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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Influence of dietary fat and vitamin E on antioxidant status of muscles of turkey.

The aim of this study was to better understand the effects of more or less unsaturated fat source (tallow/soy oil/rapeseed oil) and/or vitamin E dietary supplementation (200 ppm) on the antioxidant status (at day 1 post-mortem) of turkey muscles [pectoralis major (Pm) and sartorius (S)]. More particularly, when turkeys were fed tallow, supplementation was sufficient to improve significantly the vitamin E status. Feeding rapeseed oil increased the antioxidant enzyme (AOE) activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathion reductase), glutathione concentration, and value from the benzoic acid test. Dietary soy oil increased glutathione peroxidase activity, compared to other dietary fat sources. With tallow, most of AOE activities were lower than with rapeseed or soy oil. Whatever the feeding mode, vitamin E supplementation did not affect the AOE activities, glutathione concentration, or values from the benzoic acid test. AOE activities were always higher in the oxidative S muscle than in the glycolytic Pm muscle. After feeding tallow, 9 days of storage increased TBA-RS and carbonyl contents, whereas the activity of many antioxidant enzymes and the total antioxidant activity (TEAC test and benzoic acid test) decreased.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The intradermal anatomy of the inframammary fold.

The anatomy of the inframammary fold has been a subject of controversy. This report describes the anatomic location and the histologic structure of the inframammary fold on the basis of caderveric dissections and microscopic examination. Ten breast cadaver dissections were performed on female cadavers (ages 35 to 72). Twenty specimens after en bloc resections of the inframammary fold and subcutaneous tissue, including the pectoralis muscle, were harvested. Specimens were examined for gross collagen stricture by using India ink to highlight the collagenous aspects of the subcutaneous soft-tissue networks. The inframammary fold skin and dermis from the contralateral breast and control samples of skin and dermis from the upper chest and the abdomen were collected for microscopic studies. These samples were stained with Sirius red and examined microscopically by polarized light. On histologic examination, regular arrays of collagen were found running parallel with the inframammary fold, and the control sections showed random patterns of collagen deposition. On gross examination, a condensation of the superficial fascial system was observed. This formed a zone of adherence between the skin and the underlying pectoralis fascia. The conclusion of this study is that the inframammary fold is an intrinsic dermal structure consisting of regular arrays of collagen held in place by a zone of adherence that is a specialized area of the superficial fascial system. The clinical significance of this study is that the intradermal structure of the inframammary fold should be preserved in any breast procedure for natural aesthetic results.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Poland's syndrome].

Poland's syndrome consists of the variable clinical features, but always includes unilateral aplasia of the chest wall muscles and ipsilateral anomalies of upper extremity. The incidence of Poland's syndrome, reported by different authors ranges from 1:10,000 to 1:100,000 and is observed more frequently in males than in females with the right side of the body affected more often than the left. The etiology of this syndrome is still discussed. However most of described cases were sporadic, rare familial incidence of Poland's syndrome were also presented. Therefore different etiologic factors of the Poland's syndrome are taken into account: genetic, vascular compromise during early stages of embriogenesis but also teratogenic effect of environmental xenobiotics (e.g. cigarette smoking by pregnant women). The authors present also the case of 20-years old man with inherited bilateral syndactyly with the right side aplasia of major pectoralis muscle and face asymmetry. The familial history was negative in respect to the features, associated with Poland's syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Clinical and metabolic correction of pompe disease by enzyme therapy in acid maltase-deficient quail.

Pompe disease is a fatal genetic muscle disorder caused by a deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), a glycogen degrading lysosomal enzyme. GAA-deficient (AMD) Japanese quails exhibit progressive myopathy and cannot lift their wings, fly, or right themselves from the supine position (flip test). Six 4-wk-old acid maltase-deficient quails, with the clinical symptoms listed, were intravenously injected with 14 or 4.2 mg/kg of precursor form of recombinant human GAA or buffer alone every 2-3 d for 18 d (seven injections). On day 18, both high dose-treated birds (14 mg/kg) scored positive flip tests and flapped their wings, and one bird flew up more than 100 cm. GAA activity increased in most of the tissues examined. In heart and liver, glycogen levels dropped to normal and histopathology was normal. In pectoralis muscle, morphology was essentially normal, except for increased glycogen granules. In sharp contrast, sham-treated quail muscle had markedly increased glycogen granules, multi-vesicular autophagosomes, and inter- and intrafascicular fatty infiltrations. Low dose-treated birds (4.2 mg/kg) improved less biochemically and histopathologically than high dose birds, indicating a dose-dependent response. Additional experiment with intermediate doses and extended treatment (four birds, 5.7-9 mg/kg for 45 d) halted the progression of the disease. Our data is the first to show that an exogenous protein can target to muscle and produce muscle improvement. These data also suggest enzyme replacement with recombinant human GAA is a promising therapy for human Pompe disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Changes in blood glucose, blood and muscle lactate,and plasma lactic dehydrogenase levels in the pigeon on acute exposure to cold.

Adult pigeons were subjected to acute cold exposure (-25 degrees C; 30 min) after which the levels of blood glucose, blood and muscle lactate and plasma lactic dehydrogenase were measured. Partially defeathered (dorsum and pectoral regions) birds, following exposure to cold, showed marked reduction in blood glucose and blood and muscle (pectoralis) lactate. Fully plumed birds, in contrast, showed no significant reduction in body temperature or blood glucose and only moderately reduced lactate levels indicating the effectiveness of the insulative feather coat in maintaining thermal and metabolic homeostasis. The partially-defeathered pigeons exposed to cold showed a two-to-three-fold increase in plasma lactic dehydrogenase activity, which may reflect a molecular adaptation in their calorigenic response to cold.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of dietary fluoride and aluminum on laying hen performance and fluoride concentration in blood, soft tissue, bone, and egg.

Changes in laying-hen performance due to the effect of graded levels of dietary fluoride (F) have been documented earlier. The present study examined the effect of dietary F and aluminum (Al) on laying hen performance, and F levels in plasma, soft tissues, muscle, bone, and eggs. Two hundred and seventy Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) layers were fed a basal diet containing the following F and Al levels: control; 100 ppm F; 80 ppm Al; 100 ppm F/80 ppm Al; 100 ppm F/40 ppm Al; 1300 ppm F; 1040 ppm Al; 1300 ppm F/1040 ppm Al, and 1300 ppm F/520 ppm Al. After 112 days of feeding, the blood, tissue, bone, and egg samples were collected for analysis. High F intake significantly depressed feed intake and hen-day production and elevated serum, tissue, bone, and egg F levels. Dietary Al minimized the effect of high fluoride feeding. The mean fluoride concentration for low (80 ppm Al diet) vs. high F (1300 ppm) intake was, respectively: plasma, .2 vs. 10.1 ppm; liver, 4.5 vs. 19.2 ppm; kidney, 2.9 vs. 31.8 ppm; pectoralis muscle, 3.6 vs. 6.7; tibia muscle homogenate, 3.9 vs. 21.1 ppm, and bone, 611 vs. 2600 ppm. The majority of the F transferred to the egg was incorporated into the shell (2.8 to 307.1 ppm). Low F levels were found in albumen (fresh, .4 to 1.0 ppm) and yolk (dry fat free, 3.1 to 18.4 ppm). The data suggested that dietary F is readily accumulated in bone and kidney; however, liver and muscle are less responsive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed1986

Effect of mammalian growth hormone and prolactin on the growth of hypophysectomized chickens.

Body weight gain and shank-toe growth during a 26-day treatment period following hypophysectomy were 55 and 46%, respectively, of control values, but the body weight gain was unaffected and bone growth only slightly reduced when the hypophysectomized chickens were fed a low dose of corticosterone (5 ppm). Bovine growth hormone (0.5 mg GH/kg body wt/day for 18 days) enhanced body weight gain and shank-toe length increase (an estimate of bone growth) by 46 and 33%, respectively, compared to the growth of hypophysectomized chickens receiving only corticosterone. These same endpoints were increased approximately 24% after ovine growth hormone treatment in hypophysectomized chickens not receiving corticosterone. Body weight gain during 18 days of treatment with bovine prolactin (0.5 mg PRL/kg/day) was 27% greater than the value for corticosterone-treated hypophysectomized chickens, but bone growth was unaffected. The mammalian GH preparations increased heart weight of the hypophysectomized chickens (25-29%), but pectoralis muscle weight was unaffected. GH treatment enhanced thymal weights by 71% in corticosterone-treated hypophysectomized chickens, and by 93% in hypophysectomized animals not receiving corticosterone. GH had no significant effect on bursal weights, and PRL had no effect on either of these lymphoid organ weights in corticosterone-treated hypophysectomized chickens. GH increased liver and adipose tissue weights considerably more than the large increases that followed treatment of hypophysectomized chickens with corticosterone alone (69 and 126% greater, respectively), but had no effect on these endpoints in hypophysectomized chickens not receiving corticosterone. PRL also greatly increased liver and adipose tissue weights in corticosterone-treated hypophysectomized chickens (79 and 75%, respectively). These results provide evidence that mammalian GH enhances body weight gain, bone growth, and the growth of several organs in the hypophysectomized chicken. Mammalian PRL increased body weight gain, liver weight, and adipose tissue weight in corticosterone-treated hypophysectomized chickens, but did not influence bone growth or the weights of the heart, pectoralis, thymi, or bursa.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electromyographic shoulder activity in men and women professional golfers.

Men and women both enjoy the game of golf. Special considerations are made for women, such as the courses on the professional tours. Thus, one can ask what differences might exist between men and women golfers. This study compares the electromyographic firing patterns of normal shoulder musculature in men and women professional golfers. Eight shoulder muscles (pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, anterior, middle and posterior deltoids) were studied using indwelling electromyography. A visual analysis revealed that women tended to have slightly more activity during the takeaway and forward swing phases, and the men tended to have more activity during acceleration and follow-through. However, an independent two-tailed t-test (P = 0.05) showed these differences not to be statistically significant. This finding is in keeping with injury incidence data from the LPGA Tour, PGA Tour, and Senior PGA Tour, which showed that all three tours have a similar incidence of shoulder injuries. This study does not compare the relative strength of men and women, however.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Changes in breast muscle composition in the young chick.

Nitrogen, protein and nucleic acids concentrations in the breast muscle (pectoralis thoracica), composition of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein, and serum level of 3-methylhistidine were determined in female Warren chicks at 2, 3, 4 and 6 wk of age. Sarcoplasmic nitrogen and protein concentrations showed opposite changes to those presented by myofibrillar concentrations, with a maximum value at 3 and 4 wk of age and decreasing at 6 wk of age. Ribonucleic acid concentration decreased and protein/ribonucleic acid ratio increased from 2 to 6 wk of age. Differences were observed in the electrophoretical banding pattern of myofibrillar protein at 3 wk of age. Serum level of 3-methylhistidine increased from 2 to 4 wk of age (from .71 to 3.25 nmol/g), and no change was observed at 6 wk of age (3.46 nmol/g).

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Immunohistochemical evidence of cytochrome C oxidase subunit II involvement in pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) in broilers.

Defects and variation in the relative amount of protein subunits in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) have been hypothesized to be involved, in part, in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS), a costly metabolic disease. Thus, the major objective of this study was to determine whether differences in relative amounts of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and II (COX I and II) can be detected by immunohistochemistry and digital image analysis in muscle tissue of broilers with PHS compared to control broilers. Cross sections of the breast muscle (pectoralis major) were stained with monoclonal antibodies for COX I and II. Relative areas of multiple microscope viewing fields (400x) per tissue section of COX I and II were quantified by counting immunopositive pixels on the digital images. Whereas the number of immunopositive pixels for COX II was higher in PHS birds compared to controls, there were no difference for COX I. The amount of COX II was positively correlated with the right to total ventricular weight ratio (RV:TV), suggesting that there may be increased expression of COX II associated with severity of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thus, it is possible that COX II expression in PHS broiler may be involved in the pathogenesis of PHS.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Threshold for shivering in aerobic and anaerobic muscles in bantam cocks and incubating hens.

Electromyographic activity (EMG) from the musculus pectoralis (breast muscle), m. iliotibialis (thigh muscle) and m. gastrocnemius (leg muscle), cloacal temperature (Tb) and O2 consumption were measured in bantam cocks (Gallus domesticus) exposed to different ambient temperatures (Ta). The same parameters were measured in bantam hens incubating eggs artificially thermoregulated to 40 degrees and 25 degrees C (Te). EMG activity appeared in thigh and leg muscles at Ta below 32 degrees C (Tsh). This temperature probably represents the thermoneutral temperature (TNT) of the cock. EMG activity in breast muscles appeared at Ta below 20 degrees C, or 4 degrees C below the lower critical temperature (Tc). All muscles were quiet when the hen incubated 40 degrees C egg at Ta = Tsh. When Te was abruptly changed to 25 degrees C, EMG activity in the iliotibialis muscle appeared 3 min before the activity in the pectoralis muscle. Tb dropped from 41.2 degrees to 40.6 degrees C in 14 min. When Te was returned to 40 degrees C, the EMG activity in the pectoralis muscle disappeared almost at once, while the iliotibialis muscle was active until Tb returned to normal. Aerobic muscles seem to be responsible for shivering thermogenesis between Tc and Tsh, while anaerobic muscles are recruited at lower Ta or when the heat loss during incubation becomes severe.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1996

[Treatment of recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder with pectoralis minor muscle-bone flap].

We treated 10 patients with recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder by transplantation of pectoralis minor muscle-bone flap transplanted to the upper part of the humerus. All patients were followed-up for an average 31 months and no recurrent was found. We consider that the muscle beily exerts a protective effect like a barrier on the weak anterio inferior region of the shoulder and increases the force for extending the shoulder and lifting the arm. The operation is based on biomechanics. Meanwhile, suturing the laxative joint capsule and repairing the weak anteroinfeior region of the shoulder is more beneficial to prevent from redislocation of the humerus head.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Involvement of the esophagus in the cramp-fasciculation syndrome.

A 35-year-old male patient presented with symptoms of a cramp-fasciculation syndrome, but also reported difficulties swallowing. Esophageal manometry showed spontaneous nonperistaltic contractions, pathologically increased amplitudes and duration of the contractile complexes, and an asynchronous propagation. Electromyographic evidence of fasciculations in the sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis muscles was found. Apparently all types of peripheral motor fibers can be involved in this heterogeneous syndrome, including cranial motor nerves, the vagal nerve, and enteric motor fibers of the gastrointestinal tract.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Reconstructive breast surgery following mastectomy and adjunctive radiation therapy.

With modern radiation, surgical therapy, and surgical reconstructive techniques, it is now possible to give adequate treatment for breast cancer and to reconstruct the breast as well, using a silicone implant prosthesis. Twelve mastectomies and reconstructions were performed on 8 patients. Seven of these had pre- or postoperative irradiation to one breast region, and 1 patient received irradiation to both breast areas. The clinical staging of patients with combined irradiation and surgery was Stage I--3 cases; Stage II--4 cases; and Stage III--1 case. Primary surgical procedures consisted of modified radical mastectomy for ten breast lesions and simple mastectomy for two others. Megavoltage radiotherapy was administered with a CO-60 Unit. Pre-operative irradiation of 4000 rads to the breast, chest wall, and regional lymphatics was given to 3 patients. Postoperative radiation therapy of 5000 rads to the chest wall and 4400-5000 rads to the regional lymphatics was given to 5 other patients, one of whom received bilateral irradiation. Adjunctive chemotherapy was employed in 5 patients with interruption during the period of implant surgery. Reconstructive surgery was performed 5 months to 14 months after irradiation in 7 patients and 51/2 years later in one patient. The procedure was a single stage operation with placement of a silicone prosthesis under the pectoralis muscle. No significant morbidity was encountered from radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or from the surgical procedures. Healing of surgical wounds after implantation was uncomplicated. Cosmetic results have been good. All patients are alive and well, 8 months to 6 1/2 years postirradiation and three months to three years post-breast reconstruction. Results to date have been most gratifying.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Arm morbidity within a trial of mastectomy and either nodal sample with selective radiotherapy or axillary clearance.

The aim of this study was to assess upper limb morbidity following treatment for operable breast cancer. Patients were randomized to either mastectomy and axillary clearance (40 women: 12 with axillary nodal metastasis and 28 without axillary metastasis) or mastectomy and axillary sampling (54 women). Adjuvant radiotherapy was delivered to those in whom the sample revealed axillary nodal metastasis (28 women) but not to those with no axillary nodal metastasis (26 women). A subjective assessment of the state of the arm was made using a standard questionnaire. Objective assessment included upper and forearm circumference, should joint mobility and assessment of power in the pectoralis muscle. The mean age was 56.8 years (range 33-77 years) and the mean elapsed time from treatment was 5.72 years (range 4.0-7.5 years). Subjective limb oedema was greatest in those who had axillary lymph node metastasis but there was no objective difference. Subjective joint mobility was reduced in the women who received radiotherapy and this was confirmed by objective assessment (P less than 0.05). The objective reduction in arm mobility was related to the treatment rather than the axillary lymph node status. There was no difference in power. In this study women receiving adjuvant radiotherapy had significantly reduced shoulder mobility. This may have implications for current conservation studies using adjuvant radiotherapy.

Adult↗