture tooth bond as affected by different tooth surface treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Spectrum TPH was condensed on 112 mandibular first molar acrylic resin and composite resin denture teeth, which received seven different treatments: Four groups were treated with Prime & Bond NT adhesive, and three groups were treated with One Step adhesive. Four groups (two of each adhesive category) were treated with Composite Activator and air abrasion. In one group, AeliteFlo was used just before the condensation of Spectrum TPH. Bond strength was evaluated with a shear test device on a Monsanto testing machine. The results were evaluated statistically with two-way ANOVA and the Scheffé method. RESULTS: There was a significant interaction between denture tooth type and surface treatments. Bond strength of composite resin was greater to composite than to acrylic resin teeth when the bond was mediated only with adhesives. One Step adhesive and AeliteFlo resulted in a higher bond of composite resin to both types of teeth. Wetting tooth surfaces with Composite Activator did not increase the bond. CONCLUSION: When repairing denture teeth with composite resin and adhesives, the bond strength was higher with composite than with acrylic resin teeth, and there were differences between the adhesives used.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1991

[A study of the adhesive resins used in adhesion bridges].

UNLABELLED: We suspected that the composition of stiffened adhesive resins may cause adhesion bridges to drop out. In this study, by using a scanning type electron microscope, we observed the breaking sides of the adhesive resin after the tension test. We also examined the surfaces of the resin that we cut and ground after it had hardened, and the surfaces of the adhesion bridges that dropped out. RESULTS: 1) RESULTS of the tension test. No significant differences between the adhesive resins were observed. We noticed no significant differences between the metal surface treatment methods. 2) Observations of the breaking side after the tension test. When we examined Panavia EX, we observed flaking of the metallic side and the tooth enamel. We noticed that the surface was smooth regardless of the method of preprocessing the metal. But the surface of the adhesive resin was bumpy, and we found bubbles of different sizes on the resin surfaces. When we examined Super-Bond C&B, we observed flaking of the metallic side and the tooth enamel, and the surfaces were smooth regardless of the method of preprocessing the metal. Unlike Panavia EX, however, we found various hollows, big and small, like the bubbles on the smooth surfaces of Super-Bond C&B. 3) Observations of the abrasive surface of stiffened adhesive resins. With an ambient temperature of 15 and 28 degrees, we found many minute hollows like bubbles on the abrasive surfaces of Panavia EX and Super-Bond C&B. 4) Observations of the surface of the bonding materials of the adhesion bridges which dropped out. We found bumpy surfaces on the adhesive resin which remained on the metallic side of the adhesion bridges, whichever position the adhesion bridges dropped out of.

Boron Compounds↗
PubMed1999

Direct analysis of oligomeric tackifying resins in rubber compounds by automatic thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Two analytical methods, automatic thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (ATD-GC/MS) and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), were applied as direct methods for the analysis of oligomeric tackifying resins in a vulcanized rubber. The ATD-GC/MS method, based on discontinuous volatile extraction, was found to be an effective means for direct analysis of the oligomeric tackifying resins contained in a vulcanized rubber. The oligomeric tackifying resins, such as t-octylphenolformaldehyde (TOPF) resin, rosin-modified terpene resin, and cashew resin, could be directly analyzed in vulcanized rubber by ATD-GC/MS. Much simpler total ion chromatograms were obtained by ATD-GC/MS than by flash pyrolysis with a Curie-point pyrolyzer, permitting much easier interpretation. Ions at m/z 206, 135, and 107 were fingerprints in the characteristic mass spectra obtained by ATD-GC/MS for TOPF resin in the vulcanized rubber. 1H-Indene, styrene, and isolongifolene were observed as their characteristic mass spectra in the pyrolyzate of the rosin-modified terpene resin. From the cashew resin, phenol, 3-methylphenol, and 4-(1,1,3, 3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol were obtained as the characteristic pyrolyzates by discontinuous thermal extraction via ATD-GC/MS. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

An efficient gel-phase synthesis of peptides on a high capacity flexible crosslinked polystyrene support: comparison with Merrifield resin.

A highly solvating copolymer was prepared in high yield by introducing a flexible crosslinker, 1,4-butanedioldimethacrylate, into the polystyrene matrix by a free radical aqueous suspension polymerization. A 2 mol% crosslinked resin showed rigidity and mechanical characteristics comparable to those of divinylbenzene-crosslinked polystyrene (Merrifield resin, DVB-PS) support. Swelling and solvation characteristics of the new resin, BDDMA-PS, were much higher than DVB-PS support in all solvents used for solid phase peptide synthesis. The diacrylate crosslinks in the resin network were found to be highly stable even after 48 h treatment with neat TFA, 6 N HCl and 6 N KOH at 110 degrees C. To demonstrate the usefulness of the new resin in high capacity peptide synthesis, a typical difficult peptide, acyl carrier protein (ACP) fragment (65-74), was synthesized on commercially available 1 mol% crosslinked DVB-PS and 2 mol% crosslinked BDDMA-PS resins under identical conditions. A protocol using NMP/DMSO mediated coupling was employed for chain assembly. The yield and purity of the product from BDDMA-PS resin was higher than when the DVB-PS resin was used. The mechanistic reason behind the synthetic efficiency of the new resin was found to be its ability to induce random coil conformation to the growing peptide chains.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2003

The effect of resin particle size on the rate of ion release: interactions in mixed bed systems.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of resin particle sizes on the rate of ions release from a mixture of ion-exchange resins (named NMTD) which supplies calcium, fluoride, and phosphate ions as the main mineral content, and to elucidate the different phenomena taking place through the related ion-exchange process. The final goal of the study, related to dental application (enamel restoration), is to limit the particle size range, since the rate of ion release is a key parameter in the successful achievement of such objective. Weak-type ion-exchange resins, loaded with the appropriate ions, were ground and sieved into granulometric fractions of bead diameters of 0.1-0.075, 0.075-0.063, and 0.063-0.05 mm. Particle size was controlled by a laser diffraction particle distribution analyzer. The experiments on the kinetics of ions release were carried out under batch conditions in artificial saliva desorption solution thermostatized at 37 degrees C. The release of Ca(2+) and F(-) was determined by corresponding ion-selective electrodes automatically controlled, whereas H(2)PO(4)(-) was measured spectrophotometrically by the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission technique (ICP-OES). The results of this study show that the process of ion-exchange for the different particle size fractions of resins is critical for the study of the kinetics release of the ions immobilized in the corresponding mixed bed polymeric matrices. In fact, despite the apparent narrow range of particle sizes of the mixed bed systems studied, appreciable differences in the rate of ions release are obtained. Since the ion release rate is depending on the contact surface, an increase of factor of 2 in particle size represents an increase of an order of magnitude of the resin contact surface due to the resin porosity. In this concern, it has been observed that the rate of ions release increases when particle size decreases. The interactions occurring during the ion release from the mixed bed resins (containing calcium-, fluoride-, and phosphate-loaded resins) can be interpreted by the following phenomena: H(2)PO(4)(-), which hardly modifies its rate of release in the presence of Ca(2+) and F(-) in the mixture, promotes a considerable increase in the rate of Ca(2+) release due to the formation of a calcium dihydrogen phosphate soluble complex. F(-) also produces an acceleration in the rate of Ca(2+) release due to the formation of solid CaF(2 )on the surface of cationic resin particles, which in contrast leads to a decrease in the rate of F(-) release.

Journal Article↗