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The acuariid nematode Dispharynx nasuta was found in a princess parrot, Polytelis alexandrae, at the National Aviary in Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania, USA). This is the first report of D. nasuta from the host order Psittaciformes, and was the presumed cause of death in this parrot.
The proventriculi of 11 Eurasian cranes (Grus grus) from central Iran were examined for the existence of parasitic helminths. Preliminary reports suggested that the death of these birds was related to untimely cold weather. Nine proventriculi (82%) were heavily infected by the nematode Tetrameres grusi. Glandular structure of the infected proventriculi was replaced by epithelial atrophy but significant inflammatory reactions were not observed in any of the infected organs. In serious infections, the nematode produced vast structural and functional changes, causing organ dysfunction and glandular necrosis. The coincidence of heavy helminth infection at times of environmental stress may lead to debilitation, wasting, and perhaps mortality in migratory cranes.
Disseminated visceral coccidiosis (DVC) was unexpectedly recognized in a wild white-naped crane (Grus vipio) killed by phosphamidon insecticide. On gross pathologic examination, widely disseminated white nodules were found on the serosa of the pro-ventriculus, gizzard, and intestine, as well as on the surface and in the parenchyma of liver, spleen, and cardiac muscle. Microscopically, asexual stages of a coccidia were observed in some nodules. However, the species of coccidia could not be determined because no oocysts were found on fecal examination. This is believed to be the first reported case of DVC in a wild white-naped crane infected with Eimeria spp.
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Nine cases of traumatic ventriculitis in chickens, with associated complications, are reported. The findings suggest that chickens with traumatic ventriculitis may die either from extreme emaciation or from toxemia.
Studies of the general histopathology of the fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens have shown abnormal accumulations of the lipid in a variety of organs but no degenerative or inflammatory reactions. Lipid was found in some skeletal muscles, alimentary tract, autonomic ganglia, central nervous system and pineal gland as well as in the liver, kidney and heart. Small amounts of lipid were sometimes seen in the exocrine pancreas, adrenal medulla and epithelium of the thyroid follicles. Lipid deposits in the liver were primarily associated with the hepatic structural unit. The glycogen content of the hepatic cell was reduced. The lipid-metabolising gastrocnemius muscle contained abnormal amounts of lipid but this did not apply to the carbohydrate-metabolising pectoralis major muscle. The thymus did not contain excessive lipid but was significantly smaller in affected than in control birds of similar ages. There was loss of tinctorial distinction between the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland associated with decreased basophilia of the latter region. Many of these morphological changes can be correlated with previously reported biochemical findings and they are discussed in relation to the hyperlipaemia and hypoglycaemia which characterise the disease.
Thirteen turkeys naturally affected with hemorrhagic enteritis were studied pathologically. The main gross lesions were splenomegaly and hemorrhagic contents in the gut. The main histological lesions were intranuclear inclusion bodies in largemononuclear cells in many visceral organs and in reticular cells around the sheathed arteries of the spleens and varying degrees of lymphocytic hyperplasia in most tissues. The inclusions were frequently present in areas of the lymphocytic hyperplasia. The large mononuclear cells with the inclusions frequently showed a degenerative change.
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Cases of iron, zinc, lead and copper poisoning in ostriches are discussed. Metallic proventricular foreign bodies are a potential source of heavy metal poisoning in ratites. Tissue levels of heavy metals and trace elements supporting these diagnoses are reviewed.
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Multiplications of wild, various embryo-adapting and completely embryo-adapted avian encephalomyelitis (AE) viruses in chicken embryos were compared by the fluorescent-antibody technique (FAT). With a wild AE virus, viral antigens were randomly seen in the central nervous system (CNS), appearing least often in the cerebellum. Other organs seldom became test positive, except for heart and kidney. Even with 4 chicken brain-passaged viruses in the process of embryo adaptation, there was little augmentation of antigens except in the alimentary tract. However, the 2 midpassage viruses showed a peculiar localization of antigens in the white matter of the lumbosacral cord, together with the appearance of test-positive spinal ganglion cells. With 2 strains of embryo-adapted AE virus, the antigens appeared first in the spinal ganglion cells and secondly in the lumbosacral cord and then spread to the cerebrum. Subsequently, clinical signs of AE were evident. This peculiar invasion order was a prominent feature.
Copper sulfate was added to the diet of broiler chickens from 1 day to 3 weeks of age at the rate of 0.05% to 0.20% in order to evaluate its influence on the incidence of oral lesions. Both the incidence and severity of oral lesions showed a significant linear increase as the concentration of copper sulfate increased. Adding a level of sulfate equivalent to that produced by the highest level of copper sulfate failed to induce oral lesions. The severity of gizzard erosion also increased as the concentration of copper increased. Dietary copper sulfate supplementation should be considered a possible cause of oral lesions seen during the necropsy of avian species.
Psittacine proventricular dilatation syndrome (macaw wasting disease) is a fatal disease of the gastrointestinal tract and, sometimes, the CNS. The disease most often affects macaws and is thought to be of viral origin. An Umbrella cockatoo was referred with signs of neurologic dysfunction. Other unusual findings included flaccid crop, distended duodenum, and acute weight loss. Because treatment has not been reported to be effective, the affected cockatoo was euthanatized to limit spread of the disease.
Tissues from five chickens from each of 44 flocks affected with "spiking mortality" were examined histologically. Tissues from these chickens were characterized by: multifocal necrosis of hepatocytes with congestion and blood lake formation; severe lymphocyte necrosis in the bursal medulla, thymic cortex, and gut-associated lymphoid tissues; acute necrotic vasculitis in the alimentary serosa and liver; rickets; and air-sac disease in survivors. No specific etiology was identified in sections examined.
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Sometimes curious foreign bodies placed in the proventriculus/ventriculus of companion birds are causes of single case diseases. Clinical signs include atypical symptoms such as distress, lameness, vomiting and diarrhea. In cases of heavy metal intoxication, e.g. lead poisoning, CNS-disorders are found. Radiographs taken in a ventro-dorsal and a latero-lateral view show the presence of foreign bodies in suspicion. In most cases of foreign bodies in birds a surgical intervention (Gastrotomy) is indicated.