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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Differences between Saimiri sciureus and Callicebus moloch in physiological responsiveness: implications for behavior.

The New World primates Callicebus moloch and Saimiri sciureus differ markedly in life modes. Physiological responsiveness (heart rate, cortisol) of these related taxa was compared in two situations that differed in the presumed degree of stress imposed, exposure to a novel environment and physical restraint. In both situations, Saimiri exhibited higher initial levels of heart rate and corticosteroids. In addition, the species differed in their patterns of response to both situations. Saimiri maintained initial heart rate levels across a 1-hour exposure period, whereas Callicebus showed a marked and continuous decline in heart rate. Adrenocortical activity increased in both species in response to test situations, but the elevations in plasma corticosteroids were substantially greater for Saimiri than for Callicebus. The results indicate that the species differ with respect to organization of physiological regulatory systems in a manner consistent with behavioral contrasts between them.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ambulatory system for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of gait and posture in chronic pain patients treated with spinal cord stimulation.

The physical activity in normal daily life is determined to a large extent by the functional ability of a subject. As a result, the measurement of the physical activity that a subject performs spontaneously could be a useful and objective measurement of disability, particularly in patients with disease-related functional impairment. The aim of this study is to provide an accurate method for the measurement and analysis of the physical activity under normal life conditions. Using three kinematical sensors strapped to the body, both the posture and the gait parameters can be assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. A detailed description of the algorithms used to analyse both the posture and the gait are presented in this paper. Two methods, based on different sensor configurations and signal processing, are proposed for the detection of sitting and standing postures (Methods P1 and P2). Two other methods are used for the quantitative assessment of walking (Methods W1 and W2). The performance of the algorithms (expressed in terms of sensitivity, specificity and error) is based on the comparison of data recorded simultaneously by a non-interfering observer (reference data) with the data provided by the recording system (21 patients, 61 h). Sensitivity and specificity are respectively 98.2% and 98.8% (P1), 97.8% and 98.1% (P2) for sitting; 98.0% and 98.5% (P1), 97.4% and 97.8% (P2) for standing; 97.1% and 97.9% (W1), 92.4% and 94.9% (W2) for walking; and finally, 99.2% and 98.6% for lying. Overall detection errors (as a percent of range) are as follows: 1.15% (P1) and 1.20% (P2) for sitting, 1.36% (P1) and 1.40% (P2) for standing, 1.20% (W1) and 1.60% (W2) for walking and 0.40% for lying. The error for the estimated walking distance and the speed is 6.8% and 9.6%, respectively. We conclude that both methods can be used for the accurate measurement of the basic physical activity in normal daily life. Measurements performed before and after the delivery of a treatment can therefore provide information of unprecedented accuracy and objectivity on the ability of a procedure, in this case spinal cord stimulation, to restore functional capabilities.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Comparative physical dependence studies in rats with flupirtine and opiate receptor stimulating analgesics.

In physical dependence studies in rats the principle criterion was loss of body weight after withdrawal of the dependence producing drug. Other typical signs of withdrawal were also observed. In contrast to buprenorphine, codeine and tramadol, flupirtine caused no decrease in body weight and no other withdrawal symptoms. Flupirtine does not produce opiate type physical dependence.

Aminopyridines↗
PubMed2001

Environmental factors of temperature, humidity, serum accumulation, and cell seeding increase colon cancer cell adhesion in vitro, with partial characterization of the serum component responsible for pressure-stimulated adhesion.

Physical characteristics of surgical wounds and viable tumor cells shed may differ between open and laparoscopic procedures. Because environmental factors may vary between the laparoscopic milieu and that of open surgical procedures, we sought to characterize the effect of these factors on tumor cell adhesion, an early step in the process of wound implantation. Human SW620 colon cancer cells were placed in matrix-precoated dishes for 30 min at concentrations of 90,000-540,000 cells/well, at 25-37 degrees C, in the native state of the matrix proteins and after drying for 60 min, and in 0-10% serum. As increased pressure has previously been reported to stimulate colon cancer cell adhesion synergistically with serum, we then further partially characterized the serum components responsible for this potentiating effect. The number of adherent cells varied linearly with cells seeded. Adhesion was temperature-dependent, and also was dependent on the matrix conformation. Less adhesion occurred to dry matrix proteins. Serum dose-dependently potentiated SW620 pressure-stimulated adhesion, with a maximal increase in adhesion compared with ambient pressure conditions at 5% serum concentration. Heat inactivating the serum at 60 degrees C for 30 min ablated the effect. Filtration to remove molecules over 10 kDa produced no change in adhesion relative to ambient conditions, but filtration to 100 kDa preserved the serum effect. When the serum was passed over a gelatin-Sepharose column, which binds numerous proteins including fibronectin, the serum effect was lost. Addition of fibronectin to serum-free media did not reconstitute the effect. The environmental factors of warm temperature, moisture, and serum accumulation may contribute to increased colon cancer cell adhesion. However, the most important determinant of malignant adhesion to surgical wounds, laparoscopic or open, is likely to be the size of the tumor cell inoculum. Pressure stimulation of colon cancer cell adhesion is potentiated by heat-labile serum components of molecular weight 10-100 kDa which bind gelatin-Sepharose, and is not fibronectin alone. Irrigating serum from surgical wounds may decrease tumor implantation.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1996

Cognitive performance after strenuous physical exercise.

Stimulating as well as detrimental effects of exercise on cognitive functioning have been reported. In the present study, 15 endurance-trained athletes (aged 18 to 42 years) performed a bicycle ergometer endurance test at 75% of their maximal work capacity (Wmax). Psychomotor and cognitive tests were administered before and immediately after exercise. These consisted of simple reaction time (RT), 3-choice RT and Stimulus-Response (S-R) incompatible RT tasks, a finger-tapping task, and the Stroop test. Simple RT tasks, but also the more complex S-R in compatible RT, and Color Word Interference in the Stroop test showed an increase in speed of performance after exercise relative to baseline. An enhanced activation was probably responsible for this better performance on psychomotor and cognitive tests. Since performance on the most complex task, the Interference subtest of the Stroop, was especially improved after exercise, the expectancy of the subjects of a potential positive effect of exercise was thought to have been responsible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effects of electrical muscle stimulation on body composition, muscle strength, and physical appearance.

Electrical muscle stimulation devices (EMS) have been advertised to increase muscle strength, to decrease body weight and body fat, and to improve muscle firmness and tone in healthy individuals. This study sought to test those claims. Twenty-seven college-aged volunteers were assigned to either an EMS (n = 16) or control group (n = 11). The EMS group underwent stimulation 3 times per week following the manufacturer's recommendations, whereas the control group underwent concurrent sham stimulation sessions. Bilaterally, the muscles stimulated included the biceps femoris, quadriceps, biceps, triceps, and abdominals (rectus abdominus and obliques). An identical pre- and posttesting battery included measurements of body weight, body fat (via skinfolds), girths, isometric and isokinetic strength (biceps, triceps, quadriceps, hamstrings), and appearance (via photographs from the front, side, and back). EMS had no significant effect on the any of the measured parameters. Thus, claims relative to the effectiveness of EMS for the apparently healthy individual are not supported by the findings of this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Human osteoblasts from younger normal and osteoporotic donors show differences in proliferation and TGF beta-release in response to cyclic strain.

Mechanical stimulation of bone tissue by physical activity stimulates bone formation in normal bone and may attenuate bone loss of osteoporotic patients. However, altered responsiveness of osteoblasts in osteoporotic bone to mechanical stimuli may contribute to osteoporotic bone involution. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether osteoblasts from osteoporotic patients and normal donors show differences in proliferation and TGF beta production in responses to cyclic strain. Human osteoblasts isolated from collagenase-treated bone explants of 10 osteoporotic patients (average age 70 +/- 6 yr) and 8 normal donors (average age 54 +/- 10 yr) were plated into elastic rectangular silicone dishes. Subconfluent cultures were stimulated by cyclic strain (1%, 1 Hz) in electromechanical cell stretching apparatus at three consecutive days for each 30 min. The cultures were assayed for proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and TGF beta release in each three parallel cultures. In all experiments, osteoblasts grown in the same elastic dishes but without mechanical stimulation served as controls. Significant differences between stimulated cultures and unstimulated controls were determined by a paired two-tailed Wilcoxon test. In comparison to the unstimulated controls, osteoblasts from normal donors significantly increased proliferation (p = 0.025) and TGF beta secretion (p = 0.009) into the conditioned culture medium. In contrast, osteoblasts from osteoporotic donors failed to increase both proliferation (p > 0.05) and TGF beta release (p > 0.05) in response to cyclic strain. Alkaline phosphatase activity was not significantly affected (p > 0.05) in normal as well as osteoporotic bone derived osteoblasts. These findings suggest a different responsiveness to 1% cyclic strain of osteoblasts isolated from normal and osteoporotic bone that could be influenced by both the disease of osteoporosis and the higher average age of the osteoporotic patient group. While osteoblasts from osteoporotic donors failed to increase proliferation and TGF beta release under the chosen mechanical strain regimen that stimulated both parameters in normal osteoblasts, it is possible that some other strain regimen would provide more effective stimulation of osteoporotic cells.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Demonstration of a relationship between level of physical training and insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in normal humans.

The relationship between level of physical training and in vivo insulin-stimulated glucose utilization was investigated in 33 healthy nonobese subjects. Status of physical training was estimated by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) during graded bicycle ergometry, and insulin action by the insulin clamp technique. Within the study population we defined a significant (r = 0.63, P less than 0.001) correlation between these two variables. This relationship was independent of age and obesity and accounted for over 40% of the variance in insulin-stimulated glucose utilization among these subjects. In addition, significant correlations existed between VO2 max and the plasma glucose (r = -0.35, P less than 0.05) and insulin (r = -0.37, P less than 0.05) responses to an oral glucose load. These results suggest that differences in level of physical training play a regulatory role in control of in vivo insulin action.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Physical factors in the stimulation of colonic peristalsis.

The effect of colonic distension and changes in intraluminal pH and osmolality have been investigated in patients with well established colostomies. Small volumes of acidic buffer (pH4) and hypertonic saline (4%) were found to be only a very weak peristaltic stimulus. Strong hypertonic solutions (glycerine BP) induced a poorly sustained peristaltic response in the majority of cases. Distension of the inactive colon did not stimulate peristalsis. Distension of a colon previously stimulated to peristaltic activity caused fresh waves of contraction. This study appears to show that by themselves physical factors play an unimportant role in initiating peristaltic activity in the colon.

Buffers↗
PubMed1992

Physical manipulation of subcutaneously implanted cardiac muscle in rat increased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration.

UNLABELLED: To examine the effects of physical stretch on cardiac muscle endocrine activity, the authors transplanted whole neonatal hearts subcutaneously into the back and the ears of the correspondent mother (n = 9). Seven days later, physical manipulation was applied on the implanted heart by stretching the skin and the subcutaneous tissue encasing the implanted cardiac muscle, for a period of five to ten minutes. Such manipulation was repeated approximately every seven days postoperatively for a total of two to four times for each rat. The plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay prior to and immediately following manipulation. Postmanipulation plasma ANP levels were found to increase from the premanipulation levels. At two weeks postimplant, the average increase was 290% with the highest single-specimen increase being nearly twelvefold. The increases observed at two and three weeks following implantation had Signed Rank Test p values of 0.015 and 0.042 respectively. The viability of the implanted hearts was confirmed by cell culture. Light microscopic immunocytochemistry detected ANP immunoreactivity in the implanted cardiocytes. The elevated plasma ANP concentration induced by the manipulation appeared to be correlated with the functional status of the implanted cardiocytes. IN CONCLUSION: (1) Subcutaneously transplanted neonatal myocardiocytes survived for at least three to four weeks while retaining the ability to produce ANP. (2) Physical manipulation of implanted heart induced ANP release. Therefore, cardiac ANP production and release is indeed stimulated by physical stretching.

Animals↗