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PubMed2005

Naming from definition: the role of feature type and feature distinctiveness.

The present paper evaluates the contribution of feature type and feature distinctiveness to naming of living and nonliving things using a naming from definition task. Normal subjects read verbal descriptions containing features varying in type (i.e., sensory vs. functional) and distinctiveness (i.e., distinct vs. shared) and were asked to name the concept described and to select the three features that most contributed to their answer. Main results showed that sensory features were selected more often than functional features to support naming living things and that, independent of feature type, more distinct features were selected to support naming more often than shared features. Results are discussed considering the implications for understanding naming and for neuropsychological evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

L-NAME induces direct arteriolar leukocyte adhesion, which is mainly mediated by angiotensin-II.

OBJECTIVE: Acute inhibition (1 h) of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with L-NAME causes leukocyte recruitment in the rat mesenteric postcapillary venules that is angiotensin-II (Ang-II) dependent. Since 4-h exposure to Ang-II provokes arteriolar leukocyte adhesion, this study was designed to investigate whether subacute (4-h) NOS inhibition also causes this effect. METHODS: Rats were intraperitoneally injected with saline, L-NAME, or 1H-[1,2,4]-oxidazolol-[4,3-a]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). Leukocyte accumulation in the mesenteric microcirculation was examined 4 h later via intravital microscopy. Some groups were pretreated with losartan, an AT(1) Ang-II receptor antagonist. RESULTS: At 4-h, L-NAME caused a significant increase in arteriolar leukocyte adhesion and leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in postcapillary venules. Mononuclear cells were the predominant leukocytes attached to the arteriolar endothelium. Administration of losartan inhibited L-NAME-induced arteriolar leukocyte adhesion by 90%. L-NAME provoked increased expression of P-selectin, E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in arterial endothelium, which was attenuated by losartan pretreatment. Inhibition of guanylyl cyclase with ODQ mimicked the effects exerted by L-NAME and losartan also reduced these effects. CONCLUSIONS: NOS inhibition for 4-h results in the attachment of leukocytes to the arterial endothelium, a critical event in disease states such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, which could be prevented by the administration of AT(1)Ang-II receptor antagonists.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1995

Are names difficult to recall because they are unique? A case study of a patient with anomia.

According to Burton and Bruce (1992), names are more difficult to recall than biographical information about people, such as their occupation, because names are unique or highly distinctive. It follows from this that anomic patients who have great difficulty in recalling names should also find it difficult to recall other information that is unique to a particular individual. This paper attempts to evaluate this claim by examining the case of NP, a patient who has severe anomic word-finding difficulties following the rupture and repair of a posterior cerebral artery aneurysm. NP's ability to recall biographical information about people that she cannot name was investigated in a series of experiments. These revealed that she can answer specific questions about the occupations and appearance of well-known people and can recall distinctive meaningful information about them such as the identity of their spouse, even though she is unable to recall their name. It is argued that these results support the view that names are represented in a store separate from that for semantic information about people that we know. The findings are therefore consistent with the sequential stage model of face identification put forward by Bruce and Young (1986) and are explained in terms of the theory of speech production put forward by Levelt (1989).

Anomia↗
PubMed2001

Age of acquisition and word frequency in written picture naming.

This study investigates age of acquisition (AoA) and word frequency effects in both spoken and written picture naming. In the first two experiments, reliable AoA effects on object naming speed, with objective word frequency controlled for, were found in both spoken (Experiment 1) and written picture naming (Experiment 2). In contrast, no reliable objective word frequency effects were observed on naming speed, with AoA controlled for, in either spoken (Experiment 3) or written (Experiment 4) picture naming. The implications of the findings for written picture naming are briefly discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Age-related differences in episodic odour recognition: the role of access to specific odour names.

This study addressed the relationship between semantic memory variables and episodic odour recognition across the adult lifespan. Young (19-34 years), young-old (60-69 years), and old women (70-79 years) were tested in a number of measures of semantic memory: letter fluency, category fluency, vocabulary, odour familiarity, and odour naming. Odour recognition memory was assessed on two occasions: immediately after and 48 hours after inspection. Young women outperformed both groups of older women in odour recognition and odour naming, although the two older age groups did not differ. For all age groups, performance declined from immediate to delayed testing. Individual differences in fluency and vocabulary did not predict performance in odour recognition. Rather, odour recognition was related to the subjects' specific semantic knowledge of the odour, as indexed by familiarity and accuracy in odour naming. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that age and odour naming were the most potent variables in predicting performance in both immediate and delayed odour recognition. Controlling for odour naming resulted in the effect of age disappearing, indicating the pivotal role of accessibility of odour names for successful episodic odour recognition, and for age-related differences in odour recognition.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Classification and naming of dyes, stains and fluorochromes.

A classification of dyes and other colorants is proposed, based on the chemical features responsible for their visibility and generally consonant with the writings of modern color chemists. The scheme differs in several respects from that of the Colour Index (CI), but it retains some traditional small groups of dyes that include biological stains. Natural dyes, recognized as a group in the CI, are placed with or near synthetic dyes with identical or similar chromophores. The new scheme also provides categories for dyes and fluorochromes that do not have places in the CI classification. Some CI categories, including lactones, aminoketones and hydroxyketones, are not recognized in this new scheme, which is adopted in the forthcoming 10th edition of Conn's Biological Stains: a Handbook of Dyes and Fluorochromes for Use in Biology and Medicine. Some rules are also set out for the spelling of trivial names, which has long been inconsistent in scientific literature. The ending '-ine' is used for compounds derived from organic bases (e.g., fuchsine and thionine, not fuchsin or thionin), and names ending in '-in' are for compounds that are not bases or their derivatives (e.g., eosin and phloxin, not eosine or phloxine). Initial capital letters are used only for words that are names of people or places (e.g., Nile blue or Congo red) and for the 'generic' components of CI application names (as in Acid yellow 36). Other words, including trade names that have fallen into common usage are not capitalized (e.g., alcian blue, biebrich scarlet, coomassie blue). The recommended spellings of some dyes differ from those commonly seen in vendors' catalogs and in biological publications, but they are generally consistent with English and American dictionaries, with recent writings in English by color chemists, and with the trivial names of other organic compounds.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed1993

Evidence that the autonomic nervous system plays a major role in the L-NAME-induced hypertension in conscious rats.

The present study was designed to investigate the role of the autonomic nervous system in experimental hypertension induced by chronic administration of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in the drinking water (1 mg/mL) over 6 days. L-NAME ingestion caused a large rise in resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) (175 +/- 5 mm Hg) and heart rate (HR) (440 +/- 17 beats per minute) compared to nontreated control rats (resting MAP: 112 +/- 2 mm Hg and HR: 345 +/- 8 beats per minute). Ganglionic blockade induced by trimethaphan (5 mg/kg, intravenously) caused a significantly (P < .01) greater decrease in MAP (delta -86 +/- 7 mm Hg) compared to control rats MAP (delta -44 +/- 4 mm Hg). This strongly suggests that the level of central sympathetic tone in L-NAME-treated rats is much greater than in nontreated rats. Using atenolol and atropine alone and combined, the level of resting sympathetic drive to the heart was found to be significantly increased in L-NAME-treated rats compared to control rats. However, vagal tone to the heart was found to be virtually abolished in L-NAME-treated rats compared to control rats. These results indicate that an increase in central sympathetic drive plays an important role in the hypertension induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with L-NAME.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

PNAD-CSS: a workbench for constructing a protein name abbreviation dictionary.

MOTIVATION: Since their initial development, integration and construction of databases for molecular-level data have progressed. Though biological molecules are related to each other and form a complex system, the information is stored in the vast archives of the literature or in diverse databases. There is no unified naming convention for biological object, and biological terms may be ambiguous or polysemic. This makes the integration and interaction of databases difficult. In order to eliminate these problems, machine-readable natural language resources appear to be quite promising. We have developed a workbench for protein name abbreviation dictionary (PNAD) building. RESULTS: We have developed PNAD Construction Support System (PNAD-CSS), which offers various convenient facilities to decrease the construction costs of a protein name abbreviation dictionary of which entries are collected from abstracts in biomedical papers. The system allows the users to concentrate on higher level interpretation by removing some troublesome tasks, e.g. management of abstracts, extracting protein names and their abbreviations, and so on. To extract a pair of protein names and abbreviations, we have developed a hybrid system composed of the PROPER System and the PNAD System. The PNAD System can extract the pairs from parenthetical-paraphrases involved in protein names, the PROPER System identified these paris, with 98.95% precision, 95.56% recall and 97.58% complete precision. AVAILABILITY: PROPER System is freely available from http://www.hgc.inc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/service/tooldoc /KeX/intro.html. The other software are also available on request. Contact the authors. CONTACT: mikio@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2004

More than words: a common neural basis for reading and naming deficits in developmental dyslexia?

Dyslexic individuals show subtle impairments in naming pictures of objects in addition to their difficulties with reading. The present study investigated whether word reading and picture naming deficits in developmental dyslexia can be reduced to a common neurological impairment. Eight dyslexic subjects, impaired on measures of reading, spelling and naming speed, were matched for age and general ability with 10 control subjects. Participants were scanned using PET during two experimental conditions: reading words and naming pictures in the form of corresponding line drawings. In addition, two high-level baseline conditions were used to control for visual and articulatory processes. Relative to the control group, the dyslexic participants showed reduced activation in a left occipitotemporal area during both word reading and picture naming. This was the case even in the context of intact behavioural performance during scanning. Abnormal activation in this region, as reported previously for reading, is therefore not specific to orthographic decoding but may reflect a more general impairment in integrating phonology and visual information. Our investigation points to a common neurological basis for deficits in word reading and picture naming in developmental dyslexia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Brain stimulation reveals critical auditory naming cortex.

One challenge in dominant temporal lobe epilepsy surgery is to remove sufficient epileptogenic tissue without compromising post-operative language functioning. Pre-resection electrical stimulation mapping enables identification of language areas that can be spared from resection, and also provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain-language relationships. Visual object naming is the gold standard for identifying 'essential' language cortex; however, sparing visual naming (VN) sites has not reliably prevented post-operative language decline. In addition to visual object naming, we included a more 'ecologically valid' auditory description naming task in our pre-resection cortical mapping protocol. Of the seven patients who had auditory naming (AN) sites removed, six declined post-operatively, whereas of the 12 patients who did not have AN sites removed, only 3 declined post-operatively (P = 0.02), suggesting an association between AN site removal and post-operative naming decline. Interestingly, although VN sites were preserved in all patients, AN site removal resulted in decline in both auditory and VN tasks. These findings not only have potentially critical clinical significance, but also argue for modality specificity, with considerable integration within the semantic system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

NLProt: extracting protein names and sequences from papers.

Automatically extracting protein names from the literature and linking these names to the associated entries in sequence databases is becoming increasingly important for annotating biological databases. NLProt is a novel system that combines dictionary- and rule-based filtering with several support vector machines (SVMs) to tag protein names in PubMed abstracts. When considering partially tagged names as errors, NLProt still reached a precision of 75% at a recall of 76%. By many criteria our system outperformed other tagging methods significantly; in particular, it proved very reliable even for novel names. Names encountered particularly frequently in Drosophila, such as white, wing and bizarre, constitute an obvious limitation of NLProt. Our method is available both as an Internet server and as a program for download (http://cubic.bioc.columbia.edu/services/NLProt/). Input can be PubMed/MEDLINE identifiers, authors, titles and journals, as well as collections of abstracts, or entire papers.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Double dissociation between picture naming and comprehension: an electrostimulation study.

We performed a cortico-subcortical language electrical mapping, using a picture naming task and a semantic test of association, during resection of a left posterior temporal glioma in an awake patient. Two discrete naming sites were identified in the posterior part of the left superior temporal gyrus, plus a third distinct site between the two previous areas, inducing specific comprehension disorders without anomia when stimulated. After resection, white matter stimulation elicited anomia without comprehension disorder. We suggest the existence of distinct naming and comprehension systems, which can explain the possibility of a double dissociation aphasic syndrome: one with normal undertanding but naming error, reflecting post-semantic problems of access to the phonological form; the other with correct naming but without normal comprehension, testifying to a direct non-semantic pathway for naming.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Mibefradil prevents L-NAME-exacerbated nephrosclerosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential renal protective effects of a novel calcium channel blocker mibefradil in chronic renal failure. METHOD: We compared the long-term effects of mibefradil with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor cilazapril on blood pressure, proteinuria, renal function and histological alterations in N-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME)-treated spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Three groups of SHR were studied for 45 days: group 1 (n = 14), treated with L-NAME only (50 mg/l in the drinking water); group 2 (n = 15) L-NAME plus co-treatment with mibefradil (30 mg/kg per day); group 3 (n = 15), L-NAME plus co-treatment with cilazapril (10 mg/kg per day). RESULTS: Both mibefradil and cilazapril attenuated the increased systolic blood pressure, and prevented the development of proteinuria and the decreased creatinine clearance (Ccr) seen at day 42 in the group treated with L-NAME alone. Notably, mibefradil had similar effects to cilazapril on proteinuria and Ccr, despite a reduced antihypertensive effect All animals receiving mibefradil co-treatment remained alive throughout the experiment, whereas the mortality rate was 43% in SHR treated with L-NAME alone. Both mibefradil and cilazapril completely prevented renal structural damage as assessed by scoring glomerular, tubulo-interstitial and vascular lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that mibefradil prevented the development of hypertension and proteinuria, renal functional impairment and nephrosclerosis, and also improved animal survival. The renal protective effects of mibefradil were at least equivalent to those of an ACE inhibitor in this animal model of chronic renal failure.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Blood pressure variability in established L-NAME hypertension in rats.

METHODS: Blood pressure variability was evaluated in conscious Wistar control rats and rats with established L-NAME hypertension (20 mg/kg per 24 h, 4 weeks). RESULTS: Final systolic arterial pressure was 185+/-5 and 132+/-4 mm Hg in the Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-treated and control rats, respectively. The standard deviation of systolic arterial pressure in the L-NAME group was 70% greater than in the control rats, indicating a significant increase in the overall variability. Arterial pressure in the L-NAME rats exhibited aperiodical, abrupt rises and falls and data was grossly non-stationary. Blood pressure variability was therefore evaluated using Poincaré plot analysis. The variance of the difference (delta) between two successive values of systolic arterial pressure, determined for time intervals of 0.2 to 5 s (0.2 s increment), was always significantly higher in the L-NAME group compared with untreated animals. The variance of delta systolic arterial pressure increased with the time interval and plateaued for time intervals of 2.4 and 1.4 s in hypertensive and normotensive rats, respectively. These differences vanished when the sudden events oberved in L-NAME rats were omitted in the construction of Poincaré plots. Acute administration of prazosin (1 mg/kg), but not losartan (10 mg/kg) markedly reduced the variance of delta systolic arterial pressure in hypertensive rats. CONCLUSIONS: Nitric oxide participates in the control of arterial pressure variability. The sympathetic nervous system seems to be a major determinant of the increased short-term variability of arterial pressure in this model.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction in the uterine vascular bed of pregnant rats chronically treated with L-NAME: role of prostanoids.

Vascular reactivity to vasoconstrictors has been observed in preeclamptic vessels. In this investigation, the possible role of endothelin-1 and endoperoxide/thromboxane receptor activation in the exaggerated response of the uterine vascular bed from rats with experimentally induced preeclampsia-like syndrome to noradrenaline was studied. The mean blood pressure in non-pregnant rats was 126.0 +/- 8.7 mm Hg (n = 5) while in pregnant rats, the mean blood pressure was 110.0 +/- 4.7 mm Hg (n = 5). Corresponding values in l-NAME-treated non-pregnant and pregnant rats were 167.5 +/- 6.9 mm Hg (n = 6) and 167.5 +/- 6.9 mm Hg (n = 6). These values were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from each other but were significantly (P < 0.05) different from corresponding values in control rats (not treated with l-NAME). Noradrenaline (10-10-10-6 mol) produced potent and reproducible vasoconstriction in isolated perfused rat uterine vascular bed from l-NAME-treated and untreated pregnant and non-pregnant rats. There was no significant difference in the potency of noradrenaline. However, there was an increase in the absolute maximum response to noradrenaline in uterine vascular bed from l-NAME-treated pregnant rats when compared with the other groups. Noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction was not significantly affected by AT1-receptor antagonist, ZD 7155 or SB 209670, a potent ETA/ETB receptor antagonist. Vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline were however significantly reduced by indomethacin and SQ 29548 in l-NAME-treated pregnant rats. These observations would suggest that in pregnant rats treated with l-NAME, cyclooxygenase products play a significant role in noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction of this preparation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

L-NAME enhances microcirculatory congestion and cardiomyocyte apoptosis during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats.

Besides necrosis, apoptosis is the other major mode of cardiomyocyte loss in ischemic cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) protects myocardial function by improving myocardial microcirculation and attenuating cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a rat model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R). The left main coronary artery of anesthetized male rats was ligated for 40 min, followed by 4 h reperfusion. Four groups of animals were studied: sham operated control + saline; sham operated control + N(W)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME); MI/R + saline; MI/R + L-NAME (10 mg/kg, iv, 10 min prior to reperfusion). Results show that MI/R caused a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), cardiac index (CI), and stroke volume index (SVI). Inhibition of NO synthesis by L-NAME attenuated plasma NO levels, but increased MABP and SVR in sham control rats and rats subjected to MI/R, and further depressed left ventricular function in rats subjected to MI/R as indicated by decreased CI and SVI. Furthermore, administration of L-NAME to rats subjected to MI/R enhanced cardiomyocyte apoptosis as indicated by a significant increase in DNA fragmentation compared to rats with MI/R alone. Histological study revealed that L-NAME caused arterial constriction and congestion of red blood cells in arteries and capillaries in the peri-ischemic areas of the hearts in rats subjected to MI/R and, interestingly, also in the sham control rats. Data suggest that the mechanism of increased reperfusion injury may be attributable to a "no-reflow" phenomenon induced by L-NAME, resulting in increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis secondary to ischemia and enhanced cytochrome-c release from mitochondria. In addition, cardiac injury may be increased due to the augmented oxygen consumption of cardiomyocytes caused by the increased SVR and afterload. These results suggest that endogenous NO may act to improve myocardial microvascular perfusion, reduce SVR, and limit cardiomyocyte apoptosis, thereby, attenuating myocardial dysfunction induced by MI/R.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Imidapril improves L-NAME-exacerbated nephrosclerosis with TGF-beta 1 inhibition in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate whether chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition prevents hypertensive glomerular injury and inhibits increases in the mRNA levels and immunohistological expression of the apoptosis inducer caspase-3, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 during prolonged nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS AND RESULTS: For 3 weeks, we studied three groups of 20-week-old male SHR: a control group, a l-NAME group, and a group treated with L-NAME and the ACE inhibitor imidapril. L-NAME rats developed severe hypertensive nephrosclerosis with significantly elevated blood pressure, markedly increased urinary protein excretion and serum creatinine levels, and more severe glomerulosclerosis and tubulo-interstitial changes. Levels of TGF-beta 1 mRNA in the renal tissue was also significantly increased in L-NAME rats compared with control SHR. Addition of imidapril significantly lowered blood pressure, inhibited nephrosclerosis and attenuated the mRNA level of TGF-beta 1 in comparison with L-NAME/SHR. Histologically, the glomerular cell apoptosis labeling index, terminal doxynucleotidil transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling of fragmented DNA (TUNEL) and active caspase-3, and TGF-beta 1 positive areas were also reduced by imidapril. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that imidapril prevents glomerular and arteriolar damages and renal functions, through inhibiting both TGF-beta 1 production and apoptosis induction.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A computational model for color naming and describing color composition of images.

The extraction of high-level color descriptors is an increasingly important problem, as these descriptions often provide links to image content. When combined with image segmentation, color naming can be used to select objects by color, describe the appearance of the image, and generate semantic annotations. This paper presents a computational model for color categorization and naming and extraction of color composition. In this paper, we start from the National Bureau of Standards' recommendation for color names, and through subjective experiments, we develop our color vocabulary and syntax. To assign a color name from the vocabulary to an arbitrary input color, we then design a perceptually based color-naming metric. The proposed algorithm follows relevant neurophysiological findings and studies on human color categorization. Finally, we extend the algorithm and develop a scheme for extracting the color composition of a complex image. According to our results, the proposed method identifies known color regions in different color spaces accurately, the color names assigned to randomly selected colors agree with human judgments, and the description of the color composition of complex scenes is consistent with human observations.

Algorithms↗