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PubMed1995

Evaluation of diluents and media for enumerating Zygosaccharomyces rouxii in blueberry syrup.

Combinations of diluents and enumeration media were evaluated for their efficacy in enumerating Zygosaccharomyces rouxii in blueberry syrup (aw 0.818, 0.870 and 0.921). Diluents consisted of deionized water containing 0.1% peptone, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% glucose, 50% glucose plus 0.05% Tween 80, and 12%, 18%, 26% or 35% glycerol, all calculated on a w/w basis. Enumeration media were dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) agar, tryptone glucose yeast extract (TGY) agar, dichloran 18% glycerol (DG18) agar, plate count agar containing 52% sucrose (PCA52S) and malt extract yeast extract 50% glucose (MY50G) agar. Two test strains of Z. rouxii grown in blueberry syrup for 7 or 14 days responded similarly to diluent/enumeration medium combinations. The use of 0.1% peptone diluent or DRBC agar in combination with other enumeration media or diluents was inferior for recovering Z. rouxii. As the aw of the blueberry syrup decreased, the sensitivity of Z. rouxii to diluent containing decreased concentrations of glucose increased. The use of glycerol as a solute in diluent did not result in a similar trend, indicating that the protective effect of glycerol against osmotic stress to Z. rouxii cells is greater than that of glucose at high aw and that cells adapted to low aw in blueberry syrup are more sensitive to high aw in diluents. The addition of 0.05% Tween 80 to 50% glucose diluent did not influence performance. Overall, diluents containing 50% glucose (aw 0.898), 18% glycerol (aw 0.956) or 26% glycerol (0.934), in combination with TGY agar (aw 0.982), resulted in the highest recovery of Z. rouxii from blueberry syrup at aw 0.818 to 0.921.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1995

Improvement of Salmonella detection on motility enrichment media by ferrioxamine E-supplementation of pre-enrichment culture.

Supplementation of buffered peptone water with ferrioxamine E in concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1.0 microgram/ml significantly increased the motility of Salmonella on MSRV and DIASSALM semi-solid enrichment media. Zone diameters of swarming S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium increased more than twofold following use of pre-enrichment cultures supplemented with 0.01 microgram ferrioxamine E/ml. The activity of ferrioxamine E is similar at 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C. Pre-enrichment of Salmonella in a variety of foods in supplemented buffered peptone water, with shaking at 37 degrees C for 6 h and motility enrichment at 42 degrees C for 16 h, enabled motile Salmonella to be detected in 1 day.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of three selective media for detecting Fusarium species in foods: a collaborative study.

At the Second International Workshop on Standardisation of Methods for the Mycological Examination of Foods in Baarn, 1990, three selective media for food-borne Fusarium species were recommended: Czapek-Dox Iprodione Dichloran Agar (CZID), Dichloran Chloramphenicol Peptone agar (DCPA) and Pentachloronitrobenzene Peptone agar (PPA). Lack of sufficient data made it impossible to recommend one Fusarium selective medium. In the present study nine laboratories from seven countries compared CZID, DCPA, and PPA by analysing 10 samples of flour spiked with conidia of Fusarium avenaceum and F. verticillioides (= F. moniliforme). The colony forming units were counted. The total counts on each of the three media were within a similar range for each participant, and no significant differences between the three media were evident. However, the development of Fusarium colonies was quite different on the three media, and most collaborators found it possible to differentiate these Fusarium species by pigmentation on CZID. Pigmentation was much less conspicuous on PPA, and inconspicuous in DCPA cultures. CZID is recommended as the best currently available selective medium for Fusarium isolates from foods.

Aminoimidazole Carboxamide↗
PubMed1978

Nutritional factors and conditions for the axenic culture of free-living nematodes.

1. Soy-peptone has been fractionated to yield a series of increasingly purified components which sharply increase the populations of Caenorhabditis briggsae and Caenorhabditis elegans when added to the basal medium. The nutritionally active material appears to be a small polypeptide. 2. C. briggsae and C. elegans routinely reach populations of 150,000/ml or greater in 9 days in still culture, starting from an inoculum of only 500 organisms per ml. C. elegans is particularly sensitive to the depth of the medium. However, large populations can be achieved in deep cultures if continuous shaking is carried out. 3. Panagrellus silusiae shows improved populations if the basal medium is supplemented with the nutritional factor from soy-peptone. However, 0.5% acetic acid or 1% ethanol added to the medium serves equally well. There is no additive effect of ethanol and the factor.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Starch industry wastewater as a substrate for antagonist, Trichoderma viride production.

Starch industry wastewater was investigated to assess and improve its potential as a raw material for the conidia production of biocontrol fungi, Trichoderma viride. The wastewater was tested with and without supplements of glucose, soluble starch, meat peptone and probable conidiation inducer chemicals in shake flask culture. Addition of complex carbon source (soluble starch, 1% and 2% w/v) produced maximum conidia ( approximately 3.02 and 4.2 x 10(10)CFU/mL, respectively). On the other hand, glucose addition as a simpler carbon source was either ineffective or, reduced conidia production (from 1.6 x 10(8) in control to 3.0 x 10(7)CFU/mL in 5% w/v glucose supplement). Supplement of nitrogen source showed a small increase of conidia concentration. Propionic, maleic and humic acids, EDTA, pyridine, glycerol and CaCO(3) were examined as probable conidiation inducers and showed effect only on initial rate of conidiation with no increase in final conidia concentration. Intra and extracellular ATP correlation with spore production showed dependence on growth media used and conidia concentration at the end of fermentation. Addition of carbon and nitrogen sources showed an increase in protease activity (from 0.4985 to 2.43 IU/mL) and entomotoxicity (from 10448 to 12335 spruce budworm unit (SBU)/microL). Entomotoxicity was improved by 11% in fermenter over shake flask when starch industry wastewater was supplemented with meat peptone.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Fate and effect of quaternary ammonium compounds on a mixed methanogenic culture.

The potential inhibitory effect of four quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and Vigilquat, a commercial sanitizer which is a mixture of the four QACs, was investigated at concentrations up to 100 mg/L using a mixed, mesophilic (35 degrees C) methanogenic culture. Dextrin and peptone were used as the carbon and energy sources. A batch assay conducted at a range of QAC concentrations showed that QACs were inhibitory to methanogens at and above 25 mg/L. Methanogenesis was more susceptible to QAC inhibition than acidogenesis. Adsorption of QACs on biomass was successfully simulated with the Freundlich isotherm equation. The inhibitory effect of Vigilquat on the mixed methanogenic culture was also investigated in a batch reactor fed with dextrin and peptone. Methanogens were inhibited when the total QAC concentration reached 30 mg/L and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulated. However, methane production recovered in 57 days of incubation, and all VFAs were consumed, suggesting that a prolonged incubation period is necessary for the methanogens to overcome the transient inhibition at a relatively low QAC concentration. None of the QACs tested in this study was biodegraded under methanogenic conditions.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2003

Ultrasound-enhanced membrane-cleaning processes applied water treatments: influence of sonic frequency on filtration treatments.

Ultrasound (US) cleaning technique was applied to remove fouling of ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) membranes which were used to treat peptone and milk aqueous solutions, respectively. Membrane operations were performed by cross-flow filtration with 60 kPa operating pressure in an US field. The US employed had 28, 45 and 100 kHz frequency with 23 W/cm(2) output power. For each polymeric membrane made of polysulfone UF and cellulose MF, cleaning experiments were carried out with and without US after fouling. The fouled UF and MF membranes showed volume flux decline, but the membrane property was recovered by US irradiation. It was found in 28 kHz frequency that water cleaning was effective for recovery of declined condition due to fouling. Also, US-enhanced permeability of membranes was discussed in both membrane systems. We observed that US decreased the fouling condition in both membrane systems when US was irradiated before fouling. It was found that 28 kHz frequency US could enhance formation of the fouled layer in both filtration systems of peptone and milk solution.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Somatostatin inhibits intestinal mucosal mast cell degranulation in normal conditions and during mast cell hyperplasia.

Several studies demonstrate that intestinal mucosal mast cells (IMMC) are modulated by nervous reflexes as well as by intraluminal content. We recently demonstrated that peptones, such as ovalbumin hydrolysate (OVH), induce the release of rat mast cell protease II (RMCP II), indicating IMMC degranulation. The response is due to complex neuroendocrine reflexes. Somatostatin (SS) and its analogues have been used as potential treatments for inflammation in other body systems with contradictory results. The aim of this study was to evaluate if somatostatin could contribute to the reduction of intestinal mucosal mast cell degranulation. Anesthetized rats were prepared for duodenal perfusion and mast cell activation was measured by analysis of RMCP II concentration in the duodenal perfusate. Somatostatin significantly decreased RMCP II concentration in both nonstimulated conditions and after ovalbumin hydrolysate perfusion. However, when somatostatin was given previously to OVH, the peptone still induced a slight increase of RMCP II. Similar effects were observed in animals previously treated with capsaicin. These protocols were repeated in animals infected with Trichinella spiralis, which induces mucosal mast cell hyperplasia. In these cases, somatostatin blocked the effect of OVH, thus, preventing an increase in RMCP II concentration. Fresh frozen tissue sections from the duodenum were processed in an attempt to demonstrate the presence of SS receptors in mast cells using immunofluorescence and Fluo-peptide labeling techniques. Confocal images from duodenum specimens demonstrate the existence of SS receptors in positive cells for RMCP II. Taken together, these results indicate that somatostatin diminishes mast cell activity and in consequence could prevent the intestinal responses to mast cell hyperplasia.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Methods for the isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides from faeces.

Two solid selective media, xylose deoxycholate citrate agar (XDCA) and bile salts brilliant green agar (BBG) and an enrichment broth-alkaline peptone water, were evaluated for the isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides. Alkaline peptone water and XDCA are useful for recovery of Aeromonas but not Plesiomonas, whereas BBG is satisfactory for both organisms.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1996

Effects of ranitidine bismuth citrate on gastric acid secretion and gastrin release in subjects with and without Helicobacter pylori infection.

BACKGROUND: Ranitidine bismuth citrate is a novel antiulcerant that provides the antisecretory activity of ranitidine and the gastric mucosal protection and antibacterial properties of bismuth. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the effects of single doses of ranitidine bismuth citrate 200 mg, 400 mg and 800 mg and ranitidine hydrochloride 150 mg on gastrin release and suppression of gastric acid secretion, and compared acid secretory profiles and gastrin release between Helicobacter pylori-negative and -positive patients. Plasma gastrin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay under basal conditions and in response to peptone meal stimulation. Acid secretion was measured under basal conditions and in response to peptone meal stimulation. Presence of H. pylori was determined by both 14C-urea breath test and ELISA serology. RESULTS: Inhibition of gastric acid output by ranitidine bismuth citrate was both time- and dose-dependent over the 9-h post-dose study period. Doses of ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg and ranitidine hydrochloride 150 mg, which are equimolar, produced similar suppression of acid output regardless of H. pylori status. Ranitidine bismuth citrate had no effect on plasma gastrin concentrations regardless of H. pylori status. All doses of ranitidine bismuth citrate were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Ranitidine bismuth citrate caused time- and dose-dependent reductions in meal-stimulated and between-meal gastric acid output regardless of H. pylori status. The magnitude of decreased acid secretion was similar with ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg and ranitidine hydrochloride 150 mg. Ranitidine bismuth citrate had no effect on plasma gastrin concentrations.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Effects of S-0509, a novel CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonist, on acid secretion and experimental duodenal ulcers in rats.

BACKGROUND: S-0509, 2-[(tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl) [(m-(carboxy-phenyl)-ureidomethyl-carbonyl]] aminobenzo phenone, was developed as a potent and selective CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonist that does not affect the central nervous system. METHODS: We evaluated the effects of S-0509 on gastric acid secretion and duodenal ulcerogenic and healing responses in rats comparing it with L-365,260, another CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonist. RESULTS: S-0509 (0.1 approximately 10 mg/kg, i.d.) was able to dose-dependently decrease basal acid secretion and inhibit the acid secretory responses induced by both pentagastrin (60 microg/kg/h, i.v.) and peptone (10%, i.g.) but not histamine (4 mg/kg/hr, i.v.) or carbachol (60 microg/kg/h, i.v.). L-365,260 (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.d.) caused only partial a suppression of the acid secretory response to pentagastrin but not to other stimuli, including peptone treatment. On the other hand, a duodenal ulcerogen, mepirizole (200 mg/kg, s.c. ) caused an increase in acid secretion and resulted in penetrating ulcers in the proximal duodenum, and these ulcers gradually healed over 3 weeks. S-0509 significantly inhibited both the acid secretory (> 1.0 mg/kg, i.d.) and ulcerogenic (> 3 mg/kg, p.o.) responses induced by mepirizole when it was given as a pre-treatment. It also promoted significantly the healing of these ulcers (> 3 x 2 mg/kg, p. o.) when it was given twice daily for 14 days. In contrast, L-365, 260 (30 mg/kg) tended to reduce the severity of mepirizole-induced duodenal ulcers, with a slight inhibition of acid secretion, but it caused no influence on the healing response of these ulcers. CONCLUSION: These results confirmed that S-0509 is a selective CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonist with potent antisecretory action in vivo conditions, and further demonstrated that this agent not only prevents the development of duodenal ulcers but also shows healing promoting action on duodenal ulcers, probably through the blockade of CCKB/gastrin receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Rabeprazole produces rapid, potent, and long-acting inhibition of gastric acid secretion in subjects with Helicobacter pylori infection.

AIM: To compare acid inhibiting activity and duration of action of different doses of rabeprazole, a substituted benzimidazole characterized as a highly potent and irreversible H+, K+-ATPase inhibitor, administered for 7 days to subjects infected with Helicobacter pylori. METHODS: A total of 38 subjects (mean age 39.3 years) were enrolled in a single-centre, double-blind, randomized, crossover study. All subjects were confirmed positive for H. pylori by 14C urea breath test and ELISA serologies. Subjects were divided into two groups of 19 to receive two doses of rabeprazole, either 5 and 20 mg or 10 and 40 mg, and placebo, given in random order daily in the morning for 7 days. Peptone-stimulated acid, pH, and gastrin measurements were made for 24 h after the 1st dose and for 48 h after the 7th dose. RESULTS: Peptone-stimulated acid secretion rates were decreased from 12.5 to 6.7, 4.0, 1.5, and 0.26 h after initial 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg doses, respectively; to 7.3, 4.3, 2.1, and 1.2 mmol/h 23 h after the initial dose; and to 2.4, 2.6, 0.6, and 0.8 mmol/h 23 h after the 7th dose. After 48 h, stimulated acid secretion had recovered less than 40% for all treatment groups compared to placebo. Median intragastric pH also increased from 2.0 with placebo to 4.9, 6.2, 6.6 and 6.9 during the 24-h period after the 7th dose of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg. The 20 mg dose of rabeprazole produced equivalent acid inhibition to the 40 mg dose with less increase in plasma gastrin. CONCLUSION: Rabeprazole in doses from 5 to 40 mg was a highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in subjects infected with H. pylori. The inhibition was rapid, dose-related, and long-acting, with less than 50% recovery of acid by 48 h after the 7th dose. The optimal acid inhibitory dose in these subjects appeared to be 20 mg daily, however 5 mg and 10 mg doses produced potent inhibition of gastric acid secretion.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
PubMed1991

Sabouraud('s) agar.

'Sabouraud glucose agar' is the name recommended for present-day versions of the medium originally designed by Raymond Sabouraud. The title 'Sabouraud glucose agar' implies a medium comprising 1% (w:v) peptone, 4% (w:v) glucose and 1.5-2.0% (w:v) agar with a final pH of 5.6 and should not be applied to any other formulation, in the interests of inter-laboratory reproducibility. Use of the word 'dextrose' as a synonym for 'glucose' is not recommended. The colony forms, microscopic characteristics and other physiological properties of fungi cultivated on Sabouraud glucose agar may vary considerably according to the type of peptone used in the medium. The type of agar chosen and the conditions of autoclave sterilization are further obstacles to true standardization of this widely used mycological culture medium.

Agar↗
PubMed1976

Cell-specific defect in monocyte function during tumor growth.

Inbred DA rats bearing a syngeneic 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced neoplasm had an early impairment of chronic inflammation as measured by the numbers of monocytes elicited in a 3-day peritoneal exudative response to a sterile peptone injection. Furthermore, an advanced malignant tumor was associated with a complete block in the rats' capacity to mobilize monocytes, despite the fact that white blood cell counts on peripheral blood showed increased numbers of monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) during tumor growth. In contrast to the defect in chronic inflammation, a normal or increased acute inflammatory reponse was observed during tumor growth as measured by the 9-hour peritoneal PMN response to a sodium caseinate injection. Quantitative chemotaxis measurements in vitro made with these same peritoneal exudate cells revealed severe impairment of marcophage chemotaxis but normal migration of PMN. Generation of macrophage chemotactic signals from blood of rats with advanced tumors was not impaired. Since the resident cells of the peritoneal cavity were, chemotactically, a poor-responding population, this defective response in vitro appeared to correlate with the cell defect observed in vivo in the monocyte inflammatory response to peptone.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1977

Excystment of axenically prepared cysts of Hartmanella culbertsoni.

Axenically prepared cysts of Hartmannella culbertsoni readily excysted in the presence of heat stable factors prepared from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium and several fungi. Peptone, proteose peptone, tryptone or amino acids also promoted excystment. Crowding of the cysts and dilution of bacterial extracts adversely affected the excystment. Continual presence of the factors in the medium was essential for excystment.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1992

The effect of H2-blockade on plasma gastrin concentration in patients with an achlorhydric stomach.

The mechanisms of hypergastrinaemia during H2-receptor antagonist therapy remain unclear. In addition, the effect of food stimulation in conditions of hypergastrinaemia is poorly understood. These effects may be important when considering long-term therapy with potent acid inhibitory agents. To investigate this we studied the effect of H2-receptor antagonist therapy on basal and meal-stimulated plasma gastrin concentrations in 9 patients with pentagastrin fast gastric achlorhydria associated with pernicious anaemia. The subjects received in double-blind randomized fashion 28-day courses of 300 mg ranitidine q.d.s. and placebo, with one-month wash-out between. The fasting and peptone meal-stimulated gastrin concentrations were studied on the final day of each course of treatment. The median fasting gastrin concentrations (ng/L) were similar following placebo (1100, range 25-2100), and 300 mg ranitidine q.d.s. (1075, range 15-2600) and both markedly elevated when compared with our laboratory's normal range of 0-100. Despite the elevated basal levels the pernicious anaemia patients still showed a further increase in response to the peptone meal. Their median peak percentage rise over basal in response to the meal was similar following placebo (96%, range 0-375) and 300 mg ranitidine q.d.s. (100%, range 25-425) (both P less than 0.02 c.f. basal). This study shows that: (a) in hypergastrinaemia in pernicious anaemia subjects, meal stimulation leads to a marked and prolonged increase in plasma gastrin concentrations; (b) H2-receptor antagonists have no effect on plasma gastrin in the neutral stomach and this is consistent with their gastrin effect being entirely secondary to acid inhibition.

Achlorhydria↗
PubMed1994

A substrate-mediated assay of bacterial proton efflux/influx to predict the degree of spoilage of beef mince stored at chill temperatures.

A method was developed to predict spoilage of minced meat at chill temperatures, based on the difference in proton efflux from and influx into bacterial cells. This difference depends on the number of organisms present, the available glucose in the meat sample and the ability of the organisms to metabolize amino acids. The proton efflux/influx of a meat filtrate containing bacteria was measured at 25 degrees C with a pH/ion meter in the presence of peptone with or without glucose. There was a noticeable rate of change of mV h-1 of the meat filtrate prior to the organoleptic detection of spoilage which may be used semi-predictively to determine the remaining shelf-life of meat at different storage temperatures. The method could be investigated further, encompassing type and relative numbers of organisms, incubation temperature, meat type and composition (i.e. available glucose) to produce a spoilage prediction model. The method does not require sophisticated equipment, only a standard pH/ion meter, is cheap, needing only peptone and glucose, is relatively simple, and takes less than 2 h to perform.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2005

Phenotypic characterization of Rice Cluster III archaea without prior isolation by applying quantitative polymerase chain reaction to an enrichment culture.

A so far uncultured member of the Euryarchaeota was enriched from an anoxic riparian soil and phenotypically characterized using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR; "real-time PCR"). The microorganism is related to the Thermoplasmatales and belongs to Rice Cluster III (RC-III). Enrichment cultures utilized yeast extract (YE) by transiently accumulating acetate as major fermentation product, which was subsequently converted to methane. The abundance of RC-III archaea within the enrichment cultures was quantified by analysis of the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and by qPCR. We developed qPCR assays targeting the 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNA) specific for RC-III as well as for the Archaea in general. The enrichment cultures consisted of a mixed methanogenic community of Bacteria and Archaea, the latter consisting of up to 60% of members of RC-III. The other archaea belonged to Methanosarcinaceae, Methanomicrobiaceae and Methanobacteriaceae. The enriched RC-III archaea were represented by two sequences (LL25A, LL37A) that were highly similar to each other and to those detected in the soil inoculum (>98% similarity). However, the 16S rDNA copy numbers of RC-III archaea were about 1000-fold lower than those of Bacteria. Nevertheless, we were able to estimate growth parameters and physiological properties of one of the enriched RC-III archaea (LL25A) by measuring the increase of 16S rDNA copy numbers specific for this group under different growth conditions. The enriched RC-III archaeon grew optimally at temperatures between 20 and 30 degrees C and neutral pH using YE, meat extract, peptone or tryptone under anoxic conditions. Doubling time was approximately 3 days. No proliferation was detected on carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, alcohols, aromatic compounds, purine and pyrimidine bases or pyruvate. Various exogenous electron acceptors (e.g. ferric iron, S(0)) did not support growth on YE. Proliferation of the enriched RC-III archaeon was hardly affected by the antibiotics ampicillin, kanamycin and streptomycin. These findings suggest that the enriched archaeon is a mesophilic anaerobe, which can grow heterotrophically on peptides. Further enrichment on peptone and kanamycin eventually allowed the microscopic detection of coccoid cells stained by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Acetates↗