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PubMed1981

The psychologically orientated pediatrician and the provision of psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

The experiences of a consultant pediatrician attempting to introduce into his practice an additional mode of treatment that he wished to offer to some of his patients, namely psychoanalytical psychotherapy, is described. Having previously operated successfully as an analytic psychotherapist with patients referred to him by a child psychiatrist, he attempted to function formally as an analytic psychotherapist with selected patients from his own pediatric practice. However, this significant change of role was not accepted by the children and their parents. Reasons are looked for to explain this finding, the significance of which may be of importance to pediatric practice in general and may have wider implications in the whole area of the doctor/patient relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Study of behavioral factors associated with psychiatric rehospitalization.

Archival data from daily logs maintained at a private proprietary home were tracked from four to 29 weeks prior to psychiatric rehospitalization for ten deinstitutionalized adult females and ten nonhospitalized controls. Three raters coded behavioral incidents into ten categories. The rehospitalized women had significantly more incidents than did the controls, including more affective disturbances (depression, anxiety, anger, and interpersonal concerns) and more attempts to secure psychiatric rehospitalization. The rehospitalized groups also exhibited symptomatic behavior for a greater number of weeks than did the control group, suggesting that the symptom pattern was probably detectable long before rehospitalization was necessary. Peaks in incidence frequency often occurred several weeks prior to rehospitalization.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Mental illness in Northern Ireland. A comparison with Scotland and England.

First and all admissions to psychiatric hospitals and units during 1981 were obtained from the DHSS in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Age and sex standardized rates were calculated for each country. Possible reasons for observed rate differences are discussed. Whilst overall high rates of admissions in Northern Ireland are most likely attributable to provision and use of beds, these factors may not entirely account for high rates of admissions for neurotic disorder, particularly among males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Social support and depression in three groups of psychiatric patients and a group of medical controls.

Levels of depression and aspects of social support were examined in groups of chronic schizophrenic (n = 21), depressed (n = 26) and parasuicide patients (n = 26) and in a group of medical controls (n = 25). Depression was equally severe in the parasuicide and depressed groups and low in the schizophrenic and control groups. The psychiatric groups reported lower perceived levels of social support than did the controls. The depressed and parasuicide patients, but not the psychotic patients, felt dissatisfied with the available support. These results are interpreted as suggesting that deficiencies in social support may be more important in neurotic disorder, in particular depressive disorders, than in psychoses.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Locus of control and control perceptions and the relationship between life stress and psychological disorder.

This study tested the effects of life stress and variables hypothesized to moderate these effects using a multivariate hierarchical regression model. College undergraduates served as subjects. The variables of life stress, dispositional locus of control beliefs, perceptions of control over life event outcomes and psychological disorder were measured at two points in time. At both measurement periods, negative life events were significantly related to psychological disorder. This relationship was found even when initial psychological disorder was statistically controlled. Dispositional locus of control beliefs and control perceptions failed to moderate the effects of life events at either measurement period. Control perceptions appeared to be more a function of event characteristics than subjects' dispositional characteristics, given that these perceptions were unrelated to locus of control beliefs and that the outcomes of negative events were consistently viewed as less controllable than those of positive events. The findings support the relationship between life stress and psychological disorder but they call into question the moderating effects of locus of control beliefs and perceptions of control over life event outcomes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

A method for the study of lay conceptions of psychopathology: a free-response approach.

A free-response approach for identifying a lay group's conception of psycopathology is described in this paper and is illustrated with a college student population. An initial sample of individuals from the population is asked to give "reasons why someone might need to be examined by a professional person in the field of mental health." A second sample of individuals sort the problem statements on the basis of their judgements of the similarity among the statements. A measure of psychological distance for each pair of statements, based on the proportion of times the two statements are sorted together, is used as input for clustering and multidimensional scaling. A third sample contributes to the interpretation of the resulting structures by rating each problem on several psychological properties. The most relevant properties found for college students are: (a) degree of abnormality; (b) referral source--self versus others. Also disc1ssed are possible applications of the method to other lay groups in the interest of providing improved community mental health services to such groups.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1977

Distribution of DSM-II diagnoses in a child psychiatric setting.

While DSM-II contains more diagnostic categories related specifically to children than did the earlier DSM-I, clinical utilization studies of the various categories have not been extensive. The present study reports data on the distribution of diagnoses of childhood disorders and analyzes relationships among several diagnostic categories and subject variables. Results indicate that clinicians are using a wide range of DSM-II diagnoses for childhood disorders, including some which were intended for use with adults as well as those which were designed specifically for children. Transient Situational Disorders and Behavior Disorders are assigned almost equally to two-thirds of the sample. Chi-square analyses revealed a relationship between diagnostic categories and subject variables of age and sex. These data suggest that boys, particularly between the ages of 6 and 13, are more frequently than girls categorized as Behavior Disorder, and that the Transient Situational Disorder category is overutilized for adolescents, both male and female.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Dimensions of adolescent psychopathology.

A factor-analytic study of parent ratings of 253 male and female adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 referred for psychiatric and delinquent problems is reported. Parents rated their children on the Adolescent Form of the Louisville Behavior Checklist. One hundred thirty-seven items were intercorrelated and subjected to a principal component factor analysis and nine factors wre rotated to varimax solution. The nine factors were named: Egocentric-Exploitive, Destructive-Assaultive, Social Delinquency, Academic Disability, Adolescent Turmoil, Apathetic Isolation, Neuroticism, Dependent-Inhibited, and Neurological or Psychotic Abnormality. A second-order analysis revealed two broad-band Internalizing and Externalizing dimensions. The factors were shown to be similar to but different from DSM III categories as well as from other factor-analytic studies of adolescents. This study indicates that much research will be required before a consensus can be reached on the basic dimensions of psychopathology of adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Validity of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children: a comparison between psychiatric and pediatric referrals.

The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) was used to evaluate 40 psychiatric referrals aged 7-11 and 40 pediatric referrals matched for age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. Each parent and child was interviewed separately using parallel versions of the interview, DISC-P and DISC-C, and parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The psychiatric referrals had more psychiatric diagnoses and higher symptom scores than the pediatric referrals. Parent reports discriminated better between the criterion groups than child reports. In both groups, mild oppositional behavior and fears were commonly reported by parents, whereas mild separation anxiety, fears, and dysthymia were commonly reported by children. Attention deficit disorder, conduct disorder, and affective disorders were much more common among psychiatrically referred children. There was an association (chi 2 = 37.1, p less than .001) between abnormally high CBCL scores and diagnoses derived from the interview with the parent, but the association between the CBCL and the child interview was not significant. Over all, the results support the validity of the DISC-P, and to a lesser extent that of the DISC-C, in discriminating psychiatric from pediatric referrals, at the level of both symptoms and severe diagnoses, but not at the mild/moderate level of diagnosis.

Child↗
PubMed1978

Diagnosis and chronic mental illness.

This paper describes the occurrence of chronicity in varying psychiatric illnesses. There is not an unequivocal definition of chronicity, but with the exception of the illnesses that will be described below and that lead directly or indirectly to death from CNS complications of the illness, chronicity will require a duration of a minimum of five years without a significant remission. Chronicity is further differentiated into four different kinds of chronicity: chronic--death, chronic--self-limited, chronic--remission, and chronic--recurrent. The illnesses that may be considered as possibly fulfilling the criteria for chronic will be noted and a method for deciding whether an illness qualifies will be outlined.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1989

The undiluted message in psychiatry: is medical rounding valuable?

The present research investigated whether psychiatric inpatients would recall, without distortion, the key components of information presented to them during morning rounds. Over the 4 weeks of the study, the messages of rounding psychiatrists were recorded and then compared with the recollections of 16 subjects recorded several hours later. Analysis showed that undistorted recall of messages occurred significantly more often than distorted recall or no recall. These results suggest that there is a possible value for undiluted messages in medical rounding in the inpatient psychiatric context when given as an adjunct to psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological interventions.

Humans↗