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PubMed1998

[The competence of a female. Battle against the rise of the female dentist].

The refusal of the Dutch Dental Society in 1898 to admit three female dentists to their ranks, was the reason for a polemic. Two important male dentists both wrote a pamphlet considering the competence of women for the study and the practice of learned professions like dentistry. Moreover, they deliberated the value of study and practice for both women and society. The authors are strongly influenced by Social Darwinism and their arguments would now be described as male chauvinism. They admit that women could do the job as well as men, if only after a long evolution. But that evolution is not to be welcomed at all: the best attribute of woman (maternal love) would be frustrated and her highest task (child care) would not be fulfilled. Her femininity would disappear and the new 'man-woman' would not be desired by men, which would be detrimental to the institution of marriage. Already now, they argue, marriages are diminishing, lose quality and divorces are on the increase. They know the cause of all evil: feminism and the women's rights movements.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2002

Impact of a mini-clinic on diabetic care at a primary health care center in southern Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a mini-clinic on the quality of diabetic care at a Primary Health Care Center in Aseer region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: All the files of diabetics in Wasat Abha Primary Health Care Center were reviewed at the end of 1997 for diabetic process based on a scoring system of 11 items. Diabetic outcomes were evaluated in accordance with Quality Assurance Protocol. Data of all the files was entered into and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Relevant statistical tests were used. RESULTS: Files of 198 patients were evaluated, 61.6% were male, 90.4% were married, and 50% were educated. The mean duration of diabetes was 7.1 years. All the 11 items of diabetic process improved significantly except for measuring blood pressure, weight and cholesterol. However, the mean of the total score increased significantly from 5.7 points to 8.2 points (P=0.00). The measured diabetic outcomes improved significantly for the provision of diabetic card, health education pamphlets, diabetic control and obesity. Ten percent of the diabetics were found to have at least one complication. Diabetic retinopathy (8.4%), impotence (8.2%), and cardiovascular (3.6) were the most prevalent recorded complications. CONCLUSION: Establishment of diabetic mini-clinic at Wasat Abha Primary Health Care Center improved the process and the outcomes of diabetic care. Further large and countrywide studies are suggested to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of such types of clinics on diabetic care.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[The fight over water fluoridation in Israel].

Water fluoridation in Israel was initially introduced on a municipal level in 1981. Legislation in favor of national water fluoridation was approved in 1998. Over the last year an increasing campaign against the fluoridation project has become more and more evident. The material published by the opponents to fluoridation, distributed in pamphlets, daily journals and mass media resources, illustrate as in the USA, an endless and unrestrained "duel" between opponents and supporters of fluoridation. In Israel, in contrast to the USA, referenda are unprecedented, therefore, the political "battle field" is transferred to the municipal authorities and the Knesset. The pivotal component of the Israeli opponents to fluoridation regards the public's health and safety. Unscientific publications appear regularly in the daily journals and electronic mass media with no reference of supporting studies ever mentioned. The inevitable question addressed in this article is what are the best ways of action to be taken by the supporters of fluoridation is Israel. The main and most important mode of action against this campaign is, undoubtedly, continuous persuasion. Nevertheless, the continuous daily struggle of the supporters must be in a world-wide frame and be adjusted to the different target groups of the public. An effective confrontation should include nation-wide available publications (internet, daily papers and multimedia) with special emphasis on the important subjects (e.g. evidence based care, significance of toxic doses and the value of social justice), in a format comprehensible to the public and its leaders. The American experience helps us to understand that the opposition to water fluoridation will not diminished but, on the contrary, is expected to strengthen. We must look forward with no illusions and establish ways of action and cooperation by learning from past experience and from that of our collaborators. This will serve as the basis for the ongoing frank and persuasive efforts, derived from a deep and honest belief in the justice of our way.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2002

Promoting self-change with alcohol abusers: a community-level mail intervention based on natural recovery studies.

BACKGROUND: By using a public health approach to the treatment of alcohol problems, this study analyzed the efficacy and cost analysis of two versions of a community-level mail intervention to promote self-change among alcohol abusers who had never sought help or treatment. METHODS: A total of 825 participants who responded to media solicitations were randomly assigned to one of two interventions: (a) for bibliotherapy/drinking guidelines (n = 411), they were given two pamphlets with information about the effects of alcohol and guidelines for low-risk drinking and self-monitoring, and (b) for motivational enhancement/personalized feedback (n = 414), personalized advice/feedback was provided on the basis of the participants' assessment of their drinking and related behaviors. RESULTS: Although both groups exhibited significant reductions in drinking from 1 year before to 1 year after intervention, there were no significant differences between the two interventions for any variable. This suggests that the materials, irrespective of whether they were personalized, facilitated the reduction of drinking. Cost analysis revealed that a brief mail intervention could reduce drinking at a very low cost per participant (US$46 to US$97). CONCLUSIONS: A brief community-level mail intervention for problem drinkers who had never sought treatment resulted in sizable reductions in alcohol use over the year after the intervention compared with the year before. Furthermore, many of those with poorer outcomes engaged in a natural stepped-care process by seeking help. These results, coupled with the low cost to deliver the intervention, suggest that public health campaigns could have a substantial effect on reducing alcohol problems and associated costs as well as getting some individuals into treatment. Such an approach would represent a shift from the alcohol field's long-standing clinical focus to a broader public health perspective.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[A correspondence behavioral approach for 6 lifestyle's improvements in a workplace].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of a mediated minimal behavioral intervention aimed at lifestyle improvement in with reference to physical activity, healthy diet, appropriate alcohol consumption, quitting or decreasing smoking, dental care, and relaxation, coping with stress. Behavioral strategies used in this program were self-checks for these 6 daily habits, with goal setting for behavioral changes, and self-monitoring. The program ran for one month and support was provided for the participants to master behavioral techniques of self-control by explanation in the application format and rewards which were presented post intervention. METHODS: The participants were 435 office workers, 255 males (mean age: 46.6 years) and 180 females (mean age: 34.4 years). One healthcare provider managed the total intervention for all participants. Each selected optionally one of the 6 habits and 3 target behaviors from 10-12 realistic examples of behavior change on an application form. They received a monitoring sheet and a brief educational pamphlet for their selected habits. Next, they monitored and recorded their target behavior every day for one month. The primary outcome measures were behavior changes at the end of the intervention period and at 6 months thereafter. RESULTS: The results showed high compliance of application rates (7.8%) and record's performance ratios (80%). All habits improved significantly for a total of 18 concrete behavior traits: for example daily walking (P < .01), using stairs (P < .01), vegetable intake (P < .01), eating speed (P < .05), alcohol drinking frequency (P < .01), drinking frequency except at home (P < .05), cigarettes per day (P < .01), breathing cigarette smoke by the lungs (P < .01), teeth brushing frequency (P < .01), gum brushing frequency (P < .01), overall sleep time (P < .01), and taking a bath comfortably (P < .01). Two hundred and 72 (62.5%) subjects completed questionnaires after 6 months. Comparing pre, post, follow-up questionnaire, results 17 concrete behavior traits improved over the period studied. CONCLUSION: The intervention appeared to prompt and reinforce starting and practicing improved behavior because of the attractive application format, letter and rewards. Therefore, it was concluded that correspondence behavioral intervention is cost-effective and useful for lifestyle modification in the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Oral and perioral piercing: a unique form of self-expression.

A comprehensive review of oral and perioral piercing is presented. This contemporary phenomenon has many implications for the piercee and for the oral healthcare professional. Oral and perioral piercing, which have become prevalent recently, both have historical antecedents. The implications of piercing are described in detail including sites at the tongue, lips, cheeks, frenum, and uvula. Complications occurring immediately after, soon after, and long after the piercing are detailed with special emphasis on the possible deleterious effects on hard and soft oral tissues. Suggestions are provided for patient education including a pamphlet for downloading. Appropriate jewelry selection is described and accompanied with a video clip demonstrating removal of jewelry during the dental appointment and a suggested technique for keeping the piercing hole patent while the jewelry is out. Reviewing this information should educate the oral healthcare professional to be prepared for the patient presenting with an oral or perioral piercing.

Cosmetic Techniques↗
PubMed1994

World Population Day to focus on ICPD themes.

The eighth annual World Population Day will be celebrated world-wide on 11 July 1994. Last year, activities marking the occasion took place in more than 110 countries. According to Dr. Nafis Sadik, Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and Secretary-General of ICPD, this year's celebration will help draw attention to the upcoming Cairo Conference and to its themes of "choices and responsibilities"--the basic right and responsibility of couples and individuals to make informed choices about child-bearing, and the responsibility of societies to help them in achieving their reproductive goals. To promote World Population Day, UNFPA's Information and External Relations Division has produced a colorful poster, a 15-minute video (available in English, French and Spanish) emphasizing maternal health, and a special pamphlet and a new edition of the Population Issues Briefing Kit (both in English, French, Spanish and Arabic). The kit outlines the major issues to be addressed at ICPD. UNFPA is also sponsoring a 5-15 July exhibit at UN headquarters, featuring photos and text from Material World: A Global Family Portrait, a book to be published in October. The book, by Peter Menzel, will document an extraordinary project in which 16 prominent photographers travelled to 30 countries to photograph typical families surrounded by all their possessions--in some cases a few jars and jugs, in others an abundance of electronic gadgetry.

Advertising↗
PubMed2002

Reducing cesarean delivery rates in managed care organizations.

BACKGROUND: A national consensus has emerged that cesarean delivery (CD) rates are excessive. OBJECTIVES: To review the subject of CD delivery and to discuss options for reducing CD delivery rates in managed care organizations (MCOs) from the current rate of approximately 22% to a rate of 10% to 15% in 5 years, as proposed by the World Health Organization. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Literature review. RESULTS: Contracted physicians could be provided with evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for CD as well as data on acuity-adjusted physician-specific CD rates within the MCO and could be offered supplementary fees for performing vaginal deliveries after a previous CD. Administrators and physician leaders of contracted hospitals could also be asked to adopt written criteria for lack of progress in labor, to review all indications for CD for all cases, to encourage use of vaginal delivery after a previous CD, and to require a second opinion for performing all except emergency CDs. Members of MCOs who become pregnant could be mailed an educational pamphlet that encourages vaginal delivery rather than CD. CONCLUSIONS: To facilitate dissemination of information, MCOs should report their experience in implementing, monitoring, and evaluating the effectiveness and outcomes of programs to reduce CD delivery rates. The MCO objective would be to lower CD rates without alienating physicians or attempting to impose a regimented approach that would offend and be counterproductive for consumers.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed1987

The right to have a second birth given up.

The Government of the Wendeng County, Shandong Province has taken measures to carry out the family planning program in a down-to-earth way. For the past few years, there are 2141 couples who have given up, of their own accord, the right to have a 2nd birth, though they are entitled to have. During the practice of family planning, the Wendeng Government started with the publicity of family planning policies. More than 30,000 copies of publicity pamphlets were distributed and about 220 shows of videotapes, films and slides were played in the countryside. The county's Family Planning Committee and the Maternal and Child Health Care Station, together with other departments concerned gave 120 lectures on birth control in the rural areas and sent contraceptives to every village with guidance to households. For the past 3 years, the proportion of women at childbearing age using contraceptives has increased by 62%.

Asia↗
PubMed2002

A study of the effectiveness of AIDS health education interventions among the adolescent population of Singapore.

AIM OF STUDY: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of existing AIDS health education interventions in Singapore amongst the adolescent population of Singapore. By identifying specific target groups that lack knowledge and information regarding HIV, it is hoped that suggestions may be provided towards increasing the effectiveness of these interventions. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire of randomly selected adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 years was performed to assess their knowledge of HIV and their opinions and awareness of HIV education in Singapore. RESULTS: A total of 400 adolescents of various backgrounds were surveyed. In general, the subjects surveyed possessed reasonably good knowledge about HIV/AIDS, with an average score of 77.4% (SD = 15.8%). However, the results also showed areas of knowledge deficiency and misconception prevalent among those surveyed. Subgroup analysis showed that adolescents from low-income families, relatively less academically successful schools and those of younger ages knew significantly less than other adolescents. In terms of the awareness of HIV/AIDS education and information, the percentage of the subjects who could recognise any of the three commonly issued pamphlets or poster or who knew of any telephone numbers to call to receive information on HIV and AIDS was low. Less than 40% of those surveyed felt that enough awareness was being created within the public regarding AIDS. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that most adolescents surveyed felt that they are inadequately educated regarding HIV andAIDS. The results would certain target groups using the appropriate media in future educational intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Telomerase activity in myelodysplastic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To study telomerase activity (TA) and its variation in bone marrow mononuclear cells from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) at different stages in comparison with normal bone marrow cells and leukemic cells. METHODS: The TA was semi-quantitatively determined in mononuclear cells from 20 normal bone marrow samples, 21 patients with MDS at different stages and 32 cases of acute leukemia by using a polymerase chain reaction-enzyme linked immuno-sorben assay (PCR-ELISA) kit. RESULTS: The TA in normal bone marrow cells was in the range of 0 to 0.3 units (U) with a mean of 0.11 +/- 0.08 U. Among them, 3 samples were considered positive in accordance with the standard recommended by the kit's pamphlet. In bone marrow cells from patients with acute leukemia, the TA was ranging from 0 to 0.96 U with a mean value of 0.42 +/- 0.26 U. The positive rate was 78.1% which was significantly different from that in normal bone marrow (BM) (P < 0.01). In case of myelodysplastic syndrome, the average level of TA was 0.27 +/- 0.19 U (ranging from 0 to 0.97 U) with a positive rate of 66.7%. In comparison with normal BM cells, the difference was significant (P < 0.05). Particularly, the MDS high-risk subgroup exhibited a significantly higher activity of telomerase (P < 0.05). In comparison with INT-1 and INT-2 subgroups in MDS patients based on international prognostic scoring system (IPPS), the difference in TA was also significant (P < 0.05). The abnormality in cell karyotype was not correlated with TA. CONCLUSION: The normal bone marrow cells demonstrate TA at a marginal level while a remarkably increasing level may be seen in acute leukemia patients. The BM cells from MDS patients display a moderate TA among which the high risk MDS subgroup with a poor prognostic IPPS score exhibited markedly higher TA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Peace policy by accusations of heresy against Johannes Crato (1519-1585) and denunciation of Paracelcius followers as Arians].

Since 1563 the Paracelsians were publicly denounced as Arians who denied the full divinity of Christ. A work of Alexander von Suchten, who was personal physician of the Polish King, triggered the polemic. The "Propositiones" of Suchten outlined a doctrine of salvation based on chemistry and medicine. As can be proved the pamphlet was influenced by heterodox christologies and doctrines of justification. But there are no indications of contacts between Suchten and Polish antitrinitarians of his time. Actually the public denunciation of the Paracelsians as Arians was a clever political move of the Emperor's personal physician Johannes Crato who aimed at the reformation of medicine in a humanistic sense. This aim was threatened by the fundamental opposition of the Paracelsians, exactly as his irenic religious policy was jeopardized by the growing confessional dogmatism. In this situation Crato used the instrument of denunciation as a means to dissociate himself from medical and theological extremists. The Zurich naturalist Konrad Gessner supplied him with the basic idea. Thomas Erastus, medical professor in Heidelberg, worked out the accusation in detail.

Alchemy↗
PubMed1976

Experience with SI units in biochemistry.

Use of Système International d'Unités (SI) for laboratory measurements was instituted Jan. 1, 1975 at two community hospitals. Beforehand, talks were given, pamphlets, conversion tables, new calibration curves and new master record cards were printed, computer cards were reprogrammed and conversion kits were prepared; the total cost was less than $200. After 6 months 16% of the medical staff had stopped converting SI units into conventional units, 78% were still occasionally converting units and 6% were routinely converting units. Changeover had been difficult for 25%, only a nuisance for 49% and easy for 26%. The patients' lives were not endangered by conversion.

Biochemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

Acceptability of antenatal HIV testing in Ireland.

To assess the acceptability of antenatal HIV testing. A questionnaire based study. Obstetric outpatient clinic at the Portiuncula Hospital, Galway, Ireland. Women attending the antenatal clinic between May and November 2000. The participating women received pamphlets explaining HIV testing in pregnancy before completing the questionnaire. The questions included assessment of their views towards prenatal HIV testing, perceived benefits and acceptability. Seven hundred and forty-eight questionnaires were distributed. Of these 715 (96%) completed questionnaires were returned out of which 32 (4.5%) were discarded because they were improperly completed. 683 (96%) correctly completed questionnaires were analysed. 650 (95.2%) women agreed that prenatal HIV testing was a good idea and that test was necessary, 17 (2.5%) said test was not a good idea, 30 (4.4%) said test was unnecessary and 16 (2.3%) and 3 (0.4%) women were unsure whether or not test was a good idea and necessary respectively. Three hundred and sixty two (53%) women were of the opinion that prenatal HIV testing was of benefit to the mother and her baby; 301 (44%) to the mother, baby and the health workers; 14 (2%) to the baby; and 3 (0.4%) only to the mother. Only 3 (0.4%) women reported that prenatal HIV testing was of no benefit. The majority of the women, 436 (63.8%) had second level education, 202 (29.6%) received third level and 45 (6.6%) had only primary education. Antenatal HIV testing is acceptable to the majority of the obstetric population studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cardiovascular risk factors in textile workers: prevalence and intervention.

This study included 1,390 textile workers from a southern state who received a screening for risk factors for heart disease. Occupational health nurses then provided an education/counseling intervention and one or more American Heart Association pamphlets using the results of the screening. Over half of the workers had at least one modifiable risk factor for heart disease. The most common modifiable risk factor was smoking. Most of the participants (60.8%) had a cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dL, but 27.4% were in the borderline high range of 200-239 mg/dL, and 11.8% had a cholesterol of 240 mg/dL or higher. Almost 26% of the participants had a blood pressure of 140/90 or higher. Findings on a subset of 544 workers re-screened at 6 months were: workers with hypertension were able to lower their blood pressure significantly; cholesterol levels increased slightly in all participants except white males; and although some smokers stopped smoking, others began smoking, so the total number of smokers at the second test was actually slightly higher than at the first screening.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changing men's attitudes and behavior: the Zimbabwe Male Motivation Project.

A multimedia communication campaign was conducted between 1988 and 1989 to promote family planning among men in Zimbabwe. The campaign consisted of a 52-episode semiweekly radio soap opera, about 60 motivational talks, and two pamphlets about contraceptive methods. Changes over time were measured by comparing a subset of a follow-up survey conducted from October to December 1989 to a baseline survey conducted from April to June 1988. Men exposed to the campaign were also compared to men who were not exposed. The follow-up survey revealed that the campaign reached 52 percent of men aged 18 to 55. Among married Shona-speaking men, use of modern contraceptive methods increased from about 56 percent to 59 percent during the campaign. Condom use increased from about 5 percent to 10 percent. Awareness and current use of modern contraceptives was also higher among men exposed to the campaign, primarily because of their greater awareness of condoms. Men exposed to the campaign were significantly more likely than other men to make the decision to use family planning and to say that both spouses should decide how many children to have.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increasing participation by private physicians in the EPSDT Program in rural North Carolina.

This study evaluated a method to increase physicians' participation in Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT), a preventive health care program for Medicaid eligible children. Use of EPSDT can improve children's health status and reduce health care costs. Although the potential benefits of EPSDT are clear, the program is underused; low rates of participation by private physicians contribute to underuse. This study targeted a population of 73 primary care physicians in six rural counties in North Carolina where the physician supply, their participation in EPSDT, and use of EPSDT were low. A mailed intervention packet attempted to address barriers to participation perceived by private providers. The packet consisted of a carefully constructed letter, an informative journal article, and an educational pamphlet. Participation in EPSDT screening increased from 15 to 25 private physicians (67 percent), at a cost, on average, of less than $30 per recruited provider. Suggestions are presented for adapting the intervention packet to other settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1965

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S MEDICAL IMPRINTS.

The printing house of Benjamin Franklin produced several works of a medical nature in Colonial America at a time when very few medical treatises were being written or printed. Benjamin Franklin was also indirectly responsible for the founding of the first medical library in this country. For these reasons he was, in addition to his many other talents, an early contributor to American medical literature. Included in this bibliography are all the known medical books, pamphlets, and broadsides in English with Benjamin Franklin's name in the imprint, issued in America. These eighteen titles span the years 1732 to 1765 and are presented chronologically with indications of their relation to the practice and practitioners of Colonial medicine. Benjamin Franklin's press produced as wide a variety of contributions as did his versatile life, and the early history of medicine in this country bears the influence of both.I am pleased with your scheme of a Medical Library at the Hospital, and I fancy I can procure you some donations among my medical friends here, if you will send me a catalogue of what books you already have. Enclosed I send you the only book of the kind in my possession here, having just received it as a present from the author.-Benjamin Franklin to Dr. Cadwallader Evans, London, May 5, 1767 (1).

Book Imprints↗