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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Clinical significance of Candida isolated from peritoneum in surgical patients.

Over a 2-year period, all surgical patients from whom Candida was isolated from intra-abdominal specimens were evaluated. All but 1 of the 49 evaluable patients had either a spontaneous perforation (57%) or a surgical opening of the gastrointestinal tract (41%). Candida caused infection in 19 patients (39%), of whom 7 had an intra-abdominal abscess and 12 peritonitis. In the other 30 patients (61%), there were no signs of infection and specific surgical or medical treatment was not required. Candida was more likely to cause infection when isolated in patients having surgery for acute pancreatitis than in those with either gastrointestinal perforations or other surgical conditions. The development of a clinical infection was significantly associated with a high initial or increasing amount of Candida in the semiquantitative culture. Surgery alone failed in 16 of 19 patients (84%), of whom 7 died and 9 recovered after combined antifungal and surgical treatment. The overall mortality and the mortality related to infections were significantly higher in the patients with intraabdominal candidal infections than in those without such infections.

Abscess↗
PubMed1999

Encapsulated Enterococcus faecalis: role of encapsulation in persistence in mouse peritoneum in absence of mouse lethality.

Two nonhemolytic, mucoid, encapsulated strains of Enterococcus faecalis lacked lethality for 23 white mice when inoculated (10(9) cells/mL) intraperitoneally. Bacteremia was short lived (2 to 3 days), but peritoneal cultures remained positive for 7 days postinoculation. Although encapsulation did not result in animal lethality, encapsulation may have delayed peritoneal clearance by interference with phagocytosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Analgesic effect of olipiphate on mouse model of chemical stimulation of peritoneum.

We studied the analgesic effect of olipiphate, a product of lignin, against writhing provoked by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid. Paracetamol was used as the reference drug. Both agents dose-dependently decreased the number of motor reactions caused by the irritant. Olipiphate possessed analgesic activity and efficiency comparable with those of paracetamol, but produced a more long-lasting effect.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1982

Effect of protamine on the permeability and structure of rat peritoneum.

The effect of protamine, a polycationic protein, on the mesothelial permeability and ultrastructure was evaluated in a rat model of peritoneal dialysis. The peritoneal permeability to urea and inulin were measured after the intraperitoneal instillation of protamine sulfate in varying concentrations. A functional correlation was made with the ultrastructure of omentum. Protamine concentrations between 5 and 30 micrograms/ml decreased the permeability to inulin without significantly altering that of urea. At concentrations from 30 to 75 micrograms/ml, protamine increased permeability to urea by 50% and to inulin by 20%. Mesothelial cells revealed a loss of microvilli and minor degrees of disorganization of submembranous, cytoplasmic microfilaments without significant changes in the intramembranous structure of occluding junctions. Effects were partially reversible. At a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml, there was an irreversible doubling in permeability to inulin without a comparable effect on permeability to urea associated with the disruption of occluding junctions in focal areas. This complex response to protamine suggests at least two transperitoneal diffusion pathways, transcellular and paracellular. The mesothelial cell occluding junctions may be a diffusion barrier in the latter pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis impairs T lymphocyte selection in the peritoneum.

Peritoneal lymphocytes (PCL) of 45 healthy individuals, four uremic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and 25 long-term continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients were characterized by flow cytometry to investigate whether CAPD alters the phenotype of PCL. B lineage cells constitute a minority of PCL (2.5% of cells). Although the majority of peritoneal T cells expressed alpha beta T cell receptor (TcR), 7% expressed gamma delta TcR, a proportion which was significantly higher than that in peripheral blood (PBMC) (approximately 4%). The majority of PCL T cells exhibited markers of the thymus-dependent lineage (CD2, CD3, TcR alpha beta, CD8 alpha beta or CD4) and surface antigens associated with memory and activation (CD45RO, CD11a, CD18, CD49d, HLA-DR). An average of 75% of both CD4+ and CD8+ PCL T cells of healthy subjects and CAPD patients were CDw60+, thus characterizing the T cell subset containing the helper activity for the mitogen-driven B cell differentiation. CD44s was abundantly expressed on PCL T cells. In contrast to PCL T cells of healthy subjects peritoneal T lymphocytes of CAPD patients exhibited CD44 splice variants containing products of exon-v9 and the proportion of CD44v9+ cells correlated with the frequency of peritonitis episodes the patients had gone through. The majority of PCL T cells of both healthy subjects and CAPD patients were CD8+. A large proportion of CD8+ PCL T cells from healthy subjects expressed the homodimeric CD8 alpha alpha isoform; however, such cells were not found in CAPD patients. In healthy subjects mRNA for the recombination activating gene 1 (RAG-1) was detectable in a PCL population containing CD7-CD34+ and CD7+CD34+ cells. In contrast, neither mRNA transcripts of the RAG-1 gene nor CD34+ cells were detectable in PCL of CAPD patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Expression of heat shock proteins 47 and 70 in the peritoneum of patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal sclerosis, characterized by collagen accumulation, is a serious complication in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) therapy. Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) is a collagen-specific molecular chaperon and is closely associated with collagen synthesis. METHODS: We determined the expression of HSP47 and HSP70 (nonspecific for collagen synthesis) by immunohistochemistry in peritoneal tissues of patients on CAPD. The tissue for collagen III, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), and CD68 (a marker for macrophages) were also stained. Thirty-two peritoneal samples were divided into three groups (group A1, 11 patients who had no ultrafiltration loss; group A2, 9 patients who had ultrafiltration loss; and group B, 12 specimens who had end-stage renal disease prior to induction of CAPD. RESULTS: In group B, staining for HSP47, HSP70, and collagen III in peritoneal tissues was faint, and only a few cells were positive for alpha-SMA and CD68. In contrast, HSP47, HSP70, and collagen III were expressed in areas of thickened connective tissues in fibrotic peritoneal specimens of CAPD patients. The expression level of HSP47, HSP70, collagen III, and alpha-SMA and the number of CD68-positive cells in group A2 were significantly higher than those in groups A1 and B. HSP47/HSP70-positive cells were mesothelial cells, adipocytes, and alpha-SMA-positive myofibroblasts. Furthermore, the expression level of HSP47 was significantly higher in peritoneal specimens from patients with refractory peritonitis than without it and was significantly higher in patients with more than 60 months of CAPD therapy than that in patients with less than 60 months of CAPD. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that CAPD therapy may induce HSPs in the peritoneal tissue, and that peritonitis in CAPD patients may be associated with the progression of peritoneal sclerosis at least through HSP47 expression and chronic macrophage infiltration. Our data also suggest that the progression of peritoneal sclerosis in such patients is associated with deterioration of peritoneal ultrafiltration function.

Actins↗
PubMed2003

Mass transfer of calcium across the peritoneum at three different peritoneal dialysis fluid Ca2+ and glucose concentrations.

BACKGROUND: In peritoneal dialysis, the rate of ultrafiltration has been predicted to be a major determinant of peritoneal calcium (Ca2+) removal. Hence, dialysis fluid glucose concentration should be an important factor governing the transperitoneal Ca2+ balance. The aim of this study was to test the effect of various dialysate glucose levels and selected dialysate Ca2+ levels on Ca2+ removal in peritoneal dialysis patients. METHODS: Patients (N = 8) received, during a 7-week period, 2 L of lactate (30 mmol/L)/bicarbonate (10 mmol/L)-buffered peritoneal dialysis solutions containing either 1.5% glucose and 1.0 mmol/L Ca2+ or 2.5% glucose and 1.6 mmol/L Ca2+, or 4% glucose and 2.5 mmol/L Ca2+, respectively, provided in a three-compartment bag (trio system). Patients underwent standardized (4-hour) dwells, one for each of the three dialysates to assess permeability-surface area product (PS) or mass transfer area coefficients (MTAC) for ionized and "freely diffusible" Ca2+, lactate, glucose, bicarbonate, phosphate, creatinine, and urea. RESULTS: There was a clear-cut dependence of peritoneal Ca2+ removal on the rate of ultrafiltration. For large peritoneal to dialysate Ca2+ gradients (2.5 mmol/L Ca2+ in 4% glucose) a close fit of measured to simulated data was predicted by the three-pore model using nonelectrolyte equations. For low transperitoneal Ca2+ concentration gradients, however, directly measured Ca2+ data agreed with the simulated ones only when the peritoneal Ca2+ PS was set lower than predicted from pore theory (6 mL/min). CONCLUSION: There was a marked ultrafiltration dependence of transperitoneal Ca2+ transport. Nonelectrolyte equations could be used to simulate peritoneal ion (Ca2+) transport provided that the transperitoneal ion concentration gradients were large. Based on our data 1.38 mmol/L Ca2+ in the dialysis fluid would have created zero net Ca2+ gain during a 4-hour dwell for 1.5% glucose, whereas 1.7 and 2.2 mmol/L Ca2+ would have been needed to produce zero Ca2+ gain for 2.5% glucose and 3.9% glucose, respectively.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1991

Absorption through the peritoneum of the macromolecular profibrinolytic drug defibrotide in the rabbit.

Defibrotide is the sodium salt of a polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian lungs by controlled depolymerization. This macromolecular compound (mean molecular weight 20,000 d) has profibrinolytic activity. It also is antithrombotic after both intravenous and oral administration. The purpose of this study was to see whether defibrotide could activate the fibrinolytic system after intraperitoneal administration, because it has been observed that in ascitic patients treated intraperitoneally with defibrotide, no occlusion of the peritoneal-jugular catheter valve draining the ascitic fluid (according to LeVeen et al.) occurred. The profibrinolytic activity of defibrotide and its plasma levels were dose dependent, with a statistically significant correlation between the fibrinolytic activities and the AUC of the plasma levels of defibrotide. No rebound effect was observed during the duration of the experiments (24 hours). We hypothesize that the fibrinolytic activity elicited by defibrotide prevented the deposition of fibrin in the catheter valve, enabling normal drainage of the ascitic fluid. The lack of rebound makes defibrotide a safe drug. The mechanism by which this macromolecular compound is absorbed is still unknown.

Animals↗