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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

[Ophthalmological exploration of children with Down's syndrome. Main results and comparison with a control group].

BACKGROUND: Down's Syndrome is the most frequent chromosomal aberration. There is a wide variety of symptoms. From an ophthalmological point of view, numerous alterations associated with Down's Syndrome have been described. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have carried out a complete ophthalmic exploration on 60 children with Down's Syndrome and 60 control children. RESULTS: The first group showed a high percentage of refraction errors (90%), nystagmus (28%), strabismus (48%) and cataracts (13%). If we compare these results with those of the control group we find that the Down's group has a frequency significantly higher both in refraction errors as a whole (p < 0.001) and myopia (p < 0.01), hypermetropia (p < 0.02) and stigmatism (p < 0.001). They have also shown a frequency significantly higher of strabismus (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: All of the observed alterations can have a negative influence on the appropriate educational development of these children. An early ophthalmological exploration would be advisable in children with Down's Syndrome.

Cataract↗
PubMed1997

Ophthalmological morbidity in very-low-birthweight infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between retinopathy of prematurity, ocular sequelae of retinopathy, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infants weighing < 1250 g at birth prior to the introduction of steroid therapy for chronic lung disease. Ophthalmological data from 67 infants (22 with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia and 45 controls) who were enrolled prospectively in an early intervention program were analyzed. The infants had two or more eye examinations prior to discharge and a follow-up examination at 12 to 18 months postconceptual age. The incidence of any retinopathy of prematurity was 33%, and severe retinopathy was 25%. Infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia were 1.7 times more likely to develop any retinopathy and 1.8 times more likely to develop severe retinopathy than controls. The incidence of ocular sequelae, was 45%. Infants with any retinopathy had a 2.3 odds of developing sequelae, and infants with severe retinopathy had a 2.64 odds ratio. When adjusted for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the odds ratio for developing sequelae was 1.36 in infants with any retinopathy and 1.27 in those with severe retinopathy. The predictors of retinopathy were lower birthweight and gestational age, acidosis, and hypoxemia. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia per se has an adverse effect on ophthalmologic morbidity. Evaluation of the adverse effect of any therapy for chronic lung disease on retinopathy of prematurity should make adjustments for the underlying lung disease.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role and place of ophthalmological methods in the diagnosis of lesions of the main vessels of the brain].

The study was aimed at detecting changes in visual functions and organ of vision in patients with involvement of the main vessels of the head and injuries to this vessels in patients with expressed ischemic diseases of the organ of vision. Twenty-four patients with occlusive disorders of the carotid arteries and 22 with retinal and ocular nerve diseases with the ischemic component were examined. The share of carotid artery abnormalities in the second group was 27.3%. Total efficacy of ophthalmological methods of diagnosis in the group with carotid artery involvement was 89.4%, this demonstrating high efficacy of ophthalmological methods for the diagnosis of involvement of the main cerebral vessels. Static quantitative perimetry proved to be the most effective method. It permits reliable detection of the slightest changes and assess the efficacy of surgical treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Unknown ancient Greek ophthalmological instruments and equipment.

Discoveries of some ancient medical instruments and equipment found in the Hellenic world have been published in magazines of general interest and in a rare Greek medical journal, yet none caught the attention of ophthalmologists. Among these instruments are two forms of the famous 'Kenteterion', dating from the Hellenistic period, used for the couching of cataract. These were found on the island of Milos in the last century. Two magnifying lenses of the Archaic period from the recent Cretan excavations gave us the opportunity to discuss the problem of their medical use. The two drop-bottles from the excavations on Cyprus and at Tanagra, which are also described, seem to be of medical, and possible ophthalmological, use.

Greece, Ancient↗
PubMed2004

Confocal microscopy: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

OBJECTIVE: To review the available evidence for the use of confocal microscopy in diagnosing infectious keratitis and for other applications for ophthalmic practice. METHODS: A MEDLINE search of the peer-reviewed literature for the years 1990 to 2001 yielded 94 citations. The search was limited to studies of human subjects published in English with abstracts. The Ophthalmic Technology Assessment Committee Cornea Panel evaluated these 94 articles for possible clinical relevance and selected 51 (54%) for content review by the panel members. Of these 51 articles, 24 were selected for the panel methodologist to review and rate according to the strength of evidence. RESULTS: Of the 24 articles, 21 (87.5%) were classified as case reports or case series and were rated as level III evidence. Three articles were classified as independent, masked, or objective comparisons performed in a narrow spectrum of patients or in a nonconsecutive series of patients and were rated as level II evidence. No studies were rated as level I evidence, defined as an independent masked comparison of an appropriate spectrum of consecutive patients. CONCLUSION: Confocal microscopy is a new technology with clinical applications in ophthalmology. Although confocal microscopy has been used in other fields of medicine, the optical transparency of the cornea and other structures of the eye provides a unique opportunity to apply this technology. The targeted literature review of 24 articles found no level I studies to support the use of confocal microscopy in the management of eye disorders. Three level II studies pertained to promising clinical applications of the confocal microscope and provided evidence that supports the use of confocal microscopy as an adjunctive modality for diagnosing Acanthamoeba keratitis. The remaining 21 articles, rated as level III evidence, focus on the use of confocal microscopy to facilitate the diagnosis of infectious keratitis, including amoebic and fungal, but currently there are no definitive studies of its role in the differential diagnosis of this condition. There are also level III studies that support the use of the confocal microscope in refractive surgery. Facilitating the diagnosis of infectious keratitis and applying the confocal microscope to refractive surgery may hold the greatest promise of this new technology.

Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Virtual reality in ophthalmology training.

Current training models are limited by an unstructured curriculum, financial costs, human costs, and time constraints. With the newly mandated resident surgical competency, training programs are struggling to find viable methods of assessing and documenting the surgical skills of trainees. Virtual-reality technologies have been used for decades in flight simulation to train and assess competency, and there has been a recent push in surgical specialties to incorporate virtual-reality simulation into residency programs. These efforts have culminated in an FDA-approved carotid stenting simulator. What role virtual reality will play in the evolution of ophthalmology surgical curriculum is uncertain. The current apprentice system has served the art of surgery for over 100 years, and we foresee virtual reality working synergistically with our current curriculum modalities to streamline and enhance the resident's learning experience.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2002

Veterinary ophthalmology in laboratory animal studies.

In this overview the current status of the role of veterinary ophthalmology in laboratory animal studies is discussed. Attention is devoted to current regulatory requirements and study construction, examination techniques commonly used in studies, and a consideration of species characteristics that may be important to investigators. Methods for recording data are discussed with examples of recording systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Cellular surgery with laser in ophthalmology. A review].

This is a review of a number of laser methods, allowing to realize strongly localized, atraumatic, molecular, cellular, and subcellular microeffects. New instruments are the laser tweezers and the laser knife to be used with a microscope (microscopical surgery). Laser tweezers allow fixation, by means of the radiation pressure of molecular, cellular, and subcellular elements, of diameters as small as 1 microm. These may be irradiated atraumatically by means of short-pulsed lasers. A reversible damage of the cell membrane allows to introduce living genetic material into living cells and to reversibly modify their genetic behaviour. Micromanipulation/irradiation of living cells by means of the short-pulse laser method of living cells may be optimal in in-vivo fertilization experiments. Short-pulse laser methods have been tentatively introduced in ophthalmology and highly localized effects have been realized in the trabecular meshwork for the treatment of glaucoma and in the retina in retinal pathology.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

[Ophthalmologic tumor service for the care of patients with malignant intraocular tumors].

The organization of treatment for patients with malignant intraocular tumors is described with reference to the oncology department of an eye clinic specializing in tumor problems. Since eye tumors are seldom encountered in day-to-day ophthalmological practice, and the costs of diagnosis and treatment are so high, centralized treatment facilities are advocated.

Ciliary Body↗
PubMed2001

Wavefront technology in ophthalmology.

Wavefront sensing is an emerging technology that can measure irregular astigmatism as a higher-order wavefront aberration. The application of wavefront sensing in ophthalmology might enable the non-invasive observation of living retinal cone cells; the measurement of detailed visual function of the central nervous system by eliminating higher-order aberrations during examinations by adaptive optics; the correction of irregular astigmatism; and the prevention of iatrogenic irregular astigmatism induced by conventional refractive surgical procedures. In addition, it will be theoretically possible to obtain supernormal vision by wavefront-guided refractive surgery.

Astigmatism↗
PubMed2002

Measuring surgical skill and proclivity in ophthalmology residency training program applicants using the American Dental Association Dental Admission (Sample) Test (DAT).

PURPOSE: To determine if typical DAT perceptual ability questions which are used to determine potential surgical skills in dental school applicants also do so for surgical ability for eye surgery. METHOD: The subjects were all applicants for admission into the Ophthalmology Residency Training Program at the University of Florida. All applicants answered 11 questions from the "Perceptual Ability" section of the DAT. Their answers were neither reviewed nor scored at the time they took the test but were sealed and set aside. After completing the 3 year training program, each of fifteen consecutive trainees was scored by five masked faculty members for their surgical skill. Their tests were unsealed and scored. Data were obtained on 15 applicants. RESULTS: There was a [Good] positive correlation between masked faculty surgical skill scores and DAT scores: r= +0.58, p < or -0.02. CONCLUSION: DAT perceptual ability questions do indicate candidates with best innate and potential eye surgical skills.

American Dental Association↗
PubMed1985

The use of computers in ophthalmology: an exercise in futurology.

Ophthalmological practice will be considerably modified by the use of computers for eliciting medical histories and physical signs, the introduction of 'smart' measuring devices, expert systems for teaching and patient management, and finally, the introduction of machines which can comprehend language: some of the techniques for developing such programs are described.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Prognosis for the evolution of Ophthalmology: Part II.

This paper represents an application of modern forecasting methods to prognosis in ophthalmology. Using these methods the author considers possible changes in patterns of ocular pathology in the next 20 to 25 years. He also indicates the probable evolution of such methods of investigation as biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, electrophysiology, and automatic diagnosis. In the field of ophthalmosurgery, the author explores the idea of automation of eye surgery and extended use of micromanipulators in surgery. He predicts the autoplasty of the anterior segment and the transplant of the whole eye.

Eye↗
PubMed1982

[Multiple decubitus ophthalmological operating table].

A new ophthalmological operating table is presented which is adapted to the most recent developments in microsurgery and for the treatment of the most difficult cases of vitreoretinal pathology. The head of the table is mobile in the sagittal plane, movements being effected under remote-control by the surgeon at a rate of 2 mm/sec. The same movement can be applied to a horseshoe shaped armrest, which is solidly attached around the headpiece and is adjustable for height. A respiratory shield can be attached during local anesthesia, and the table can be positioned in proclivity or declivity. During vitreoretinal surgery, the table enables rotation of the patient in ventral decubitus along a longitudinal axis, rotation being possible manually or electrically. Proclivity and declivity positions can be obtained by rotation on a transversal axis. These functions assist exchanges between ocular fluids and substances used for internal packing, as well as passage into the anterior chamber of foreign bodies in the vitreal cavity.

Equipment and Supplies, Hospital↗
PubMed1993

A review of anaesthesia in ophthalmology.

In this article, we review the methods of anaesthesia commonly used in ophthalmology in Singapore. These include topical, local, regional and general anaesthesia. Topical and local anaesthesia is adequate for most outpatient procedures. The most common form of regional anaesthesia in Singapore is still retrobulbar anaesthesia. General anaesthesia is used in children and when more extensive procedures are performed.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1999

Problem-based learning in ophthalmology: a pilot program for curricular renewal.

OBJECTIVES: To gain experience with problem-based learning as a demonstration project in a medical school's curriculum renewal effort and determine if using a single facilitator to circulate among the small groups would yield positive results. DESIGN: We developed 16 cases around 4 ophthalmic problems that were used in 3-hour small-group sessions during the Introduction to Clinical Medicine semester of the second-year curriculum. A single faculty member facilitated the small groups of 4 students each that were created by self-division at each of 5 sessions. SETTING: A state-supported large Midwestern medical school. PARTICIPANTS: All students (N = 75) enrolled in the Introduction to Clinical Medicine course prior to their standard introductory ophthalmology lectures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A 5-item pretest, related to each of that day's clinical problems, was administered at the beginning and again at the end of the session as a posttest. A satisfaction questionnaire with Likert-type questions was also completed by the students at the close of the session. RESULTS: Knowledge scores showed statistically significant gains with a mean of 1.7 points. Student satisfaction was very positive--85% stated that they learned more than they would have in the traditional format and 93% agreed that they enjoyed the problem-based learning format. CONCLUSIONS: A single facilitator successfully managed small groups of students in a modified problem-based learning format that produced significant knowledge gains and high student satisfaction. This positive experience was one of the factors that led to adoption of problem-based learning into the curriculum.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗