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PubMed1992

Massive craniofacial injuries from recreational fireworks: a report of three cases.

Recreational rocket injuries can result in massive destruction of facial soft tissues and bone and can produce long-term sequelae. This study reviews the cases of three patients who arrived at our medical center within a 3-week period in July 1990 who sustained severe craniofacial injuries from fireworks. A timely multidisciplinary approach is important in the care of these injuries, since there are usually associated serious ophthalmologic and cranial injuries that require immediate attention. We present the management dilemmas confronting the personnel who treat such injuries as well as tips on avoiding long-term complications.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Inner ear decompression sickness and inner ear barotrauma in recreational divers: a long-term follow-up.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objectives were to report the authors' experience with the long-term follow-up of patients with diving-related inner ear decompression sickness and inner ear barotrauma and to discuss residual cochlear and vestibular damage in relation to the question of fitness to dive. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective consecutive case series. METHODS: Eleven recreational divers with inner ear decompression sickness and nine with inner ear barotrauma (IEB) were followed. A complete otoneurological physical examination and laboratory evaluation were carried out. The latter included audiometry, electronystagmography, a rotatory chair test using the sinusoidal harmonic acceleration protocol, and computerized dynamic posturography. RESULTS: Residual cochleovestibular deficits were found in 10 (91%) of the patients with inner ear decompression sickness and 3 (33%) of those with IEB (P <.02, Fisher's Exact test; odds ratio, 20). A significantly shorter follow-up period was required for the inner ear barotrauma group (P <.05, simple t test) because three patients (33%) recovered completely within 1 month of the diving accident. Eight patients had residual vestibular deficits on follow-up, but only one (12.5%) was symptomatic. However, five (56%) of the nine patients who had a cochlear insult, as documented by follow-up audiometry, complained of significant hearing loss and tinnitus. CONCLUSION: Inner ear decompression sickness carries a high risk for residual inner ear damage despite hyperbaric oxygen recompression therapy. A favorable prognosis might be anticipated for inner ear barotrauma. The finding that most patients with residual vestibular deficits were asymptomatic at the time of follow-up emphasizes the need for a complete vestibular evaluation, including specific bedside testing and laboratory examinations, before a return to diving activity may be considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Heat injuries among recreational runners.

With the increasing popularity of jogging and competitive running, more people are participating in races, particularly during the warm months. In the Southeastern United States, the combination of high temperatures and high relative humidity appears to be responsible for many heat-associated injuries. We studied the training, racing, and selected personal characteristics of heat-injured and age- and sex-matched uninjured recreational runners at four races. The major differences between the two groups were that injured runners had not been running as long, ran fewer miles per week, ran fewer miles per training run, and were more likely to be caught up in the excitement of the event.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1988

Recreational waterslide injuries.

Recreational waterslide facilities are a growing phenomenon in the United States, and injuries associated with their use are beginning to appear. Although there have been fatalities, the vast majority of injuries are minor, and occur over a large denominator of slide rides. The overall incidence of injuries is low, though the incidence varies from one facility to another. If safety practices and design features are implemented, waterslide use may become safer. Epidemiologic data will be required to clearly identify the optimal features of injury prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and myoglobinuric renal failure after recreational use of cocaine.

A patient had hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and myoglobinuric renal failure after the recreational use of cocaine. We attribute this to the pyrogenic properties of cocaine and environmental factors. The use of cocaine during summer months or in areas with high ambient temperatures should alert physicians to the development of hyperthermia with or without seizures. Prompt recognition of the ensuing complications including mixed metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and renal failure can result in appropriate and effective treatment.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

Mood, cue and gender influences on motivation, craving and liking for alcohol in recreational drinkers.

The effects of exposure to an alcohol-related cue (drinking low-alcohol beer) and a musical depression/elation mood induction procedure, on craving, motivation and liking for alcohol, were studied in male and female recreational drinkers. Alcohol craving was assessed using the multidimensional desires for alcohol questionnaire (DAQ), motivation for alcohol was assessed by performance on a progressive ratio (PR) task reinforced with small volumes (25 ml) of low-alcohol beer, and liking for the reinforcers earned in the PR task was assessed using a visual analogue scale. Consumption of a half-pint of low-alcohol beer increased alcohol craving in male subjects but had no effect or decreased craving in female subjects. Subsequent induction of a depressed mood increased craving scores, relative to elated or neutral mood groups, but these effects were confined to abstinent (non-cued) subjects, both male and female. Performance on the PR task correlated significantly with one of the four factors of the DAQ, negative reinforcement, and was increased by induction of a depressed mood in abstinent female and cued male subjects. Reinforcer liking was unchanged following mood induction in male subjects, but decreased in both groups of female subjects. To summarize, the cue of drinking low-alcohol beer increased alcohol craving in men but not in women, and induction of a depressed mood increased alcohol craving and motivation, but also decreased alcohol liking. These effects were present to different extents in different cue/gender subgroups, and were partially independent.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Controversies in the medical clearance of recreational scuba divers: updates on asthma, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and patent foramen ovale.

Primary care and sports medicine physicians are frequently consulted on medical clearance for prospective recreational divers. We discuss four common and controversial medical conditions--asthma, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and patent foramen ovale--as they relate to fitness to dive. For each condition we review the relevant anatomy and physiology, current recommendations, and the pertinent medical literature. Finally, we offer evidence-based recommendations regarding fitness to dive for potential divers with these conditions.

Asthma↗
PubMed2005

Past recreational physical activity and risk of breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between baseline and earlier recreational physical activity and incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. DESIGN: Multicenter cohort study. SETTING: Women were enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHIOS) at 40 clinical centers between October 1993 and December 1998. PARTICIPANTS: Of a total of 93676 women enrolled in the WHIOS, 74171 were included in this analysis. Eligibility criteria were: aged 50 to 79 years, postmenopausal, and free of serious health conditions that might reduce survival during the following 3 years. Women were excluded if they reported a history of breast cancer or had missing physical activity data. Women of non-European extraction made up 15% of the sample. By February 28, 2002, 3.2% were lost to follow-up and 2.7% had died. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: Participants completed baseline questionnaires that included information on medical and reproductive history, and health behaviors including physical activity and diet. Staff collected anthropometric data and information on use of hormone therapy. Women were asked if they usually exercised enough to work up a sweat > or =3 times per week at ages 18, 35, and 50 years. Current (baseline) walking for > or =10 minutes and participation in leisure-time activities were categorized by frequency, duration, and intensity. A current total activity variable was computed from the product of metabolic equivalent values and duration (MET h/wk). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measure was the association of incident breast cancer with measures of physical activity during a mean period of follow-up of 4.7 years. Cases of breast cancer were ascertained by the methods of the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results guidelines, and collated by physicians and cancer coders blinded to exposure data. MAIN RESULTS: During follow-up, 1780 incident cases of breast cancer were documented. Women who had engaged in strenuous physical activity > or =3 times per week at age 35 had a decreased risk of breast cancer (multivariate adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78-0.95) compared with women who had not. The association was not significant for strenuous activity at age 50 or age 18 years. A greater amount of total current (baseline) physical activity was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer (P for trend, 0.03). Compared with no current physical activity, risk was reduced 18%, 11%, 17%, and 22% for women who exercised 5.1-10, 10.1-20, 20.1-40, and >40 MET h/wk. Hours of current moderate or strenuous physical activity was not significantly related to risk of breast cancer (P for trend, 0.12), although the highest duration category, >7 h/wk, compared with 0 h/wk showed a significant reduction in risk (RR, 0.79; CI, 0.63-0.99). When the women were divided by tertiles of body mass index (BMI cut points at 24.13 and 28.44 kg/m), increased total current activity was protective against breast cancer for those in the lowest tertile of BMI (P for trend, 0.03) but not for those in the upper tertiles (P for trend, 0.74 and 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: More physical activity was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal American women. An hour every day of moderate or strenuous activity provided most benefit.

Comment↗
PubMed2003

Pathology of sudden death during recreational sports activity: an autopsy study of 31 cases.

A growing number of people are involved in recreational physical activity. It is therefore not uncommon for a medical examiner to encounter sports-related sudden deaths and to be faced with the legal implications. The authors examined the clinical and cardiac pathologic patterns in 31 persons who died suddenly during sports activities and underwent autopsy at the Institute of Forensic Medicine of Paris between 1991 and 2001. Twenty-nine male subjects, ranging in age from 7 to 57 years (mean 30 years) and two female subjects, 8 and 60 years old, died suddenly during sports activities. The sports involved were various, with running the most frequent: 13 cases. Cardiomyopathies (10 cases) and coronary artery disease (9 cases) were the most frequent causes of deaths. Despite the severity of lesions, only 4 subjects had a known cardiovascular disease. In conclusion, with regard to prevention, efforts should be continued to improve the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tools and screening strategies. In this regard, medicolegal autopsies should be systematically performed in cases of sudden death during sports activities, because they provide accurate and useful information for a better knowledge of sports-related mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The role of an international nightlife resort in the proliferation of recreational drugs.

AIMS: The study compares types, frequencies and quantities of substances used by young people while holidaying in the international dance resort of Ibiza (Spain) with their patterns of use in the United Kingdom. It measures changes in substance use at both locations between 1999 and 2002 and examines the role of dance resorts in recruiting individuals into using new substances. DESIGN: Data were collected from visitors to Ibiza in 1999 (n = 846) and 2002 (n = 868). Information on drug use was surveyed through a short anonymous questionnaire. SETTING: Individuals were sampled at Ibiza airport just prior to returning to the UK. FINDINGS: Most individuals visiting Ibiza used illicit drugs in the United Kingdom (57.4% in 2002), with nearly all users continuing to use in Ibiza. Use of most drugs in Ibiza was characterized by binge behaviour, with many individuals using drugs 5 or more nights per week. Proportions using cocaine, ecstasy and GHB have risen significantly (1999-2002) in both locations, as have numbers of ecstasy tablets taken on a usual night. Substance use was associated positively with number of previous visits to Ibiza and new users were recruited into use while abroad (17.4 and 33.1 per 1000 people were introduced to cocaine and ecstasy use, respectively, in Ibiza). CONCLUSIONS: The emergence of international nightlife resorts increasingly links drug use abroad with that in individuals' countries of origin. Our results indicate that resorts such as Ibiza offer tourists the opportunity to increase levels of drug consumption and try different substances in an atmosphere conducive to experimentation. Patterns of recreational drug use in leading international resorts may help predict developments in drug use elsewhere and as such be an important tool in planning appropriate interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Erythropoietin administration does not influence the GH--IGF axis or makers of bone turnover in recreational athletes.

OBJECTIVE: Measurement of biochemical markers of the IGF-system and of collagen turnover is a potential approach to detect GH abuse in sport. These markers are increased in patients on dialysis treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO), mimicking the effects of GH. The aim was to determine whether r-HuEPO induces similar effects on the IGF-system and collagen turnover in healthy athletes. SUBJECTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Young male Caucasian recreational athletes were administered 50 U/kg r-HuEPO (n=14) or placebo (n=16) three times a week for 25 days, followed by a 4-week wash-out period. IGF-I, IGFBP-3, the acid labile subunit (ALS), N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) and N-terminal propeptide of type III collagen (PIIINP) were measured in samples collected at baseline (two samples), after 10, 22 and 24 days of r-HuEPO treatment and at the end of the 4-week wash-out period. RESULTS: Treatment with r-HuEPO resulted in approximately threefold elevation of serum EPO and marked elevation of markers of erythropoiesis. There was no significant treatment effect of r-HuEPO compared to baseline on IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, PINP, ICTP or PIIINP. CONCLUSIONS: r-HuEPO administration did not change markers of the IGF-system and of collagen turnover in young healthy male athletes. Therefore, use of r-HuEPO in athletes should not affect the validity of a GH doping test using these GH-responsive markers.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Design and performance of a new medium for the quantitative recovery of Staphylococcus aureus from recreational waters.

Several reports have suggested that staphylococci, and especially Staphylococcus aureus, are useful indicators of pollution of recreational waters. The lack of a selective, accurate and reliable recovery system for the quantification of Staph. aureus from water has been the principal obstacle to the evaluation of their use as indicators. In this study, several inhibitory substances and different nutrient sources have been evaluated for the formulation of a new selective medium. The medium designed, BFR-0 agar, recovers more than 75% of staphylococci and allows Staph. aureus to be identified.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1992

Contaminated marine wounds--the risk of acquiring acute bacterial infection from marine recreational beaches.

An animal model was used to determine the potential for causing wound infections of bacteria isolated from marine recreational beaches in Hong Kong. Water samples were characterized physically, chemically and bacteriologically and used to inoculate artificially-induced wounds in rats. Morbidity and mortality correlated significantly (P < 0.01) with MacConkey plate counts and faecal coliform counts (membrane filtration) and inversely with salinity of the water. The majority of deaths were due to infection caused by marine and estuarine bacteria rather then enteric organisms. A total of 318 bacterial strains was isolated from the wounds and blood of animals inoculated with seawater, of which 242 were marine/estuarine (predominantly Vibrio spp., Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas putrefaciens) and 40 were enterobacteria. The virulence of the animal strains were comparable with those from clinical sources.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Ribotypes and AP-PCR fingerprints of thermophilic campylobacters from marine recreational waters.

Thirty-two strains of thermophilic campylobacters isolated from marine recreational water and seven reference strains were biotyped and analysed by chromosomal DNA HaeIII ribopatterns and AP-PCR profiles based on a random 10-mer primer (5'-CAA TCG CCG T-3'). The majority of seawater isolates (90%) were Campylobacter coli, and three strains were Camp. jejuni. Southern blot hybridization analysis showed differences between the strains, and in a numerical analysis three main clusters were formed at the 45% similarity level, that corresponded to Camp. jejuni subsp. jejuni, Camp. coli, and a combination of Camp. coli and Camp. jejuni subsp. doylei. AP-PCR profiles also differentiated between the species but were less discriminatory than ribotyping because six strains (17%) could not be typed by this method. Numerical analysis gave four main clusters at the 45% similarity level, corresponding to Camp. jejuni subsp. jejuni, Camp. coli (two clusters) and Camp. lari. The study shows that strains within each species are diverse genomically. Both molecular methods were highly discriminatory, although some strains with identical ribotypes could be distinguished by AP-PCR, and they are valuable new alternatives to traditional typing in epidemiological studies of environmental campylobacters.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2006

Descriptive epidemiology of small screen recreation among Australian adolescents.

AIM: To describe the epidemiology of small screen recreation (SSR) that is: television, computer, video, and DVD use among school students aged 11-15 years in New South Wales, Australia. METHODS: Cross-sectional representative population survey (n=2750) of 45 primary and 48 secondary schools in rural and urban areas. Self-reported time spent in SSR was categorised according to national guidelines into less than 2 h per day (low users) or 2 or more hours per day (high users). RESULTS: Of primary and secondary school students, 53% and 72%, respectively, were high users of SSR. Boys spent significantly more time in SSR and were more likely to be high users of SSR compared with girls. For primary students, rural boys had a higher prevalence of high SSR use than urban boys (odds ratio (OR) 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-3.5), while overweight girls had a higher prevalence than healthy-weight girls (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.8). For secondary students, rural boys had a lower prevalence of high SSR use than urban boys (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.6), and girls from high SES backgrounds had a lower prevalence than girls from low socio-economic status backgrounds (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.3-1.0). CONCLUSION: The majority of school students in New South Wales exceed the national guidelines for SSR. Reducing the time spent in SSR among young people is one potential approach to increasing energy expenditure and reducing adiposity or maintaining a healthy weight. First steps for intervention strategies among school-age children to reduce SSR could include teaching awareness skills and self-monitoring techniques.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Vigorous exercise and birth outcomes in a sample of recreational exercisers: a prospective study across pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the question of whether vigorous exercise undertaken by recreational exercisers across pregnancy, defined in two ways, were associated with reduced infant birthweight and gestational age at birth. METHODS: A prospective approach was implemented. A total of 148 pregnant women participated. Average intensity duration and frequency of vigorous exercise reported were examined and compared with two existing definitions of vigorous exercise. Participants completed questionnaires (including retrospective reports on 3 months prepregnancy) and an exercise diary at 16-23 weeks pregnancy, 24-31 weeks pregnancy and 32-38 weeks pregnancy, and at 7 to 14 days post-partum a birth outcomes questionnaire was completed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between exercise groups for birthweight and gestational age at birth. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that the intensity duration and frequency of vigorous exercise were associated with significant reductions in mean birth outcomes for the infants of women who participated in the study. Replication in a large, more diverse sample is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Decreased shoulder function and pain common in recreational badminton players.

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and consequences of painful conditions in the shoulder region in recreational badminton players. A questionnaire study was performed on 99 players, of whom 57 were also assessed with Constant score. Previous or present pain in the dominant shoulder was reported by 52% of the players. Sixteen percent of the players had on-going shoulder pain associated with badminton play. A majority of these players reported that their training habits were affected by the pain. Total Constant score was lower in the painful shoulders. Furthermore, range of active pain-free shoulder abduction was decreased. However, isometric shoulder strength test showed no differences when compared with pain-free shoulders. Even though the pain caused functional problems, the players were still playing with on-going symptoms. The diagnoses were mostly unknown, although history and clinical tests indicate problems resembling subacromial impingement.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Evolution of coral pigments recreated.

In proteins homologous to the green fluorescent protein (GFP), formation of red fluorescence requires three autocatalytic steps, whereas only two are needed for green fluorescence. Multiple red/green color diversification events in the GFP superfamily may reflect convergent evolution of the more complex three-step pathway. In the great star coral Montastraea cavernosa, a recreated common ancestor of green and red proteins turned out to be green, indicating that in this case red proteins evolved their color independently from most other homologous red proteins. Furthermore, red color appears to have evolved gradually by small incremental transitions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗