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PubMed1992

Eggshells as an index of aedine mosquito production. 2: Relationship of Aedes taeniorhynchus eggshell density to larval production.

To test if eggshell density could be used as an index of aedine mosquito production, we compared eggshell density with the larval production of Aedes taeniorhynchus in Florida mangrove basin forests. Quantitative (n = 7) and categorical (n = 34) estimates of annual larval production were regressed against the number of eggshells per cc of soil. Significant regressions were obtained in both instances. Larval production was concentrated in zones with the highest eggshell density. We suggest that eggshell density and distribution can be used to identify oviposition sites and the sequence of larval appearance.

Aedes↗

PubMed2006

Cold, cough, allergy, bronchodilator, and antiasthmatic drug products for over-the-counter human use; amendment of monograph for OTC nasal decongestant drug products. Final rule.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule to amend the final monograph (FM) for over-the-counter (OTC) nasal decongestant drug products (drug products used to relieve nasal congestion due to a cold, hay fever, or other upper respiratory allergies) to add phenylephrine bitartrate (PEB), both individually and in combination drug products in an effervescent dosage form, as generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE). An effervescent dosage form is intended to be dissolved in water before taking by mouth. This final rule is part of FDA's ongoing review of OTC drug products.

Drug Labeling↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Potassium as an index of fruit content in baby food products. Part I. Banana-containing and apricot-containing products.

Percentage ingredient labeling has been proposed for baby foods. We determined whether or not the potassium content of baby foods could be used to verify the quantity of fruit when the characterizing ingredients were apricots or bananas, fruits rich in potassium. Official values for potassium in fruit (USDA Handbook No. 8-9) did not agree well with actual analyses. The potassium levels of products of known composition were accurately predicted from analyses of the actual ingredients used to make the foods. For banana-containing monofruit products of variable or unknown composition, potassium analysis led to fruit level estimates consistent with either the known composition or the label declaration. For products of unknown composition made with apricot concentrate, however, potassium analysis led to fruit level estimates lower than the probable fruit content. The quantity of fruit in baby foods made with potassium-rich fruits can be estimated from the potassium content if the potassium value for the fruit is representative of the actual ingredients used to make the product. If potassium analysis is to be used to verify compliance with percentage ingredient labeling, there must be statutory specification of the single-strength fruit level for fruit reconstituted from concentrate.

Food Labeling↗

PubMed1991

Productivity in nutrition programs for the elderly that utilize an assembly-serve production system.

Observations of labor activities of workers performing foodservice functions were made in eight senior centers at 5-minute intervals for 3 consecutive days. On-site preparation was limited to rethermalization of frozen entrees and portioning of bulk-delivered items. Time spent was assigned or allocated to either congregate or home-delivered meal service on the basis of number of meals served. Time in each component of direct work, indirect work, and delay was divided by meals served to provide the productivity ratio, labor minutes per meal. Comparisons were also made on the basis of number of meals served. An average of 12.78 minutes per meal was used to serve congregate meals and 21.05 minutes per meal for home-delivered meals. Two of the eight centers differed significantly in time used for direct work and total work to serve congregate-meal participants. There was no difference between centers in time used to serve homebound clients. The number of meals served did not influence productivity for either meal service site. These findings establish baseline data for the amount of time needed in one production system to serve meals to center participants and homebound clients. Managers of senior centers can use information about this food production and delivery system to make decisions about the most cost-effective method to provide meals.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

IgE antibody production in rats against multiple components of excretory-secretory products of the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.

Infection with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (NB) induces the intense production of specific and non-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in rats. In the present study, we analysed NB-derived allergenic substances and the variability of IgE antibody production in response to these allergens in outbred Sprague-Dawley rats. Two kinds of crude allergens were used: the excretory-secretory products (ES) of adult NB, and an extract of homogenized adult worms (AW). ELISA showed that IgE antibody titres to ES were more than five times higher than the titres to AW. In the homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction using serum from infected rats, as little as 50 micrograms of ES had a maximal PCA activity, while even 1 mg of AW still gave a slightly lower PCA titre. Thus, it appeared that ES contained more allergen than AW at the same amount of total proteins. By immunoblot analysis, at least six components were recognized by IgE antibodies from infected animals, and these components were exactly the same in both ES and AW. The results indicated that the allergenic components in ES and AW were the same molecules, and that only those molecules which could be excreted or secreted from living worms were allergenic. Among the array of allergens, 130,000 and 70,000 molecular weight (mw) molecules were commonly recognized by IgE from all serum samples examined, while other components of the allergens were recognized variably by IgE antibodies from individual animals. These findings suggested that individual animals varied considerably in their IgE antibody production to the different constituents of the nematode allergens.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

GVHR elicited by products of class I or class II loci of the MHC: analysis of the response of mouse T lymphocytes to products of class I and class II loci of the MHC in correlation with GVHR-induced mortality, medullary aplasia, and enteropathy.

A lethal graft-vs-host reaction (GVHR) was elicited by the injection into irradiated (700 rad) mice, reconstituted with T-depleted bone marrow cells (BM), of T lymphocytes incompatible for different loci of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The number of T cells needed to kill more than 50% of the recipients by day 40 was about 10(6) for GVHR elicited across the product of the K, D, or E locus, but about 10(5)--10--fold less-when the A locus was involved. The mortality was associated with a medullary aplasia in all strain combinations, but enteropathy was observed only in GVHR elicited by the products of class II, and not class I, loci. Mortality and medullary aplasia were diminished or absent in recipients reconstituted with BM cells from T cell donors instead of cells of the host genotype, which suggests a direct (cytolytic) T-hematopoietic cell interaction. Lymphoproliferation was evident within the host spleen and lymph node 5 days after injection of T lymphocytes incompatible for class II but not class I loci. Spleens from mice suffering from a lethal GVHR were examined by culture in limiting dilution to evaluate the frequency of anti-host T cells and to derive anti-host T cell clones and lines, whose properties were explored. In the GVHR elicited across the A or E region of the MHC, examined between days 7 and 19, a high frequency (10(-2] of anti-host cells was observed. The polyclonal cell lines isolated (16) all displayed MLR responsiveness, antigen-driven IL 2 production, and cytolysis for LPS blasts of the host genotype. However, among 13 clones isolated, two categories were observed: Lyt-2-, which were MLR responders and IL 2 producers (four of 13), and Lyt-2+, which were cytolytic but neither MLR responders nor IL 2 producers (nine of 13). In the GVHR elicited by the K or D region, examined between days 7 and 90, the frequency of anti-host cells was low (10(3) to 10(4], with a tendency to decrease during the progression of the disease. The lines (11) or clones (26) isolated from different mice were all Lyt-2+ and strongly cytolytic but proliferated poorly and produced no IL 2 in MLR. These findings suggest that the Lyt-2+ lymphocytes, recognizing the products of the class I loci, function in vivo without proliferation and without requiring helper T cells. Cell lines specific for class I or class II loci of the MHC produced interferon and colony-stimulating factors.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Monokine production by hypersensitivity (Schistosoma mansoni egg) and foreign body (Sephadex bead)-type granuloma macrophages. Evidence for sequential production of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor.

The present study examined the potential role of IL-1 and TNF in granuloma formation. Mice were given i.v. injections of Schistosoma mansoni eggs or Sephadex beads to induce synchronous immune T cell-mediated (hypersensitivity type) or nonimmune (foreign-body type) granulomas, respectively. Granuloma macrophages isolated at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days of granuloma formation were evaluated for their capacity to produce IL-1 and TNF in response to 1 microgram/ml LPS. This was related to circulating levels of the acute phase protein, serum amyloid P (SAP) and expression of Ia Ag by monocytes and macrophages. Macrophages from nonimmune bead lesions were generally weak producers of IL-1 and TNF. In contrast, those from T cell-mediated egg lesions produced significant levels of both monokines. Moreover, there was a clear pattern of sequential monokine production such that IL-1 was produced in greatest amounts early (2 to 4 days), whereas TNF was produced later (8 to 16 days). Levels of SAP showed an initial sharp rise following particle embolization, then decreased rapidly in bead injected animals. However, mice with immune granulomas showed a prolonged elevation in SAP levels that corresponded to the period of maximal IL-1 production (2 to 4 days). Macrophage/monocyte Ia Ag expression was greatest at 8 to 16 days, corresponding to the period of TNF production. Bead injected animals showed low levels of Ia expression over the study period. These findings suggest that IL-1 may be important in the early recruitment stages of granuloma formation while TNF may take part in later maintenance or effector functions. The extent of production of both is likely influenced by the local or systemic milieu of lymphokines.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗

PubMed1989

Analysis of the egg production pattern in a tropical wet climate: influences of the phase of production and the estimated period of oviposition.

The egg production data of a commercial strain of 400 Shaver laying hens were used to study the changes in the percentage/hen/day production from 1 to 48 weeks in lay, applying both simple linear and logarithmic models, which corresponded best to the real conditions. The maximum rate of egg production occurred in the first 12 weeks of lay, followed by a gradual decrease, which became significantly pronounced in the 25 to 48 week production phase. As the hens advanced in age, significant changes were observed in the trend and period of oviposition indicative of an increasingly delayed laying period.

Aging↗

PubMed1987

Interleukin-2 production and effect of thymosin fraction 5 on interleukin-2 production in rheumatoid arthritis.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and effects of thymosin fraction 5 (F5) on IL-2 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were studied. Three patients with RA had elevated IL-2 production which was which was suppressed by F5. IL-2 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 17 other patients with RA was similar to controls and was not affected by F5. Our results are consistent with hyperproduction of IL-2 by some patients with RA which is suppressed by F5.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗

PubMed1973

Studies on the wholesomeness of ready-to-eat meat products. II. Chemical evaluation of comminuted heated products.

Chemical parameters obtained for 280 samples randomly selected from a variety of ready-to-eat meat products were used to assess nutritional value and wholesomeness. The products investigated in this study include wieners, bologna, meat loaves, sausages, liver products and mortadella. Evaluations of gross composition (moisture, fat, protein,) were found to be insufficient to fully characterize these products. Fat/protein and water/protein quotients reflected well on the nutritional quality. Limitations in the application of these and other parameters are shown. Correlations of physico-chemical parameters such as redox-potential and available water to susceptibility to bacterial spoilage within this closely defined group were statistically insignificant.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Effects of histamine on monocyte complement production. I. Inhibition of C2 production mediated by its action on H2 receptors.

Histamine produced dose-dependent inhibition of the production of the second complement component (C2) by monocytes in tissue culture. The effect was not associated with either cell death, as ascertained by trypan blue exclusion, or loss of cells from the monolayer, as determined by measuring their DNA content. The specificity of the response was shown by the failure of histidine or histamine metabolites to inhibit C2 production. Preincubation of histamine with histaminase also abrogated the histamine effect. The kinetics of the effect were extremely rapid and irreversible, most of the reduction being achieved during a 5-min exposure to histamine. The H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine was able to prevent the histamine response, whereas chlorpheniramine, the H1 receptor antagonist, had no effect. Dimaprit and 4-methyl histamine, H2 receptor agonists, simulated the effect of histamine whereas the H1 receptor agonist 2-(2-aminoethylthiazole) was ineffective, confirming that the effect of histamine on C2 production by monocytes is mediated by the H2 receptors. Thus histamine, released from basophils or mast cells by the C3 and C5 cleavage products C3a and C5a respectively, may exert a negative feedback on further C3 and C5 cleavage by limiting the formation of the C3 (C42) and C5 (C423b) convertases.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed1984

Ia-restricted interaction of normal lymphoid cells and SJL lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma) leading to lymphokine production. II. Rapid production of antibody-enhancing factor, interleukin 2, and immune interferon.

Mixed cell cultures of syngeneic lymph node (LN), spleen, or thymus and gamma-irradiated, syngeneic lymphoma cells of transplantable reticulum cell sarcomas (gamma-RCS) produced within 24 hours high titers of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and immune interferon in their supernatant (SN). These lymphokine titers were much higher than those seen after stimulation with allogeneic cells. SN also had marked enhancing activity for antibody production by anti-T-cell serum plus complement-treated spleen cells to trinitrophenylated polyacrylamide in vitro. This activity could be removed by absorption with cells of an IL-2-dependent cytotoxic cell line. Mixtures of gamma-RCS and LN cells from SJL/J F1 hybrid mice produced these lymphokines only when the non-SJL parent contributed H-2s or H-2b, but not H-2k or H-2d, in the I-region. These I-region restrictions were similar to those observed previously with respect to the ability of T-cells from SJL F1 hybrids to give proliferative responses to gamma-RCS in vitro and of these mice to support tumor growth in vivo. gamma-RCS also induced rapid interferon production in vivo, but serum titers 24 hours after injection consisted primarily of interferon resistant to pH 2 and neutralized by antibody to virally induced interferon (IFN-alpha/beta), and the production of IFN-alpha/beta was not subject to the same genetic restrictions. Although reticulum cell sarcoma cell extracts had no detectable effect in vitro, they were capable of inducing transient IFN production in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gas chromatographic determination of fenvalerate insecticide residues in processed tomato products and by-products.

The results of a 5-laboratory collaborative determination of residues of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate in tomato products are presented. Tomatoes from plants treated in the field at 2-4 day intervals (13 foliar applications) were processed into chopped fresh tomatoes, canned quarters, juice, paste, and the by-product skins plus seeds. Gas chromatographic analysis of the commodities for fenvalerate showed the fresh produce to contain 0.26 ppm, and the skins plus seeds contained 1.9 ppm. Residues were barely detectable in canned peeled quarters and juice, but averaged 0.12 ppm for paste, the concentration product of juice. High residues were associated with the skin content of the product. Five laboratories using modifications of the same analytical technique obtained good collaborative agreement.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1983

[Effect of physical parameters on the production of streptococcal extracellular proteins in cultures with stabilized pH. II. Effect of temperature on the formation of streptococcal extracellular products].

The influence of the cultivation temperature on growth and production of extracellular proteins was examined for the group C streptococcus S. equisimilis, strain H 46 A. The temperature range studied was from 28 degrees C to 43 degrees C. The analytical methods used included the determination of enzyme activities, isoelectric focusing and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The strain was able to grow in the entire temperature range with maximum growth at 28 degrees C. The amounts of extracellular proteins elaborated depended on both the cultivation temperature and the biomass production. The specific temperature for optimal production of certain enzymes were determined. The majority of these was produced at optimal rate at a temperature of 28 degrees C. Besides isoelectric focusing and crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed that additional proteins exist, the production of which was reduced at low temperatures. Isoelectric focusing revealed that in a temperature range from 28 degrees C to 37 degrees C approximately 28 different extracellular proteins were produced. In the same temperature range the presence of about 30 antigens was demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed1982

Inhibition of cytokine production by a tumor cell product.

Supernatants from cultured mouse and human tumour cells, but not mouse or guinea-pig fibroblasts, inhibited the production of a lymphokine, macrophage chemotactic factor, by PHA-stimulated mouse spleen cells. The supernatants affected spleen cells from old, but not young, mice. They were most active if added at the start of the spleen cell culture and did not act by binding phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The active material had an approximate molecular weight, on membrane filtration, of 1000-10,000 and could be bound to and eluted from Con A-Sepharose. Tumour supernatant factor(s) of similar molecular weight inhibited the production of interleukin 1 (lymphocyte activating factor) in response to lipopolysaccharide by stimulated thioglycollate-induced peritoneal exudate macrophages, but not by Corynebacterium parvum-activated macrophages. Similar tumour-produced material has been found to inhibit the early phase of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in older mice. It is suggested that this effect is due, at least in part, to inhibition of interleukin 1 production leading to inhibition of lymphokine production.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1982

Products cooked in preheated versus non-preheated ovens. Baking times, calculated energy consumption, and product quality compared.

Plain muffins, yellow cake, baked custard, apple pie, tuna casserole, frozen tuna casserole, cheese soufflé, and meat loaf were baked in preheated and non-preheated standard gas, continuous-clean gas, standard electric, and self-cleaning electric ovens. Products generally required 5 min. or less extra baking time when cooked in non-preheated rather than in preheated ovens. The variability in baking times often was less between preheated and non-preheated ovens than among oven types. Calculated energy consumption values showed that usually less energy was required to bake products in non-preheated than in preheated ovens; savings averaged about 10 percent. Few significant differences were found in physical measurements or eating quality either between preheated and non-preheated ovens or among oven types. Overall, for the products tested, findings confirmed that preheating the oven is not essential for good product quality and, therefore, is an unnecessary use of energy.

Conservation of Energy Resources↗

PubMed1995

Taxol and colchicine increase LPS-induced pro-IL-1 beta production, but do not increase IL-1 beta secretion. A role for microtubules in the regulation of IL-1 beta production.

IL-1 beta is a proinflammatory cytokine secreted chiefly by monocytes and macrophages. Currently, much of its mechanism of processing and secretion is poorly understood, but there is increasing evidence that the microtubule system may be involved. For example, it is known that taxol and colchicine, two drugs that affect microtubule structure and function, increase LPS-induced IL-1 beta release. However, it is not known whether these drugs affect the synthesis of the 31-kDa precursor (pro-IL-1 beta) or the processing and release of mature IL-1 beta. To test this, an assay was used that allowed for the temporal separation of IL-1 beta synthesis and release. The addition of taxol or colchicine to the secretory phase of the assay resulted in no significant change in IL-1 beta release. However, when these drugs were added to the stimulus for IL-1 beta production, there was a significant increase in both IL-1 beta release and total IL-1 beta production, as measured by ELISA. These findings indicate that taxol and colchicine increase LPS-induced IL-1 beta release by an increase in the production of the precursor molecule. Thus, it is unlikely that microtubules are involved in the IL-1 beta secretory machinery in any significant manner, but they do play a role in the regulation of pro-IL-1 beta production.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in migration inhibition factor (MIF) production against soluble or cellular tumor-associated antigens. I. Characteristics and genetic control of two different mechanisms of stimulating MIF production.

For MIF production in response to 3 M KCl extracts of tumor, viable and metabolically active macrophages have been shown to be required to interact with the soluble tumor antigens and then come in contact with immune lymphocytes. The Mphi-lymphocyte interaction for MIF production was found to be under the control of genes mapping in the IA subregion of the H-2 complex. However, when intact tumor cells were used as antigen, Mphi were not required for immune lymphocytes to produce MIF. In addition, the interaction of immune lymphocytes with tumor cells for MIF production did not require H-2 compatibility. These and other observations strongly suggest that there are two different mechanisms for MIF production and that these may be mediated by two separate subpopulations of immune lymphocytes.

Animals↗