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69% of a sample of 54 male and 9 female police officers would have an anonymous test for AIDS. Willingness to have a test was associated with general self-protective behavior.
Scores of 30 police officers on the Occupational Stress Indicator differed from British norms on organisational structure and climate, home and work interface, and relations with others. Officers showed internal control and individual influence. Through managed time and home support, officers coped with stress. Scale scores were intercorrelated.
A study of 92 suicides among police officers in New York City from 1934 to 1939 gave little evidence that work-related stress played a role. Those suicides who were alcohol abusers were younger, less often promoted, more often had current job stress, and more often had interpersonal motives for their suicide.
On the basis of 18 years of experience on the Medical Review Panel of the New Jersey Department of Personnel, the author points out some shortcomings commonly observed in psychological/psychiatric evaluative reports on mental fitness of police officer and fire fighter candidates. Each shortcoming is noted under one of two headings, i.e., routine information or inferences.
The attitudes of a major metropolitan police force were surveyed with regard to their beliefs about marijuana; especially, their beliefs about the effects of marijuana, the enforcement of laws for possession, and the causes for marijuana use. The results indicated that most officers felt marijuana was harmful (physically as well as psychologically) but not necessarily more so than alcohol; 31% believed that possession of small amounts (less than or equal to 1 oz) should be decriminalized, and 85% did not believe that current laws for possession of small amounts were being actively enforced; most officers felt that peer pressure is the main reason why people start to use it and that youthful users and their parents are not well informed about its effects. The officers' rank, educational level, and whether or not they had children were also significantly related to marijuana beliefs, suggesting important demographic factors which determine acceptance of current drug law changes.
A replication of the original survey of police attitudes toward marijuana was conducted in an adjacent county. The survey dealt with three sets of beliefs: the effects of marijuana, the enforcement of marijuana laws, and the causes of marijuana use. The overall results were quite similar to the initial findings in that most officers felt that marijuana was harmful (physically and psychologically) but not more so than alcohol; almost 28% believed that the possession of an ounce or less should be decriminalized, while 75% felt that the laws for possession of this amount were not being actively enforced; most felt that peer pressure is the main reason why people start to use it, that youthful users are not well informed about its effects, and that parents are unaware of their children's usage or its effects.
The authors report how restructuring the department of public safety into a licensed campus police force has improved security and safety at a large Dallas hospital.
Implementing both the IAHSS Basic Hospital Security Officer and Supervisory Training Programs provided benefits for UAB's Police Department that went far beyond the training itself. In this article, the experience initiating both programs is described.
The use of fiscal intermediaries to police Medicare claims has come under the spotlight, mainly because many of those contractors have themselves settled Medicare or Medicaid fraud charges. One answer: the new Medicare Integrity Program, which will beef up federal fraud fighters.
A 41-year-old police officer committed suicide in his office by firing a contact shot to the left temple. When the body was found 12 hours later, the German shepherd dog the officer had been in charge of had caused considerable damage on the lower half of the face and the adjacent parts of the neck. The clothing of the suicide was undamaged. Blood traces in the shape of paws were found at the place of death. The wound margins of the postmortem animal injury were nicked and jagged by the canine teeth. The entrance and exit wounds were not affected by the soft tissue defect. The findings gathered are discussed in reference to the relevant literature.
In September 2000, Amnesty International reported that nine transvestite sex workers were detained by police in Guayaquil, Ecuador on 5 July 2000 for over three weeks on charges of crimes against decency and violating "public morals." AI believes they were detained solely because of their identity as transvestites, and notes that these are not isolated cases.
The government-run Daily News says the Tanzanian government will distribute condoms to students, soldiers, and policemen as part of its 5-year program to control AIDS. The program also includes improved screening of donated blood and promotion of the use of sterile instruments in hospitals. The newspaper quotes Dr. Justin Nguma of the national AIDS control committee as saying the condoms are being donated by the World Health Organization. Students, soldiers, and police officers were chosen to receive the condoms because they are seen as sexually active sectors of the population, and because they are generally young. However, he said these groups did not represent sources of AIDS infection. He says Tanzania has recorded over 3,000 AIDS cases. The country's AIDS program also includes a publicity campaign about AIDS and counseling for those with the disease.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence, types and risk factors of military training-related injuries in recruits of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces (CPAPF). METHODS: A cohort study was made on the risk factors of injuries in 805 male recruits during the military training from December 25, 1999 to December 25, 2000. RESULTS: A total of 111 recruits (14%) experienced one or more injuries, and the cumulative incidence was 16.1 injuries per 100 soldiers in a year. And 77.7% of the injuries belonged to overuse injuries of the skeletal and muscular systems, the most common type of which was stress fractures. Most injuries occurred in the 3rd month of training. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis of possible risk factors for overuse injuries were carried out, and a number of risk factors were identified: history of agricultural labor, history of lower limb injury, flatfoot and less running exercise before entry into the army. But a suitable body mass index (BMI) was a protective factor. Examination of age, body height, smoking, body flexibility and frequency of 2-mile running revealed no significant association with the injuries. CONCLUSIONS: History of agricultural labor, history of lower limb injury, flatfoot, less running exercise before entry into the army and lower BMI were risk factors of the overuse injuries. In order to decrease the incidence of overuse injuries, the young people with good physical ability and shapely body type should be selected during conscription. During the training, nutrition should be improved so as to decrease the incidence of injuries.
4.135 measurements of breath- and blood-alcohol concentration were performed by police in 1986 and 1987 using the Alcomat A 11 (wavelength 3.4 microns). Important conclusions from these measurements can be derived with regard to legal breath-alcohol limits. The parameter for judgement is the breath- to blood-alcohol concentration ratio. Extreme deviations which have to be considered as malfunctions were found only in 0.4% of all cases, despite of the fact that not all precautions for evidential measurements are fulfilled. The reasons for malfunction may result from faulty breath- or blood-alcohol determinations or may simply be errors of transfer. The frequency of relatively too high breath-alcohol values (e.g. by interfering substances) is nearly the same as of relatively too low values (e.g. by too small breath volume). It has to be considered that the requirements according to the expertise of the Federal Health Office for evidential breath-alcohol measurements are only fulfilled partly. Especially the influence of breath-temperature is disregarded although the influence on frequency distributions is important as the comparison with other measurements demonstrates. A further result shows that the frequency distribution of the breath- to blood-alcohol ratio does not depend on blood-alcohol values.
When speaking of rehabilitation of a foreign worker who has fallen victim to an accident or an illness, it is important to ask one fundamental question: Should he be reintegrated in the society of his host country or in his home country? The Swiss foreign police authorities play a decisive role in answering this question. Whether a residence permit should be granted, extended or denied depends on their considerations. For this purpose, all decisions taken by the cantonal authorities are based on particularly significant discretionary powers guaranteed by the Swiss legislation on foreigners. Numerous factors are determining for the evaluation of a case. Often, it is difficult to find the appropriate overview for circumstances, so that a sound and farsighted approach is essential, which-for its part-requires a constructive cooperation of all parties involved.
Drug trafficking and drug abuse are among the major social issues that the world has to grapple with. The far-reaching consequences of drug abuse in humanitarian, social and economic terms have led to intensive action on the part of Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO/Interpol) plays a key role as the central command for the joint efforts of the national law enforcement agencies of its 158 member States. The present paper outlines the role of ICPO/Interpol, particularly its Drugs Sub-Division, in international drug control efforts. It includes a discussion of ICPO/Interpol policies and practices related to drug control and of recent developments in its information and communication capabilities.
Rome tried to increase both the numbers of its people and their well-being, and hence their wealth, but it was not until the 16th century that European rulers were urged to achieve these aims by the power of the state to enforce public health. By the 17th century, absolutist states such as France, Austria and especially Germany had created an administrative profession of enlightened despotism, with medical police to encourage healthy and thus wealth-producing citizens. Johann Peter Frank (1745-1821) was the profession's exemplar with his 6,262 page System einer vollstländigen medischiner Polizey, leading to comprehensive public health legislation in German-speaking states, followed by more libertarian countries such as Britain and the United States. However, controversy continues on the role of government in trying to save its citizens, and especially their children, from harming themselves and/or others by their actions and omissions.
In January 1990 amnesty international stated a report concerning 128 cases of alleged torture by the police in Austria since december 1984. Our material consists of 31 cases, three case reports are given in detail. Problems of medical expertise are discussed. It may be difficult to rule out injuries which are caused by accident or self inflicted. Some methods of torture (certain kinds of asphyxia for example) may be impossible to trace.