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Challenges to the pharmacist profession from escalating pharmaceutical demand.

Unexpected growth in medication use has escalated demand for pharmacists that has outpaced supply. Responses to the pharmacist shortage include larger workloads and greater use of pharmacist extenders and technology. As the profession has moved from a product orientation (dispensing medications) to a patient focus, clinical training requirements have expanded. However, structural and process barriers, particularly in community and retail pharmacies, must be addressed to improve the medication-use process. These issues merit greater attention from health care leaders and policymakers.

Drug Prescriptions↗

High blood pressure detection: a new public health measure for the dental profession.

Detection of high blood pressure can be a major public health service contribution by the dental profession. The pioneer program at Fairleigh Dickinson University, in conjunction with the Bergen County Health Department and the Bergen County Dental Society, is encouraging dentists to participate in the National High Blood Pressure Program. Participants are urged to measure the blood pressures of all their adolescent and adult patients and to refer those with sustained elevated readings to their physicians, preferably by the arrangements of appointments.

Dentists↗

Economic growth of the dental profession: comparisons with other health care sectors.

This paper describes the economic growth of the dental profession and concludes, on the basis of increases in real output in excess of the GNP, that the dental services sector of the economy is a growth industry. The analysis shows that, on a relative basis, dentistry also appears to be growing with respect to other important health service sectors, including physician services. Changes in output appear to be related to the expansion of the supply of dental workforce, the increased productivity of individual general practitioners, population growth, and the increase in the portion of the population with dental insurance.

Dental Care↗

How dentists see themselves, their profession, the public.

The public traditionally has held dentistry in high regard as a profession. But some recent evidence suggests a decline in public confidence--a fact that may be affecting the way dentists view themselves. What should and can be done?

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Medical biochemistry in Macedonia: a profession for physicians and natural scientists.

Medical biochemistry or clinical chemistry in its roots is an interdisciplinary science between natural sciences and medicine. The largest part of medical biochemistry is natural science (chemistry, biochemistry, biology, physics, mathematics), which is very well integrated in deduction of medical problems. Medical biochemistry throughout the world, including Macedonia, should be a professional field open to both physicians and natural scientists, according to its historical development, theoretical characteristics and applied practice. Physicians and natural scientists follow the same route in clinical chemistry during the postgraduate training of specialization in medical biochemistry/clinical chemistry. However, in Macedonia the specialization in medical biochemistry/clinical chemistry is today regulated by law only for physicians and pharmacists. The study of clinical chemistry in Europe has shown its interdisciplinary character. In most European countries different professions, such as physicians, chemists/biochemists, pharmacists, biologists and others could specialize in clinical chemistry. The question for the next generation of specialists in Macedonia is whether to accept the present conditions or to attempt to change the law to include chemists/biochemists and biologists as well. The latter used to be a practice in Macedonia 20 years ago, and still is in many European countries. Such change in law would also result in changes in the postgraduate educational program in medical biochemistry in Macedonia. The new postgraduate program has to follow the European Syllabus, recommended by EC4. To obtain sufficient knowledge in clinical chemistry, the duration of vocational training (undergraduate and postgraduate) for all trainees (physicians, pharmaceutics, chemists/biochemists and biologists) should be 8 years.

Biochemistry↗

[Decreased demand for nursing courses--a profile of the profession among young people].

This study, which is based in a descriptive exploratory charter objectified to identify the perception that young people have concerning to the factors which possibly have been influencing the process of how to choose a professional career for nursing, been possibly to identify an outline for nursing. Outline, is not so attractive for the young people to select this profession.

Career Choice↗

[Gender representations and morality in the nursing profession].

This text is part of a dialogue between the authorserlating to two research projects: one on "The professional ambiguities, work conditions and the citizenship of nurses--a comparative study in the Federal District and São Paulo" and the other on "The impact of work conditions on the nurses in the Hospital São Paulo as to sexual and reproductive life". Nursing occupies a singular place in the health professions. Is is differentiated by numeric importance as well as by a professional practice which is almost exclusively feminine. Culturally, to care is attributed as a woman's task (nurse, mother teacher, social worker, etc.); to treat is a man's task (doctor, father, provider, etc.) The dichotomy between caring and treating denies other conflicts, relations of power, and of hierarchies established in the professional practice of nursing. These conflicts may be associated with: a) the founding myth of the origin of nursing, generator of a morality and a competence which condition htis professional practice; b) feminity, mothering, the administration of intimacy and body care, that is, the social representations of nursing with respect to gender; c) the androcentric character of power relations and those of sexuality which subsume the professional space of nursing.

Ethics, Nursing↗

[History of the legislation for the nursing profession in Brazil].

This article outlines the contribution of the Brazilian Association of Nursing (ABEn) in the study, discussion and approval of laws and regulations that have significant impact on the nursing profession. It points out that ABEn has always had an active, pacific and accurate way of working. It emphasizes that the association has dealt with de law making-body and executive members of the government, based on technical arguments and secondary data in order to comply with the nursing professional's needs.

Brazil↗

[Developing knowledge and a profession: 70 years of the Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem].

Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem-REBEn (Brazilian Journal of Nursing) is now 70 years old. It was created in 1932, and was initially called Anais de Enfermagem. Its main purpose was to be a communication link among Brazilian professionals of nursing. REBEn, which is directly linked to ABEn (Brazilian Association of Nursing), also has as its objective the publicizing of scientific production in different fields of knowledge which can be of interest for the nursing profession. The journal went through many difficulties before achieving the current status of most important publishing in the field of nursing in Brazil. The periodical was developed along many generations and has now achieved intellectual maturity which guaranteed its inclusion in the international indexation of scientific periodicals.

Brazil↗

[Theoretical perspectives on medicine and the medical profession: an anthropological approach].

The medical field and profession are studied from the theoretical point of view of the social sciences. The most representative works on this subject are presented. The analysis shows that conservative positivism and orthodox Marxism are the main obstacles to development in this field of study. At the same time it suggests the concept of culture and the anthropological method of research as the best means for the overcoming of some of the main contradictions which paralyse its progress.

Anthropology, Cultural↗

[The role of technical & financial cooperation to advance nursing profession in the area of demand reduction in Latin America: challenges and perspectives].

New framework of Technical & Financial Cooperation (TFC) has been used to develop a partnership between an international organization and universities in Latin America to advance the contribution of nursing profession in the area of demand reduction. TFC purpose is to support development on specific issues or areas that needs to produce impact within the society as a whole. The "Regional Research Capacity-Building Program" for nurses to study the drug phenomenon in Latin America represents an example of new framework of TFC to enhance nurses to use science and technology in areas of health promotion, prevention of drug use and abuse, and social integration in Latin America. TFC has becomes a powerful instrument to advance nursing professional in the area of demand reduction.

Financing, Organized↗

[Reflections on nursing teaching and students' first contact with the profession].

Nursing teaching has been characterized by constant discussions on pedagogical proposals and implementation of curricular changes. The aim of this study was to reflect on nursing students' experience related to their first contacts with the profession, considering traditional perspectives and current tendencies that imprint values and attitudes in learning and practice. Nowadays, the complexity of human beings and the environment they live in is considered within a biopsychosocial, economic and cultural context, constituting resources that allow for the formation of competent professionals in order to deal with the challenges of the XXIst century. Thus, nursing schools have to follow a teaching philosophy to form trained people to attend to local and regional demands and are socially committed to change. What is aimed for is participative learning, in which teacher and student, articulated in the knowledge improvement process, do not forget about humanitarian views.

Education, Nursing↗

The reaction of the dental profession to changes in the 1970s.

This paper explores the changing realities of dentistry in the 1970s: the development of denturism; the maldistribution of dental practitioners; the growth and activities of expanded function auxiliaries; the intrusion of the Federal Trade Commission into professional issues resulting in advertising, supermarket and franchise dentistry; and the effect of prepayment plans. These realities are considered in terms of their impact on the profession and the efforts by the individual practitioner and his representative organizations to come to terms with them.

Advertising↗

Support for the medical profession among the aged.

National survey data are utilized to delineate areas of confidence among the aged in the medical profession. Four key specifying variables were used in the analysis-race, sex, socioeconomic status, and size of community. Findings indicate that confidence in medical leaders is lowest among that group which in past studies has been found to visit the doctor most often: the elderly of low socioeconomic status. This finding suggests that improvement in the medical care received by the aged could be an important first step in restoring the elderly's confidence in medical leaders.

Adolescent↗

The paradoxical impact of health care restructuring in Canada on nursing as a profession.

This article draws on the concept of "countervailing powers" to explore some of the contradictory effects of Canadian health care restructuring on nursing. The main focus is on key institutional powers in the nursing field, the major individual and collective strategies nurses have adopted in response to restructuring, and the ways in which the interaction between global and national market forces and the aggregate responses of nurses has created a severe shortage of nurses. The global shortage has led to a global competition for nurses' labor. This, along with government budget surpluses, has increased nurses' bargaining power, forcing governments and hospital managers to reverse nursing spending cuts; to offer more secure professional jobs, as opposed to casual work; to engage in aggressive, bonuses-laden recruitment of nurses, both within Canada and abroad; and, more generally, to rethink some of their restructuring strategies. However, since the bargaining power of nurses is largely market dependent and, as such, highly variable, there does not seem to be much potential for a sustained increase in the institutionalized power of the nursing profession.

Canada↗

The Health Professions Stress Inventory: factor structures for pharmacists.

Scores from a sample of pharmacists on the Health Professions Stress Inventory were factor analyzed to identify any underlying components of these professionals' job-related stress. Data were collected via mail questionnaires from a nationwide sample of 573 practicing pharmacists. Three- and four-factor solutions, using both orthogonal and oblique rotations, were compared. Based on these comparisons, a four-factor oblique solution was judged to be most appropriate, the four factors being labeled Professional Recognition, Patient Care Responsibilities, Job Conflicts, and Professional Uncertainty. The factors show evidence of internal consistency and construct validity.

Adult↗