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PubMed1988

Periodontal disease in feral pigs (Sus scrofa) from Queensland, Australia.

Periodontal lesions were present in 26 of 107 feral pigs (Sus scrofa) that were shot in southern Queensland. The severity of the lesions varied from gingivitis to extensive destruction of the alveolus and its contents. Examination of slaughtered domestic pigs revealed a similar prevalence of lesions (12 of 52). Only cheek teeth were affected, and molars were affected more frequently than premolars. In both feral and domestic pigs, prevalence of periodontal disease affecting bone increased with age. Although periodontal disease is recognized as a common and often serious problem in many mammalian species, both domestic and wild, it has rarely been recorded in the pig. It is considered that the most severe lesions would have interfered with mastication but that the contribution of the disease to mortality of feral pigs in Australia is probably not great.

Animals↗

PubMed1971

Deficiency of coenzyme Q 10 in gingival tissue from patients with periodontal disease.

The specific activities of the succinate dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q(10) reductase in gingival tissue from patients with periodontal disease have been compared with the corresponding specific activities of normal human periodontal tissue. The gingival biopsies from patients having diseased periodontal tissue showed a deficiency of coenzyme Q(10), in contrast to those of the normal periodontal tissue which showed no deficiency. The presence or absence of a deficiency of coenzyme Q(10) in the succinate-coenzyme Q(10) enzyme system is appraised by determining the specific activity in the absence and again in the presence of exogenous coenzyme Q(3). An increase in specific activity of this mitochondrial enzyme system in the presence of exogenous coenzyme Q(3) reflects the mitochondrial deficiency of coenzyme Q(10). Such increases ranged from 38-120% and averaged 81% for the individuals with periodontal disease, and were highly significant statistically. These data correlate with clinical studies in Japan that have indicated a therapeutic benefit of the administration of coenzyme Q(7) to many patients with severe and destructive periodontal disease and with the benefit of administration of hexahydrocoenzyme Q(4) to one such patient in the current work.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

[Epidemiological analysis of periodontal disease. Analysis of junior high school and high school students].

In this study, we carried out epidemiological surveys on some of the factors that seem to be related to periodontal disease in adolescence, and tried to clarify the cause of periodontal disease in young people. Moreover, the direction needed for effective education of school students in the field of school dental health was discussed. The subjects of this study were 232 junior high school students and 142 high school students. Oral conditions evaluated in terms of the PMA index, the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) and the salivary occult bleeding level for periodontal disease, the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) for oral hygiene, and the DMFT index for caries experience. Psychological tests used in this study were the Yatabe-Guilford test (Y-G test), the Cornell Medical Index (CMI), and the Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS). The dental questionnaire developed by Maeda was changed to a simpler form and used to obtain information on personal aspects or parameters such as the ability to recognize one's oral condition, their knowledge of proper dental health, consciousness about and interest in dental health, dental experience and health behavior. The condition of periodontal disease and the OHI-S value tended to improve as the school grade went up, especially among junior high school students. Regarding the personal aspects the subjects who had knowledge of proper dental health, consciousness about and interest in dental health, and health behavior tended to show a lower PMA index; and there were differences in these parameters between junior high school students and high school students. Among junior high school students the results suggested that consciousness about and interest in such factors as gingival bleeding, bad breath and sticky feeling in the mouth caused better dental health behavior. In the psychological aspects, the PMA index value tended to be lower in the low-anxiety group than in the high-anxiety group. From these findings, periodontal disease in adolescence appears to be affected by not only the oral hygiene condition but also personal parameters and psychological factors. In school dental health, therefore, personal health guidance by the teacher in charge who knows the student well is very important in order to improve the periodontal condition, together with the correct examination and evaluation by the school dentists.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

The prevalence of periodontal disease in children and young adults in Yugoslavia.

The prevalence of periodontal disease and its severity in children and young adults in the republics of the SFR Yugoslavia have been assessed. Although some regional differences have been reported the overall pattern is that periodontal disease in Yugoslavia has similar characteristics to the disease found elsewhere in Europe. Data for tooth loss indicate the importance of periodontal disease as a reason for extractions in those who are over 35 years of age. A nationwide survey of the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis was begun in 1984 and the results are awaited with interest. The recent improvement in dentist:population ratio in Yugoslavia will favour prevention and allow disease to be combatted at an earlier age. The steps required are outlined.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Systemic effects of periodontal diseases.

A number of studies suggest an association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, diabetes,and pregnancy complications. Presently, the data must be regarded as preliminary. Additional large-scale longitudinal epidemiologic and interventional studies are necessary to validate these associations and to determine whether the associations are causal. The goal of this article is to review the history of this concept, describe the biologically plausible circumstances that may underlie these potential associations, and provide a summary of the published literature that supports or refutes them.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed2002

Periodontal disease and systemic health--diabetes.

This article discusses the biologic basis of periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Following is a consideration of the possibility of a link between diabetes and periodontal disease. Mounting evidence suggests that there is, indeed, a connection between periodontal disease and diabetes.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed1990

Detection of high-risk groups and individuals for periodontal diseases: laboratory markers based on the microbiological analysis of subgingival plaque.

Periodontal microbiology is reviewed with regard to the potential of certain characteristics to serve as markers of high risk groups or individuals for periodontal diseases. The generally accepted associations between particular organisms and the various periodontal diseases are discussed. The usefulness of various clinical study designs is reviewed. The ecology of the subgingival plaque microflora is discussed and a number of suggestions for future research are made. We have concluded that there is no monospecific aetiology to any of the various periodontal conditions. Nevertheless, we give particular attention to the role of the black-pigmented bacteroides based upon our belief that they, and Bacteroides gingivalis in particular, are fundamental to our understanding of the biology of periodontal diseases in humans and other animals. Consequently, the contribution of its various virulence factors and their potential as markers of disease susceptibility and activity is addressed.

Bacterial Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2000

Periodontal disease: link to cardiovascular disease.

Poor oral hygiene that leads to dental infections could contribute to adverse medical outcomes such as cardiovascular disease. Twelve studies of varying degrees of design rigor have associated dental conditions, such as periodontal disease, missing teeth, and edentulousness, with either coronary heart disease or a cerebral vascular accident. Six of the studies were longitudinal so that the demonstration of the oral health parameters as significant predictors of the cardiovascular event would elevate the dental parameter to the status of a risk factor. Because dental diseases (especially periodontal disease) are treatable, the dental component is a modifiable risk factor; therefore, maintaining good oral health should receive the highest priority for a healthy life.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Relationship between age and clinical symptoms of periodontal disease].

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between age and clinical symptoms of periodontal disease as they were evaluated by themselves when they were presented for periodontal treatment in the private clinics of the authors during a period of ten years. A questionnaire was designed for this reason which included questions related to gingival bleeding, gingival enlargement, tooth migration and tooth mobility. 230 questionnaires were evaluated from a total of 1175 consisting a representative sample. The answers were evaluated in relation to the age of the patient. The results showed that a positive and significant relationship exists between the age and gingival bleeding, gingival enlargement, tooth migration and tooth mobility. The patients are becoming aware of two, three or four symptoms of periodontal disease during the fifth decade of life (40-49 years old). The symptoms that are mainly appearing in the groups of patients below forty are the gingival bleeding and the gingival enlargement. After the age of forty the main symptoms are tooth mobility and tooth migration. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate: a) that age could be a parameter that can influence the symptoms of periodontal disease, and b) that the bigest percentage of patients are becoming aware of the presence of symptoms of periodontal disease in a later age and when the disease has progress remarkably.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Exploring the relationship between periodontal disease and pregnancy complications.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that maternal gingivitis and periodontitis may be a risk factor for preterm birth and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: To clarify the possible mechanisms behind the association between periodontal disease and preterm delivery, the authors reviewed studies of the effect of infection with periodontal pathogens in animal models on pregnancy outcomes including fetal growth, placental structural abnormalities and neonatal health. After the first report, in 1996, of a potential association between maternal periodontal disease and delivery of a preterm/low-birth-weight infant in humans, many case control and prospective studies were published. This review summarizes these, as well as early studies involving periodontal intervention to reduce risk. RESULTS: Although there are some conflicting findings and potential problems regarding uncontrolled underlying risk factors, most of the clinical studies indicate a positive correlation between periodontal disease and preterm birth. Recent studies also have shown that there are microbiologic and immunological findings that strongly support the association. The studies indicate that periodontal infection can lead to placental-fetal exposure and, when coupled with a fetal inflammatory response, can lead to preterm delivery. Data from animal studies raise the possibility that maternal periodontal infections also may have adverse long-term effects on the infant's development. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Education for patients and health care providers regarding the biological plausibility of the association and the potential risks is indicated, but there is insufficient evidence at this time for health care policy recommendations to provide maternal periodontal treatments for the purpose of reducing the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

A century of progress in understanding periodontal disease.

Throughout the 20th century, investigators and clinicians sought to discover the causes and trace the natural history of periodontal disease. Noteworthy progress has been made on several fronts. It was once believed that oral hygiene and age accounted predominantly for variances in the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease; now, a number of innate, acquired, and environmental risk factors have been identified. Light has been shed on the roles in periodontal disease pathogenesis of both specific bacteria and bacterial complexes and host immunoinflammatory responses. Insight into periodontal wound healing has fostered promising approaches to promoting regeneration of damaged periodontal structures. Finally, although theories of "focal infection" as a primary cause of systemic disease have been discredited, recent studies have confirmed the existence of an intimate connection between oral and systemic health. The progress made in understanding the nature of periodontal disease has been complemented by equally noteworthy therapeutic advances. The coupling of surgical and medical approaches to treatment ushers in a new era in the management of periodontal disease.

Disease↗

PubMed1991

Rheumatoid factor (RF) distribution in periodontal disease.

This study investigated the occurrence of an autoantibody, IgM rheumatoid factor, that may result from the chronic inflammation noted in periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. In order to detect IgM-RF, a biotin-avidin ELISA was developed. This assay was found to be sensitive and accurate by testing a rheumatoid arthritis population. The characteristics of this rheumatoid arthritis group were further determined, such that the total serum immunoglobulin concentrations were slightly elevated although within the normal range for IgM, IgG, and IgA; IgG antibody levels were elevated against oral microorganisms of the genus Capnocytophaga, while elevated IgM antibody levels were noted to Bacteroides species. In a population of 260 subjects of which 171 were periodontal disease patients, 16 of 171 (9.4%) were seropositive for IgM-RF, of which the predominant disease types were advanced destructive periodontitis and adult periodontitis. For comparison, a random population of seronegative periodontal disease patients was constructed that was matched for sex and approximate age to the seropositive group. The total immunoglobulin levels of the two groups were not significantly different and the means of both were slightly lower than the rheumatoid arthritis group. When the antibody profiles of the two periodontal disease populations were compared it became evident that the RF-positive group showed IgM and IgG antibody that was significantly elevated to Capnocytophaga species and F. nucleatum. Therefore, the chronic inflammation associated with periodontitis appears to increase significantly the formation of IgM-RF; however, there does appear to be a relationship between IgM-RF and elevated antibody to selected oral microorganisms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Some microbiological, histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of progressive periodontal disease.

The aim of the present investigation was to study the local nature of human periodontal disease by assessing the microbiota and the composition of the tissue lesions at sites with progressive attachment loss in periodontitis susceptible subjects. 300 subjects with periodontal disease were monitored for 2 years without treatment. 8 subjects lost > 2 mm of attachment at > or = 3 sites during both the first and the second 12 month interval. These 8 subjects (progressive disease group; PD) were recalled for a microbiological and histopathological examination. A group of age- and sex-matched subjects were identified who during the 2 years of monitoring exhibited gingivitis and deep pockets, but no further attachment loss. This group of 11 subjects (non-progressive disease group; NPD) served as controls. From the 8 active disease subjects, > or = 1 interproximal site which had displayed disease activity (progressive disease active; PDA) and > or = 1 contralateral site without disease progression (progressive disease inactive; PDI) were sampled. From the 11 control subjects, 1 site/subject was sampled (NPD). The total number of viable micro-organisms (TVC) in the subgingival microbiota was estimated and a series of bacterial species were identified and enumerated. The gingival tissue of the sampling site was excised and the soft tissue prepared for morphometrical and immunohistochemical analyses. No differences were observed in the subgingival microbiota of the sample sites in the subjects who exhibited disease progression (PD) when compared with the subjects with periodontally diseased but stable conditions (NPD).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[The clinico-biochemical characteristics of periodontal diseases in subjects who are under conditions of constant, permanent stress].

A comparative study of prevalence of periodontal diseases in an indigenous Armenian population and a population of refugees in Armenia has been performed. The refugees population was considered a population of subjects under permanent stress conditions. It has been shown that in the refugees population there are higher prevalence of periodontal diseases, first of all periodontitis, and more marked heaviness of injures in periodontal tissues that those in the indigenous population. These changes were accompanied with elevated signs of disturbances of hemo-endothelial balance. In particular, there were profound alterations of normal ratio of 6-keto-PGF1a/NXB2 and increased level of markers for endothelial disorganization, thrombomodulin and von Willebrand factor, in the blood. It is that stress-induced disturbances of the hemo-endothelial balance among the refugees may contribute to developing periodontal diseases in this population.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗

PubMed1998

The use of metronidazole and amoxicillin in the treatment of advanced periodontal disease. A prospective, controlled clinical trial.

The present clinical trial was performed to study the effect of systemic administration of metronidazole and amoxicillin as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in patients with advanced periodontal disease. 16 individuals, 10 female and 6 male, aged 35-58 years, with advanced periodontal disease were recruited. A baseline examination included assessment of clinical, radiographical, microbiological and histopathological characteristics of periodontal disease. The 16 patients were randomly distributed into 2 different samples of 8 subjects each. One sample of subjects received during the first 2 weeks of active periodontal therapy, antibiotics administered via the systemic route (metronidazole and amoxicillin). During the corresponding period, the 2nd sample of subjects received a placebo drug (placebo sample). In each of the 16 patients, 2 quadrants (1 in the maxilla and 1 in the mandible) were exposed to non-surgical subgingival scaling and root planing. The contralateral quadrants were left without subgingival instrumentation. Thus, 4 different treatment groups were formed; group 1: antibiotic therapy but no scaling, group 2: antibiotic therapy plus scaling, group 3: placebo therapy but no scaling, group 4: placebo therapy plus scaling. Re-examinations regarding the clinical parameters were performed, samples of the subgingival microbiota harvested and 1 soft tissue biopsy from 1 scaled and 1 non-scaled quadrant obtained 2 months and 12 months after the completion of active therapy. The teeth included in groups 1 and 3 were following the 12-month examination exposed to non-surgical periodontal therapy, and subsequently exited from the study. Groups 2 and 4 were also re-examined 24 months after baseline. The findings demonstrated that in patients with advanced periodontal disease, systemic administration of metronidazole plus amoxicillin resulted in (i) an improvement of the periodontal conditions, (ii) elimination/suppression of putative periodontal pathogens such as A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia and (iii) reduction of the size of the inflammatory lesion. The antibiotic regimen alone, however, was less effective than mechanical therapy with respect to reduction of BoP - positive sites, probing pocket depth reduction, probing attachment gain. The combined mechanical and systemic antibiotic therapy (group 2) was more effective than mechanical therapy alone in terms of improvement of clinical and microbiological features of periodontal disease.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Dental caries and periodontal disease in type-2 diabetic patients].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of dental caries and periodontal disease in type-2 diabetic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study. A survey with sociodemographic, clinical and nutritional variables was applied to diabetic patients who met the criteria of selection. The rates of dental caries, periodontal disease (Russell's) and oral hygiene were applied through oral examination. Statistical univaried and bivaried analysis was made. RESULTS: 100 diabetics with an average age of 49 +/- 8 years old were interviewed, the proportion between women and men was of 1.9:1; 85% of the interviewed people had a couple; 56% were housewives and 74% belonged to a low socioeconomic level. The average of metabolic control was of 182 +/- 102; 31% of the diabetics had three years or more of evolution of the disease; 99% brushed their teeth daily, but only 31% did it three times a day; in 85 % the brushing technique was inadequate. The rate of oral hygiene was 3.2 +/- 1; of dental caries was 0.52 +/- .13, and of Russell's periodontal disease was 2.77 +/- 1.1. Gender made no difference at all in the rates. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of dental caries was similar to the reported by other studies, but the rate of Russell's periodontal disease was greater to the one provided by literature, which shows that education in dental hygiene must be redefined.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2006

(B2) Periodontal diseases and other bacterial infections.

The workshop addressed the following questions with respect to periodontal diseases and bacterial infections seen in HIV infection: (1) What is linear gingival erythema? Is it prevalent only in HIV disease? A crude Delphi technique was used to ascertain whether LGE existed, but a consensus could not be reached. It was agreed that a diagnosis of LGE should be considered only if the lesion persists after removal of plaque in the initial visit. (2) Do periodontal pockets contribute to viremia in HIV infection? At present, the data are not available to answer this question. (3) Do anti-viral drugs reach the sulcular fluid in significant concentrations? No one at the workshop was aware of data that could answer this question. (4) Does concurrent tuberculosis infection modify the oral manifestations of HIV infection? Though analysis of data from the developing countries does suggest an association between tuberculosis and oral candidiasis, more data and multivariate analysis considering immunosuppression as a confounding factor are necessary, for any conclusions to be derived. (5) What pathogens are involved in periodontal diseases in HIV infection? Periodontal disease may be initiated by conventional periodontal pathogens. But the progression and tissue destruction depend upon the presence of typical and atypical micro-organisms, including viruses, their by-products, increased secretion of potentially destructive inflammatory mediators, and overwhelming host response. (6) How can we diagnose the diseases seen in HIV infection? The answer can be obtained only with data from controlled and blinded studies. It is necessary to design collaborative multi-center longitudinal studies. The results obtained from such large sample sizes can contribute eventually to interpretation of the outcome.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed2002

The relationship of some negative events and psychological factors to periodontal disease in an adult Swedish population 50 to 80 years of age.

BACKGROUND: Clinical observations and epidemiological studies suggest that experiences of negative life events, especially those manifested as depression, may contribute to an increased susceptibility to periodontal disease. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, the prevalence of some negative life events and psychological factors and their relation to periodontal disease were investigated. The sample consisted of individuals 50-80 years of age from an extensive cross-sectional epidemiological study performed in 1993 in the city of Jönköping, Sweden. METHOD: 298 dentate individuals from the Jönköping study were randomly selected. Clinical and radiographic examinations included registration of the number of existing teeth, plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, and alveolar bone loss. In addition, a questionnaire about socioeconomic status, life events, and psychological and stress-related factors was used. RESULTS: The results revealed that, in addition to the well-documented periodontal disease risk factors such as increased age, oral hygiene status, and smoking, the loss of a spouse (being a widow or widower) and the personality trait of exercising extreme external control were also associated with severe periodontal disease. CONCLUSION: The findings support recent studies suggesting that traumatic life events such as the loss of a spouse may increase the risk for periodontal disease. Above all, the present results indicate that an individual's ability to cope with stressful stimuli (coping behavior), as measured by the beliefs of locus of control of reinforcements may play a role in the progression of periodontal disease.

Adaptation, Psychological↗