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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Production, properties and specificity of a new bacterial L-fucose- and D-arabinose-binding lectin of the plant aggressive pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, and its comparison to related plant and microbial lectins.

The worldwide distributed plant aggressive pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, which causes lethal wilt in many agricultural crops, produces a potent L-fucose-binding lectin (RSL) exhibiting sugar specificity similar to that of PA-IIL of the human aggressive opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both lectins show L-fucose > L-galactose > D-arabinose > D-mannose specificity, but the affinities of RSL to these sugars are substantially lower. Unlike Ulex europaeus anti-H lectin, but like PA-IIL and Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL), RSL agglutinates H-positive human erythrocytes regardless of their type, O, A, B, or AB, and animal erythrocytes (papain-treated ones more strongly than untreated ones). It also interacts with H and Lewis chains in the saliva of "secretors" and "nonsecretors." RSL purification is easier than that of PA-IIL since R. solanacearum extracts do not contain a galactophilic PA-IL-like activity. Mass spectrometry and 35 N-terminal amino acid sequencing enabled identification of the RSL protein (subunit approximately 9.9 kDa, approximately 90 amino acids) in the complete genome sequence of this bacterium. Despite the greater phylogenetic proximity of R. solanacearum to P. aeruginosa, and the presence of a PA-IIL-like gene in its genome, the RSL structure is not related to that of PA-IIL, but to that of the fucose-binding lectin of the mushroom (fungus) Aleuria aurantia, which like the two bacteria is a soil inhabitant.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1970

Investigations of Canavanine Biochemistry in the Jack Bean Plant, Canavalia ensiformia (L.) DC: I. Canavanine Utilization in the Developing Plant.

An ontogenetic study of the canavanine and soluble protein pools in the developing jack bean plant, Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC., was conducted. Evidence was presented which clearly established the conversion of canavanine to canaline and urea as the principal pathway of canavanine utilization. The catabolic reactions of certain bacteria involving the formation of guanidine or hydroxyguanidine from canavanine are not operative in the cotyledons of jack bean. Evidence was obtained which indicates that a second, minor reaction is functioning in canavanine degradation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1974

The Biosynthesis of delta-Aminolevulinic Acid in Higher Plants: I. Accumulation of delta-Aminolevulinic Acid in Greening Plant Tissues.

delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydrase activity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. Alpha green) cotyledons did not change as the tissue was allowed to green for 24 hours. delta-Aminolevulinic acid accumulated in greening cucumber cotyledons, and barley (Hordeum sativum L. var. Numar) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Red Kidney) leaves incubated in the presence of levulinic acid, a specific competitive inhibitor of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase. The rate of delta-aminolevulinic acid accumulation in levulinic acid-treated cucumber cotyledons paralleled the rate of chlorophyll accumulation in the controls, and the quantity of delta-aminolevulinic acid accumulated compensated for the decrease in chlorophyll accumulation. When levulinic acid-treated cucumber cotyledons were returned to darkness, delta-aminolevulinic acid accumulation ceased.delta-Aminolevulinic acid accumulation showed an absolute requirement for oxygen and was inhibited drastically by cyanide and azide, and to a lesser extent by arsenite and malonate. 2,4-Dinitrophenol, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea, sodium fluoroacetate, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride showed no effect under the conditions tested. Freezing and thawing of the tissue completely prevented the accumulation of delta-aminolevulinic acid.The findings of this investigation are consistent with the hypothesis that delta-aminolevulinic acid is a chlorophyll precursor in higher plants, and that chlorophyll biosynthesis is regulated at the level of the formation of delta-aminolevulinic acid.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1974

The Biosynthesis of delta-Aminolevulinic Acid in Higher Plants: II. Formation of C-delta-Aminolevulinic Acid from Labeled Precursors in Greening Plant Tissues.

delta-Aminolevulinic acid was accumulated by greening cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. Alpha green) cotyledons, barley (Hordeum sativum var. Numar) leaves, and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Red Kidney) leaves in the presence of various (14)C-labeled precursors and levulinic acid, a competitive inhibitor of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase. The radioactivity in the accumulated delta-aminolevulinic acid was measured.The most effective labeled precursors were the 5 carbon dicarboxylic compounds glutamate, glutamine, and alpha-ketoglutarate. (14)C-Labeled glycine and succinate were relatively poor. The carboxyl and the methylene carbons of glycine were incorporated into delta-aminolevulinic acid to about equal extent. The carboxyl carbon of glutamate was incorporated almost as well as the internal carbons of the same compound. These results are inconsistent with the succinyl CoA-glycine succinyl transferase (delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase) mode of delta-aminolevulinic acid production.When the same experiments were performed on turkey blood (which, as avian blood in general, possesses delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase), delta-aminolevulinic acid was labeled most effectively from glycine-2-(14)C, moderately well from glycine-1-(14)C and glutamate-3,4-(14)C and not at all from glutamate-1-(14)C.It appears probable that greening higher plant tissues possess an alternate route to delta-aminolevulinic acid in which the carbon skeleton of glutamate (and alpha-ketoglutarate) is incorporated intact into the first committed metabolite of the chlorophyll pathway.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Hydrogen reactions of nodulated leguminous plants: I. Effect of rhizobial strain and plant age.

The ATP-dependent evolution of H(2) catalyzed by nitrogenase and the hydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of H(2) have been implicated as factors influencing the efficiency of energy utilization in the N(2) fixation process. The effects of rhizobial strain and plant age on the H(2)-evolving and H(2)-utilizing activity of leguminous root nodules are described in this manuscript. Two classes of legume-Rhizobium combinations were observed in studies with soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). One group evolved H(2) in air; the other group did not exhibit net evolution of H(2). The latter group metabolized H(2) formed within the nodule through the action of a hydrogenase. The capacity to oxidize H(2) was strongly linked to the strain of Rhizobium used to inoculate cowpeas and soybeans. Although the magnitude of H(2) evolution in air changed during vegetative growth of a given symbiont, the ratio of H(2) evolved in air to total nitrogenase activity was not appreciably altered during this period. No consistent difference in nitrogenase activity as measured by the C(2)H(2) reduction assay was observed between symbionts with an active hydrogenase and those that apparently lack the enzyme and evolve H(2). The effects of the two reactions of H(2) on total N(2) fixation and yield must now be established.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Cell Surfaces in Plant-Microorganism Interactions : III. In Vivo Effect of Ethylene on Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoprotein Accumulation in the Cell Wall of Diseased Plants.

Ethylene production and cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) biosynthesis are greatly enhanced in melon (Cucumin melo cv. Cantaloup charentais) seedlings infected with Colletotrichum lagenarium. Short-term experiments performed in the presence of specific inhibitors of the ethylene pathway from methionine, namely l-canaline and amino-ethoxyvinylglycine, indicate that under non-toxic conditions, both ethylene and [(14)C]hydroxyproline deposition in the cell wall of infected tissues are significantly lowered. On the contrary, treatment of healthy tissues with 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid, a natural precursor of ethylene, stimulates both the production of the hormone and the incorporation of [(14)C]hydroxyproline into cell wall proteins.The data provide the first evidence of the in vivo effect of ethylene on the cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein biosynthesis in plants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Some observations on epidemiologic studies in Egyptian gins, cotton pressing plants and cottonseed oil extraction plants.

The follow-up studies presented in this report wee conducted to evaluate the impact of the relative technical improvements that took place in the cotton processing industries of Egypt in the last 10-15 years on the health of the workers. Results have indicated tha: 1) the health status of the workers has been relatively improved; however, their work environment is far from being safe. 2) The prevalence of byssinosis and reduction in FEV1 during the first day of work after the weekend are related to the duration of exposure, level of dustiness and content of plant debris in dust. 3) Chronic effect of exposure to cotton dust, demonstrated as reduction in predicted FVC, develops in workers continuing exposure for long durations, even if the classic symptoms of byssinosis and reduction in FEV1 do not occur. 4) Women workers are more liable to be affected by cotton dust exposure than the men. 5) "Cottonseed dust" may not be a "byssinnogenic" dust; however, it is capable of producing ventilatory function effects similar to those produced by cotton dust.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Bacillus subtilis isolated from medicinal plants rhizosphere effectively controls Cercospora leaf spot and improves plant growth in mung bean (Vigna radiata).

BACKGROUND: Mung bean is an important leguminous crop, which is reported to face devastating yield losses of up to 70% due to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease. Traditional methods, such as the application of agrochemicals and fungicides, have been used to control CLS, but their intensive use has toxic effects on edible crops. METHODS: To find out a sustainable alternative, this study characterizes a strain, Bacillus subtilis Medicinal_04, isolated from Cannabis sativa rhizosphere and explores its role as an eco-friendly biofungicide and biostimulant. The species level identification of the isolate was confirmed by Average Nucleotide Identity (ANIb) and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH). The antagonistic efficacy of B. subtilis Medicinal_04 against Cercospora canescens was evaluated in vitro as well as in planta assays. RESULTS: ANIb of 97.80% and a dDDH score of 85.90% against the reference B. subtilis str. 168. confirmed this isolate as B. subtilis. The in-vitro results showed that B. subtilis robustly inhibited C. canescens growth by 81.5%, strongly correlated with positive chitinolytic activity and a diverse genomic array of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. The in planta results demonstrated that B. subtilis seed priming reduced disease incidence by 80 and 71.4%, while foliar application resulted in reductions of 90 and 85.7% for NM-51 and NM-20-21 varieties, respectively. Furthermore, fungicide application successfully reduced disease, however it caused noticeable phytotoxic reductions in root-shoot architecture and chlorophyll content. In contrast, biological interventions completely bypassed these trade-offs as B. subtilis application displayed improved root-shoot length, pod number, and chlorophyll content, while simultaneously enhancing antioxidative enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) and PR-1 gene expression. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that B. subtilis Medicinal_04 has the potential to serve as a multifunctional biocontrol agent and is capable of securing high-level disease suppression and optimizing plant productivity, offering a valuable toolkit for climate-smart, sustainable agriculture.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed2004

Nitrogen removal from sludge water with SBR process: start-up of a full-scale plant in the municipal wastewater treatment plant at Ingolstadt, Germany.

The sludge water obtained from the dewatering processes following anaerobic sludge digestion contains high levels of ammonia. This sludge water is generally returned to the beginning of the waste water treatment plant process, thereby significantly increasing the nitrogen load on the biological process. In this project, the start-up of a full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process to separately treat the aforementioned sludge water is studied. Two parallel SBRs were operated over 8 hour cycles. The duration of the start-up was approximately 100 days until a hydraulic load of 225 m3/d was reached for each SBR. This paper presents the results of the start-up, highlighting the change in nitrogen concentration with time and the effect of other parameters such as temperature and suspended solids in that period. Following the project period of operation, the ammonium concentration was reduced by more than 95% on average.

Biofilms↗
PubMed2005

Retention of Escherichia coli in municipal sewage by means of planted soil filters in two-stage pilot plant systems.

Different types of constructed wetlands in a pilot-plant system were fed with identical municipal waste water to compare the sanitisation process in two-stage systems. With combinations of a vertical and a horizontal flow filter an E. coli reduction of 5 log10 with an E. coli influent concentration of 10(7) MPN/100 ml was achieved. Using different filter materials in each stage the total performance of the two-stage system was independent from the sequence of these materials. However, using coarser filter material in the first stage makes the filter less prone to clogging and is thus the preferential option with regard to operational reliability.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2003

Identifying type III effectors of plant pathogens and analyzing their interaction with plant cells.

Many bacterial pathogens cause disease by injecting virulence proteins (effectors) into host cells via the specialized type III secretion system. Recently, exceptional progress in identifying effectors was made in the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae using a novel genetic screen and bioinformatic approach. These studies, along with localization experiments, suggest that most P. syringae effectors function by targeting the plasma membrane, chloroplasts or mitochondria of host cells. The type III secretome of P. syringae is highly variable and dynamic, a lesson gleaned from a comparative genomic analysis. Variation in the effector repertoire is likely to facilitate the adaptation of P. syringae to different hosts.

Amino Acids↗