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PubMed2004

Neuron-specific enolase in patients with neurocysticercosis.

BACKGROUND: Neurocysticercosis (NC) is the most frequent parasitic disease of the human nervous system. Its clinical manifestations are varied and depend on the number and location of cysts, as well as the host immune response. Symptoms in NC usually occur when cysts enter into a degenerative phase associated with perilesional inflammation. We speculate that neuron-specific enolase (NSE)--a marker of neuronal injury--could be elevated in patients with degenerating cysts comparing to those with viable cysts. METHODS: We examined serum NSE (sNSE) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NSE (cNSE) levels in 25 patients with NC: 14 patients with degenerative cysts (D), 8 patients with viable cysts (V) and 3 patients with inactive cysts. Samples of eight normal controls (C) were also obtained. Determination of albumin was performed in serum and CSF samples, and the CSF/serum albumin ratio (albumin quotient, Q(alb)) was used to estimate the blood-brain barrier permeability. RESULTS: All patients, with the exception of one case, had five or less cysts. Comparisons between V, D and C groups did not demonstrate significant differences of cNSE, Q(alb) and sNSE levels. Further, there were no significant differences of cNSE and sNSE levels between patients with or without intracranial hypertension (ICH). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the inflammatory response associated with a relatively small number of degenerating cysts does not provoke significant neuronal damage. Further studies considering patients with a larger number of cysts will be required to assess if there is evidence of neuronal damage in such more severe cases.

Albumins↗
PubMed1998

Relationship of neuron specific enolase and protein S-100 concentrations in systemic and jugular venous serum to injury severity and outcome after traumatic brain injury.

Neuron specific enolase (NSE) and protein S-100 have previously been described as markers of brain injury. We aimed to discover whether concentrations of either were raised in arterial and jugular venous serum after traumatic brain injury, and whether serum profiles were related to injury severity and neurological outcome. We recruited 22 patients with a traumatic brain injury who were admitted to the intensive care unit. Paired arterial and jugular venous blood samples were taken on admission, and at 24, 48 and 96 hrs after injury. Samples were analysed for NSE and S-100 by RIA. Concentrations of both NSE and S-100 were increased above controls--mean NSE concentration was highest on admission, whilst mean S-100 peaked at 24 hours after injury. There was a small, but significant difference between jugular venous and arterial concentrations of S-100 (p = 0.022). High NSE and S-100 concentrations were significantly related to poor neurological outcome (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001 respectively). Both serum NSE and S-100 may be of some value in helping to predict outcome after a traumatic brain injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament protein and S-100 protein in the olfactory mucosa of human fetuses. An immunohistochemical study.

Immunohistochemical examination for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament protein (NFP), and S-100 protein was performed in the olfactory mucosa of human fetuses. NSE and NFP immunoreactivities were found in the olfactory receptor cells, while no S-100 immunoreactive cells were recognized within the olfactory epithelium. The anti-NSE serum stained various types of nerve bundles in the lamina propria mucosae; a population of the NSE-positive nerve bundles was also immunoreactive for NFP. The anti-S-100 serum clearly demonstrated Schwann cells associated with the nerve fibers in the lamina propria mucosae. These findings suggest a possibility of NSE and NFP as new marker substances for olfactory cells and indicate that immunohistochemistry is a useful tool to analyse the cellular components of the olfactory organs in normal and pathological conditions.

Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed1986

Immunohistochemical study of granular cell tumours. Demonstration of neurone specific enolase, S 100 protein, laminin and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin.

Nine granular cell tumours were investigated with poly- or monoclonal antisera to neurone specific enolase (NSE), glial enolase (GE), S 100 protein, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, lysozyme, laminin, neurofilament (NF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain creatine kinase (CK), different cytokeratins (Keratin Dako, PKK1), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), desmin, myoglobin and leukocyte common antigen (LCA), using immunoperoxidase-methods on formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections. While five tumours from adults show specific cytoplasmic staining for NSE and S 100, three congenital tumours, two from the gingiva and one from palatine, show only a weak reaction for NSE, reflecting a possible origin from mature and immature Schwann cells, respectively. However, one subcutaneous tumour from near the clavicule of a ten year old girl differs from the other eight tumours by its specific cytoplasmic staining for alpha-1-antichymotrypsin only, supporting the view that there are granular cell tumours of histiocytic origin. In addition, the five adult NSE-S100 tumours show strong laminin-immunostaining around the single small or syncytial granular cells, whereas pericellular laminin is not detectable in the histiocytic nor in the three congenital tumours. None of the tumours shows any staining for lysozyme, epithelial, muscular, leukocyte, neurofilament or glial antigens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Immunocytochemical demonstration of hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein in the bovine pineal gland.

The immunocytochemical localization for hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein in the bovine pineal gland is described in this paper. Most of the pinealocytes showed immunoreactivities to a HIOMT antiserum and an NSE antiserum, simultaneously. Neither HIOMT-nor NSE-immunoreactivity was observed in a few pinealocytes. On the other hand, dispersed interstitial cells (glial cells) were stained only by an S-100 protein antiserum. No evident HIOMT-immunoreactivity was observed in the retina and intestinal mucosa, where HIOMT has been suggested to occur.

Acetylserotonin O-Methyltransferase↗
PubMed1987

Localization of a developmentally regulated neuron-specific protein S54 in dendrites as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy.

We sought to determine the ultrastructural localization of the developmentally regulated neuron-specific protein S54 in the chicken cerebellar cortex and optic tectum. The brains were fixed by perfusion with paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Frozen sections were immunocytochemically labeled with a monoclonal antibody to S54 protein. The immunoreactivity for S54 protein was localized in dendrites. No immunoreactivity for S54 protein was detected in axons and their presynaptic terminals.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuron specific enolase (NSE) on cutaneous nerves: comparative study using NSE and S-100 protein antibodies on denervated skin.

The presence of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein, which are nerve specific proteins, was immunohistochemically investigated on the cutaneous nerves. NSE was found in the axons of the cutaneous nerve bundles and the terminal axons in the Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles of the normal human and macaque skin. S-100 protein was found in the Schwann cells, lamellar cells of the Meissner corpuscles, and inner core cells of the Pacinian corpuscles. After denervation of the ulnar nerve on macaque, NSE on axons of the cutaneous nerves and Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles was completely disappeared in the 5th digit. However, S-100 protein was still maintained in the Schwann cells and Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles in the same digit. From these results, we conclude that the comparative immunohistochemical staining of NSE and S-100 protein is simple and reliable method to demonstrate the cutaneous nerves in normal and pathological conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

S-100 protein and neuron specific enolase immunoreactivity of normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic chondrocytes in relation to the composition of the extracellular matrix.

S-100 protein and neuron specific enolase (NSE) are no longer considered as specific cell markers indicating a neural origin. Since most of the cells displaying immunoreactivity for both markers also elaborate a stroma rich in chondroid or myxoid mucosubstances, we undertook the present study in order to clarify whether or not the positive immunoreaction is related to the composition of stromal glycosaminoglycans. The study was based on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material comprising adult resting cartilage, reactive or hyperplastic cartilage, as well as benign and malignant chondroblastic tumors. Histochemical and immunohistochemical methods were applied on parallel sections with the following results: A positive immunoreactivity of the cartilage cells was always found to be related to the participation of chondroitine sulfate A and C in the stromal glycosaminoglycans. A NSE positive reaction was found in all cartilage cells displaying the characteristics of metabolically active cells. It is postulated that S-100 protein, as a calcium binding protein, might be involved in the cellular control mechanisms regulating the glycosaminoglycans-collagen interactions.

Cartilage↗
PubMed1988

S-100 protein and neuron specific enolase (NSE) expression by chordomas in relation to the composition of their stromal mucosubstances.

The immunoreactivity of S-100 protein and neuron specific enolase (NSE.) was correlated with the composition of stromal glycosaminoglycans in chordomas and human notochords, in a combined histochemical and immunohistochemical study. We found that S-100 protein is negative in notochordal and chordoma cells in the absence of stromal mucosubstances or in the presence of small quantities of hyaluronic acid. The positivity of S-100 immunoreaction was found to be related to the presence of stromal glycosaminoglycans of the chondroitine sulfate A and C type. NSE. was found positive in cells presenting features of high metabolic activity. Consequently S-100 protein and NSE. immunoreactivity cannot have any cytogenetic implications, but they could be considered as markers indicating specific cell-stromal functional interactions.

Chordoma↗
PubMed2006

One-year follow-up of patients with mild traumatic brain injury: occurrence of post-traumatic stress-related symptoms at follow-up and serum levels of cortisol, S-100B and neuron-specific enolase in acute phase.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate serum levels of cortisol (a biochemical marker of stress), S-100B and neuron-specific enolase (two biochemical markers of brain tissue injury), in acute phase in mild traumatic brain injury patients and the occurrence of post-traumatic stress-related symptoms 1 year after the trauma. METHODS: Blood samples were taken in patients (n = 88) on admission and approximately 7 hours later for analysis. Occurrence of post-traumatic stress-related symptoms was assessed for 69 patients using items from the Impact of Event Scale questionnaire (IES) at follow-up at 15 +/- 4 months after the injury. RESULTS: Serum levels of cortisol were more increased in the first sample (cortisol/1, 628.9 +/- 308.9 nmol L-1) than in the second blood sample (cortisol/2, 398.2 +/- 219.4 nmol L-1). The difference between these samples was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Altogether 12 patients (17%) showed post-traumatic stress related symptoms at the time of the follow-up. Stepwise forward logistic regression analysis of symptoms and serum concentrations of markers revealed that only S-100B in the second sample was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) associated to symptoms (three symptoms of the avoidance sub-set of IES). CONCLUSION: A major increase in serum concentrations of cortisol indicates that high stress levels were reached by the patients, in particular shortly ( approximately 3 hours) after the trauma. The association between the occurrence of post-traumatic stress related symptoms and serum levels of S-100B (generally considered as a biochemical marker of brain injury) seem to reflect the complexity of interactions between brain tissue injury and the ensemble of stress reactions.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Neuron-specific-enolase is increased in plasma after hemorrhagic shock and after bilateral femur fracture without traumatic brain injury in the rat.

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is an acknowledged marker of traumatic brain injury. Several markers originally considered reliable in the setting of traumatic brain injury have been challenged after having been studied more extensively. The aim of our experimental study was to determine whether NSE is a reliable marker of traumatic brain injury early after trauma. Hemorrhagic shock was achieved by bleeding anesthetized rats to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 30-35 mmHg through a femoral catheter until incipient decompensation. MAP was maintained at 30-35 mmHg until 40% of shed blood had been administered as Ringer's solution and was then increased and maintained at 40-45 mmHg for 40 min by further administration of Ringer's solution, mimicking the phase of inadequate preclinical resuscitation. Blood samples were drawn at the end of the 40-min period of inadequate resuscitation. Femur fracture was achieved in anesthetized rats by bilateral application of forceps. Blood samples were drawn 30 and 60 min after fracture. Hemorrhagic shock caused NSE increase versus laboratory controls at the end of inadequate resuscitation (P < 0.01). Bilateral femur fracture caused NSE increase versus laboratory controls 30 min after fracture, which was significant 60 min after fracture (P < 0.01). During femur fracture, MAP remained at a level that is not associated with shock in rats. Our findings show for the first time that NSE increases after hemorrhagic shock as well as after femur fracture without hemorrhagic shock in rats. From a clinical point of view, these findings indicate that NSE cannot be considered a reliable marker of traumatic brain injury early after trauma in cases associated with hemorrhagic shock and/or femur fracture.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Nonspecific increase of systemic neuron-specific enolase after trauma: clinical and experimental findings.

The aim of this clinical and experimental study was to determine whether systemic neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is a useful early marker of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and whether NSE is affected by ischemia/reperfusion damage of abdominal organs. Our study included patients with and without TBI (verified by computerized tomography) admitted within 6 h after trauma and male Sprague-Dawley rats with ischemia and reperfusion of the abdominal organs liver, gut, or kidney. Thirty-eight study patients included 13 with isolated TBI and 18 patients with multiple trauma and TBI. Seven patients had multiple trauma but no TBI. Fifteen rats were anaesthetized and subjected to isolated ischemia of the liver, gut, or kidney (n = 5 each) for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 3 h. In patients, NSE increased over 2-fold versus the upper normal limit (10 microg/L) within 6 h after trauma, regardless of whether TBI had occurred or not. In rats, NSE increased over 3-fold versus laboratory controls during ischemia of the liver and kidney (both P < 0.0005), but not of the gut. NSE increased over 2-fold after onset of reperfusion of the liver and kidney (both P < 0.05), but not of the gut and increased over 3-fold after 3 h of reperfusion of the liver, gut (both P < 0.005), and kidney (P < 0.0005). Our data show that systemic NSE increases to similar degrees with and without TBI. Therefore, NSE is not a useful early marker of TBI in multiple trauma.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Relation between electroconvulsive therapy, cognitive side effects, neuron specific enolase, and protein S-100.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) induces brain tissue damage expressed as an increase in neuron specific enolase and protein S-100. METHODS: A total of 179 serial measurements of S-100 and NSE serum concentrations were performed on 14 patients during the course of a bilaterally stimulated ECT series. Cognitive performance was assessed by psychometric testing carried out on the day before the start of ECT as well as on the days after the third, sixth, and last ECT. Pre-ECT and post-ECT concentrations of NSE and S-100 were compared by non-parametric tests. RESULTS: On average, 9.5 (SD 2.9) (range 3-12) ECTs were applied; 13 of 14 patients received at least six ECTs. The average duration of convulsion (computed for all ECTs) was 29.0 (SD 10.5) seconds. At no point during the ECT series was there a significant increase in the average NSE or S-100 concentrations compared with the baseline investigation before the start of the ECT series. The maximal measured post-ECT values of NSE and S-100 were 26.6 ng/ml and 0.46 ng/ml, respectively. The cumulative energy doses applied, seizure durations, and ECT induced changes in cognitive performance scores were never significantly correlated with the NSE or S-100 serum concentrations. CONCLUSION: This pattern of findings suggests that a modern ECT, fulfilling current quality standards, induces no brain tissue damage detectable by changes in NSE or protein S-100.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Neuron-specific enolase as a marker for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: To date, most work delineating the usefulness of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) as a marker for acute ischemic stroke has been inconclusive. This study had the following objectives: (1) to determine whether serum concentrations of NSE correlate with time of onset of stroke symptoms, volume of infarcted tissue, stroke severity, functional outcome, or length of hospital stay; (2) to determine whether serial measurements of NSE levels are useful markers for ongoing brain ischemia, and (3) to determine whether NSE levels at various time intervals are significantly higher in patients with stroke than in controls. METHODS: All abstracts and published full reports identified as potentially relevant by the literature search were independently assessed for inclusion in the review by each reviewer. Twelve studies (including 597 patients) satisfied the entry criteria for this qualitative analysis. RESULTS: In 4 studies, time of onset of stroke symptoms was compared with time of first detectable NSE levels, which ranged from 4 to 8 h after stroke onset. In 7 studies, NSE levels increased with increased size of stroke, but in 2 studies there was no correlation. In the 2 studies that compared stroke severity with NSE levels, high NSE levels generally indicated worse outcome, but at low NSE levels the results were equivocal. In 7 studies, functional outcome at hospital dismissal and follow-up was compared with NSE levels; in 4, there was no correlation. CONCLUSIONS: The serum level of NSE does seem to be higher in stroke patients than in controls, and it does appear to correlate with volume of infarcted tissue. However, it does not appear to correlate with functional outcome, and its relationship to stroke severity is unclear. This may be explained at least in part by the disparity in sampling times because the NSE level has been shown to peak after 24 h in most studies. Hence, the more delayed the sampling, the greater the correlation with stroke severity.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuron-specific enolase is a marker of cutaneous Langerhans' cell histiocytosis ("X")-a comparative study with S100 protein.

The immunohistochemical expression of neuron-specific enolase (gamma/gamma) (NSE) was studied comparatively with S100 protein in a group of Langerhans-cell-type ("X") (n = 8) and non-Langerhans-cell-type ("non X") (n = 24) cutaneous histiocytoses. NSE was expressed by the majority (70-90%) of histiocytic cells in all cases of Langerhans-cell histiocytoses, whereas it was absent from non-Langerhans-cell histiocytoses. S100 protein was expressed by the majority of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis cells but also by a small percentage (1-5%) of cells in non Langerhans-cell histiocytoses. These results show that NSE is almost as sensitive as, but more specific than, S100 protein in discriminating Langerhans-cell from non-Langerhans cell cutaneous histiocytoses, and that it consequently represents a useful adjunct in the immunohistochemical diagnosis of histiocytic skin diseases.

Biomarkers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuron-specific enolase in small-cell carcinoma of the lung: the value of combined immunocytochemistry and serum determination.

The value of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) as a marker for small-cell carcinoma of the lung has been the subject of several reports. Taken together, about 70 per cent of patients with small-cell carcinoma had a raised serum concentration of NSE, and in a majority of patients NSE could be detected immunocytochemically in tumor biopsy speciments. This study examined the diagnostic value of combined immunocytochemical detection and serum determination of NSE in 96 unselected patients with small-cell carcinoma. Seventy-one patients had raised serum concentrations and in 69 a positive immunoreaction for NSE was demonstrated in the biopsy cells. However, for 87 (91%) of the patients, both or either of the NSE assays were positive. The combined use of immunocytochemistry and serum determinations thus gave better information on tumor NSE expression than either method alone. When patients with small or mechanically maltreated biopsy specimens were excluded, the accuracy of the combined assays was even higher (47/49, 96%). We therefore conclude that NSE, although not a specific marker for small-cell carcinoma of the lung, is useful as a complement to conventional diagnostic procedures and, when assayed both in biopsy material and in patient sera, tumor NSE expression can be demonstrated with a high precision.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of neuron-specific enolase, tissue polypeptide antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen as markers for staging and monitoring response to therapy of lung cancer.

Serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were measured in 60 patients with small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and in 94 patients with advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) at diagnosis, during induction chemotherapy, and at restaging. At diagnosis, the positivity rates of NSE, TPA, and CEA were 88, 52, and 43% in SCLC, and 20, 62, and 53% in NSCLC, respectively. Serum NSE and TPA levels were significantly higher in extensive than in limited SCLC. TPA and CEA levels were significantly correlated with the extent of NSCLC. NSE and TPA were significantly concordant with the clinical response to initial combination chemotherapy, the former in SCLC, the latter in both SCLC and NSCLC. By discriminant analysis, the presentation levels of the markers were not predictive of response to induction chemotherapy, whereas changes in NSE and TPA levels after the first cycle of chemotherapy were.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Diagnostic utility of carcinoembryonic antigen, neuron-specific enolase and squamous cell carcinoma antigen in malignant pleural effusion].

We evaluated the diagnostic utility of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC Ag.) in malignant pleural effusion (MPE). CEA, NSE and SCC Ag, blood and pleural levels were quantified by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in 85 patients with pleural effusions: 35 non malignant pleural effusions, and 50 MPE; 42 with lung carcinoma (LC), and 8 with extrapulmonary carcinoma. The sensitivity and specificity was compared to cytological results of the pleural fluid. The sensitivities of CEA7 NSE and SCC Ag. (in pleural fluid) were 59.5%, 48.7% and 16.7% respectively in patients with LC (specificity higher than 90%). Using a combination with CEA and NSE, the sensitivity reached 80.9% (specificity, 91.4%). The cytology of pleural fluid was positive in 45.2%. The pleural/blood ratios did not improve the diagnostic performance. In patients with extrapulmonary carcinoma, the sensitivity of these tumor markers was lower. The combination of CEA and NSE pleural levels is useful in the diagnostic approach to the patient with pleural effusion. A high level of NSE is suggestive of small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

Antigens, Neoplasm↗