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PubMed1990

[The status of Yunnan Dendrobium drugs and their botanical origin].

The commercial standards of Dendrobium medicinal materials in Yunnan are very complicated. 1. The principal commodities of these materials include: 1. Xi-fengdou (spiral Dendrobium): They are divided into three classes, i.e. 1, 2 and 3, but recently Diaolan-fengdou (rough spiral Dendrobium) was discovered. 2. Huangcao (yellow herb Dendrobium): They are classified as Xi-huangcao (slender Dendrobium), Cu-huangcao (thick Dendrobium), Bian-huangcao (oblet Dendrobium), Xiaogua-auangcao (littlemelon Dendrobium) and Xian-huangcao (freshly Dendrobium). 2. nonprincipal Huangcao commodities in Yunnan include: Cha-huangcao (branch Dendrobium), Xianggun-huangcao (stick Dendrobium) and Yougua-huangcao (melon Dendrobium).

China↗
PubMed1990

[Morphological and histological studies of Chinese Ephedra, ma huang. II. Species produced in southwestern China and other species].

In this paper, the morphological and histological characters of crude drugs derived from Ephedra likiangensis Florin, E. likiangensis f. mairei (Florin) C. Y. Cheng, E. saxatilis Royle ex Florin, E. gerardiana Wall, E. gerardiana var. congesta C. Y. Cheng, E. minuta Florin, E. minuta var. dioeca C. Y. Cheng, E. lepidosperma C. Y. Cheng, E. lomatolepis Schrenk and E. intermedia var. tibetica Stapf are described, compared and illustrated with line drawings. It was found that all the Ephedra spp. growing in southwester nChina possess the following features in common, viz. (1) numerous distinct longitudinal ridges are present on the stem; (2) xylem fibres and tracheids possess steep, tertiary spiral thickenings; (3) stone cells (sclereids) are absent from the nodes. According to the above characters, the drugs produced in southwestern China can be differentiated from those produced in northern China. The results also show that the histological characters of E. intermedia var tibetica Stapf produced in southeast ern Xizang (Tibet) are different from those produced in north western Xizang. The former possesses the xylem fibres and tracheids with steep, tertiary spiral thickenings, while the latter possesses sclereids at stem-nodes. It may be related to their habitat factors and interspecies hybridization. A key for identification of all the crude drugs derived from Chinese Ephedra spp. studied in this series of paper, including thirteen species, three varieties and one form is presented.

China↗
PubMed1989

[An investigation of medicinal concha ostreae of Xinghua City, Jiangsu Province].

The investigation shows that this concha ostreae is actually the remains of the geomorphological evolution of the Jiangsu plain, or the fossil of ancient concha ostreae shells, and therefore differs considerably from the medicinal concha ostreae specified in current Chinese Pharmaconeia. The safe and effective use of concha ostreae remains to be studied further.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[The tendencies of research on Chinese materia medica in Japan--establishment of morbid models in animals and their application to research on Chinese materia medica].

This paper presents a survey of some pathologic models on animals established to satisfy the needs of research on Chinese materia medica in Japan over the last several years, e.g., model of blood-stasis syndrome, model of "taiyang" syndrome, model of spleen deficiency syndrome, speeded aging model and two related models, i.e. chronic renal insufficiency and bronchitis. All these models can be used for reference in the experimental research on Chinese materia medica.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Pharmacognostic studies on the Chinese drug guanzhong produced in East China].

By on-the-spot investigation we have checked up on 8 kinds of botanical origin of the Chinese traditional drug Guanzhong produced in East China and have given keys for their identification. The major tissue features of basal petioles and the external characteristics of the crude drugs have also been given.

Medicine, Chinese Traditional↗
PubMed1989

[A comparative identification of four Gynostemma spp. herbs and their various species from Guangxi].

In this paper, the authors have described the morphological and histological character of the four herbs of Gynostemma spp. and their confused species from Guangxi viz Gynostemma pentaphyllum, G. guangxiense, G. laxum and G. longipes, and their confused species of four Hemsleya daxienensis, H. chinensis, Cayratia japonica and C. japonica var. pubifolia. The description is illustrated with line-drawings for comparative identification.

China↗
PubMed1989

[Studies on water extract limits of Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis].

This paper reports the result of the content determination of water extract of Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis. It has been found that the yellower colour of section, the richer the contents of the water extract, and the contents tend to decrease when stored for a long time or unsuitably kept. The contents of water extract have nothing to do with the diameter or the producing area. We suggest using cold extraction to determine the contents of water extract of Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis and the content should not be less than 16 percent.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed1989

[A theory on Chinese drugs and their system structure].

Chinese drugs constitute a unique medicinal system that features the following three subsystems: subsystem of medicinal substances consisting of traditional theories such as "four properties and five tastes of drugs" and "the principal, adjuvant, auxiliary and conduct ingredients in a prescription' , etc; subsystem of pharmacological actions comprising the theory of "ascending, descending, floating and sinking", etc; Subsystem of human body's functions incorporating the theory of "drugs to act on the channels". In this paper a discussion has been held on the above three-element structure of traditional Chinese drugs.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed1989

[Herbalogic studies on the Chinese drug fangfeng].

Through a critical study of the descriptions of Fangfeng in the ancient Chinese herbals, it may be concluded that the chief botanical source of this drug was Saposhnikovia divaricata, besides, the roots of Peucedanum ledebourielloides and P. wawrii may also be used. The root of Glehnia littoralis may be used as an substitute and called Shifangfeng. The difference in geographical sources of Fangfeng in ancient and present times is also discussed.

China↗
PubMed1989

[Quality evaluation of twelve species of Chinese Ephedra (ma huang)].

The contents of six Ephedra alkaloids, namely ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, methylephedrine and methyl-pseudoephedrine, in 12 species of Chinese Ephedra collected in 24 districts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Zorbax CN column (25 cm x 4.6 mm I.D.) was used and the temperature of column oven was 23-25 degrees C. Dibutylamine phosphate solution 0.0009 mol/L (pH 2.2) was used as the mobile phase at flow rates: 0.8 ml/min for the first 7 minutes, raised to 1.5 ml/min in 30 sec and maintained for 16 minutes. The alkaloids eluted were detected at wave-length 210 nm. The results showed that ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the main components in these Ephedra herbs, but the contents of the six Ephedra alkaloids vary greatly with the plant species. The contents of total alkaloids are higher and ephedrine is the main component in samples derived from Ephedra sinica, E. equisetina, E. monosperma and E. intermedia var. tibetica; but in E. intermedia and E. lomatolepis, the content of pseudoephedrine is higher than that of ephedrine. Methylephedrine content is higher in E. intermedia var. tibetica produced in Xizang (Tibet) and in E. sinica produced in north-eastern China than that in other species. The results also showed that the samples derived from E. przewalskii and E. lepidosperma contain so little alkaloids (less than 0.1%) that they are considered not suitable to be used as the drug Ma Huang. It is of interest that the cultivated Ephedra sinica showed lower alkaloids content compared with that growing wild.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1989

[The species problem in medicinal plant studies].

The present paper made a brief introduction to the two current major species concepts and the various types of "species" existent in nature. The author emphatically pointed out that in any case species are heterogeneous instead of homogeneous. Thus pharmacognostists should not be content with mere identification of the scientific names of plants, but are obligated to find out the intraspecific variations associated with pharmacognostic identification and to bring to light the regularities of formation, accumulation and dynamic changes of secondary metabolic products for medical use.

Pharmacognosy↗
PubMed1989

[Morphological and histological studies of Chinese Ephedra mahuang. I. Seven species produced in north China].

The Chinese drug Ma Huang, Herba Ephedrae, is well known in the East and West. The botanical origin specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (1985 edition) includes the dried herbaceous stems of Ephedra sinica Stapf, E. equisetina Bunge and E. intermedia Schrenk ex Mey. A survey of the botanical origin of this drug, however, revealed that other Eqhedra spp. are also used in certain districts in China. In order to find means for the identification of drugs derived from different plant origins, it is necessary to make a comparative study of the morphology and histology of all the Eqhedra spp. growing in China. In this paper, the morphological and histological characters of the crude drugs derived from the Eqhedra spp. chiefly growing in north China, viz. E. sinica Stapf, E. equisetina Bunge, E. intermedia Schrenk ex Mey., E. qrzewaskiistaqs E. monosperma Gmel. ex Mey., E. fedtschenkoae Pauls, and E. regeliana Florin are described, compared and illustrated with line drawings. It is discovered that the following characters are useful for their differentiation, viz. (1) the presence, shape and height of cuticular papillae of the stem; (2) the presence, amount and arrangement of sclereids at stem-nodes; (3) vessels and tracheids with bordered pits and spiral thickenings, tracheids with bordered pits and reticulate thickenings, and xylem parenchyma cells with reticulate thickenings, (4) the ratios of longitudinal and transverse diameters of stomata on the epidermis of stem and leaf. Observation with scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the perforations of the end walls of vessel element in Eqherda spp. are bordered. It is also found that the degree of lignification of fibres and medullary cells of the herbaceous stems is related to the positions and diameters of the stems. It is therefore unsuitable as a diagnostic feature for the differentiation of Eqhedrra species.

Medicine, Chinese Traditional↗