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PubMed2006

The moral judgment of juvenile delinquents: a meta-analysis.

A meta-analysis of 50 studies was conducted to investigate whether juvenile delinquents use lower levels of moral judgment than their nondelinquent age-mates and, if so, what factors may influence or moderate the developmental delay. The results show a lower stage of moral judgment for juvenile delinquents (d=.76). Effect sizes were large for comparisons involving male offenders, late adolescents, delinquents with low intelligence, and incarcerated delinquents. The largest effect sizes were found for period of incarceration and comparisons involving juvenile delinquents with psychopathic disorder. Production instead of recognition measures, dilemma-free assessment methods, and non-blind scoring procedures yielded relatively large effect sizes, whereas effect sizes were medium for comparisons involving delinquents with average intelligence, non-incarcerated delinquents, female offenders, as well as early and middle adolescents. Psychopathic disorder and institutionalization were identified as unique moderators of the link between moral judgment and juvenile delinquency. It is concluded that developmentally delayed moral judgment is strongly associated with juvenile delinquency, even after controlling for socioeconomic status, gender, age and intelligence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Engineering the just war: examination of an approach to teaching engineering ethics.

The efficiency of engineering applied to civilian projects sometimes threatens to run away with the social agenda, but in military applications, engineering often adds a devastating sleekness to the inevitable destruction of life. The relative crudeness of terrorism (e.g., 9/11) leaves a stark after-image, which belies the comparative insignificance of random (as opposed to orchestrated) belligerence. Just as engineering dwarfs the bricolage of vernacular design 'moving us past the appreciation of brush-strokes, so to speak' the scale of engineered destruction makes it difficult to focus on the charred remains of individual lives. Engineers need to guard against the inappropriate military subsumption of their effort. Fortunately, the ethics of warfare has been an ongoing topic of discussion for millennia. This paper will examine the university core class I've developed (The Moral Dimensions of Technology) to meet accreditation requirements in engineering ethics, and the discussion with engineering and non-engineering students focused by the life of electrical engineer Vannevar Bush, with selected readings in moral philosophy from the Dao de Jing, Lao Tze, Cicero, Aurelius Augustinus, Kant, Annette Baier, Peter Singer, Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, and Judith Thomson.

Engineering↗
PubMed1995

Ethical awareness among first year medical, dental and nursing students.

Ethics is increasingly being included in the training curriculum for health-care professionals. However, debate continues around the appropriate content of ethics courses for such students and the most relevant teaching approaches which will enable students to apply their ethical knowledge in clinical settings. At a time when health-care professionals are starting to collaborate more closely in multidisciplinary teams, it is appropriate to explore the ethical values held by different groups of health professionals. This study sought to ascertain the ethical views and knowledge which medical, dental and nursing students have at the commencement of their training, to establish their opinions on the most important areas of ethical debate in contemporary health care and to examine their ethical reasoning in response to a series of vignettes. Students gave detailed answers to the questionnaire and the data they provided furnishes useful material for those designing and teaching ethics courses.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Academic misconduct among nursing students: a multivariate investigation.

The purpose of the study was to determine the degree to which several independent variables correlate with perceived instance of academic misconduct among nursing students. Maslow's Need-Goal Motivation Model served as the guiding framework for the study. It was postulated that nursing students' perceptions of their peers' maturity, academic commitment, and neutralizing attitude would be correlated with perceptions of their peers' involvement in various forms of academic misconduct. Results indicated a moderately high degree of correlation exists among the variables (Function I Rc2 = 0.325; p < .001).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Ethical decision-making and the perception of the ward as a learning environment: a comparison between hospital-based and degree nursing students in Hong Kong.

It is generally assumed that the higher the level of formal education the better the nursing student's ability in ethical decision-making. This survey study aimed at examining the relationship between ethical decision-making and perception of learning climate of the student nurses from the hospital-based certificate and degree educational programmes in Hong Kong. Non-probability convenience sampling was used to obtain a total sample of 140 certificate and 81 degrees nursing students. The results indicated that the degree students scored significantly lower in the ethical decision-making than the certificate students. No significant difference was detected in the perception of learning climate between the two groups but the learning climate variable was found to correlate with ethical decision-making in degree students.

Attitude↗
PubMed1990

Evaluating the effect of a human values seminar series on ethical attitudes toward resuscitation among pediatric residents.

A human values seminar series was designed to provide training in medical ethics for residents in pediatrics. Attitudes of residents toward resuscitation of children were surveyed before and after the seminar series. Nonpediatric residents rotating through pediatrics served as control subjects. Although both groups of residents demonstrated a significant change in attitude on six scales at the end of 1 year of training, pediatricians and nonpediatricians differed from each other with respect to only one of these scales. After the seminar series, pediatric residents expressed decreased willingness to resuscitate certain critically ill infants in the emergency room, whereas nonpediatricians expressed more willingness (P less than 0.009). Attitude change in decision making among pediatricians was significantly correlated with the consideration given to societal needs, sanctity of life, and anticipated poor morbidity (P less than 0.05). Among nonpediatricians, attitude change was significantly correlated with poor prognosis for survival (P less than 0.05), morbidity (P less than 0.05), or anticipated poor intellectual outcome (P less than 0.01). Attitude differences between the two groups of residents were unrelated to differences in preexisting attitudes or demographic factors. These findings show that attitudes about ethical decisions are influenced by both "maturation," or progression through a training program, and formal instruction. The finding that clinical attitudes change rapidly as residents progress through training confirms our previous findings and suggests that residency training programs should provide support and formal instruction in ethics during this time of change. The small change caused by this current method of instruction indicates that preliminary studies are needed to delineate the goals and the structure of future ethics courses.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Too many choices? Hospital and community staff reflect on the future of prenatal screening.

Promoting informed choice is commonly recognised as the chief purpose and benefit of prenatal screening, its very presence being viewed as a key way in which the process can be distanced from eugenics. As the number of conditions and features which can potentially be screened for rises, dilemmas about how to achieve informed choice can only increase. Seventy hospital and community staff working in or attached to two English hospitals were interviewed individually on topics which included their views on genetic developments and moral beliefs and values, and how these affected their daily work. The majority then took part in small discussion groups led by an ethicist. The research identified a paradox. On the one hand, participants recognised the centrality of informed choice to prenatal screening, although they had many doubts about whether it could be achieved. On the other hand, most saw the expansion of screening, which might further compromise informed choice, as an inevitable and inexorable process over which they had little, if any, control. This was despite the fact that many of them decided, managed or implemented prenatal screening policies within their hospitals. The paper explores the factors which staff themselves identified as responsible for this perceived inevitable expansion. It then discusses more generally how the expansion of medical technologies can appear as inexorable to those involved. Finally, the paper calls for more inclusive, integrated and collaborative debate and research around the whole area of prenatal screening. This is to ensure that as far as possible, the wider consequences and implications of any proposed expansion to prenatal screening-both the promises and the potential side-effects-are debated ahead of their implementation, and also to help ensure that public policy represents and serves contemporary society.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

When religion may be an ethical issue.

Though Americans are a religious people, there are times when religion or religious views may confound the ethical process. This article claims that religious values may be expressed as either principles or narratives, then seeks to establish a case for dealing with religious claims as "principled narratives." Methods of evaluation are explored and then seven guidelines are offered for dealing with religion in ethics consultations.

Ethics Consultation↗
PubMed2001

Ethics counselors as a new priesthood.

The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the thesis that ethics counselors constitute a new priesthood in the pejorative sense of this term. In defense of the thesis, an account is given of the diverse variety of fundamental ideas about ethics or morality. The underlying argument is simply that there is such a diversity of opinion about so many fundamental issues that most ethical appraisals, especially in committees, are probably very shallow and barely warranted. Following this negative work, an attempt is made to try to find some positive benefits from the work of ethics counselors. Some potential benefits are identified, but there is a need for empirical research in order to construct a more persuasive case for such work. In the penultimate section of the paper I addressed some of my own second thoughts about the discussion and some provocative suggestions that friends gave me about earlier drafts.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between pharmacists' tenure in community setting and moral reasoning.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between pharmacists' tenure in the community setting and their moral reasoning abilities. DESIGN: Systematic random sample design. SETTING: A large southeastern city in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: 450 independent and chain community pharmacists identified from the state board of pharmacy list of licensed community pharmacists. INTERVENTIONS: A mailed questionnaire that included a well-known moral reasoning instrument and collected demographic information. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Moral Reasoning abilities and tenure of community pharmacists. RESULTS: As a group, community pharmacists with greater years of tenure in community practice scored significantly lower on moral reasoning than those pharmacists with fewer years of tenure (p=0.016). CONCLUSION: Four plausible explanations for the results are given including: a) a selection of lower ethical reasoners and/or an exodus of higher ethical reasoners from the community setting; b) a retrogression in the moral reasoning skills as community pharmacists obtain tenure in this setting; c) differences between the low and high moral reasoning groups may be due to a cohort effect; and d) the obtained practitioner sample may not have been representative of the population of community pharmacists.

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMed2003

Supervision practices in allied mental health: relationships of supervision characteristics to perceived impact and job satisfaction.

This study examined whether supervision characteristics impacted on mental health practice and morale, and developed a new Supervision Attitude Scale (SAS). Telephone surveys were conducted with a representative sample of 272 staff from public mental health services across Queensland. Although supervision was widely received and positively rated, it had low average intensity, and assessment and training of skills was rarely incorporated. Perceived impact on practice was associated with acquisition of skills and positive attitudes to supervisors, but extent of supervision was related to impact only if it was from within the profession. Intention to resign was unrelated to extent of supervision, but was associated with positive attitudes to supervisors, accessibility, high impact, and empathy or praise in supervision sessions. The SAS had high internal consistency, and its intercorrelations were consistent with it being a measure of relationship positivity. The study supported the role of supervision in retention and in improving practice. It also highlighted supervision characteristics that might be targeted in training, and provided preliminary data on a new measure.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Community violence and sociomoral development: an African American cultural perspective.

This review considers the impact of exposure to community violence on sociomoral development within the African American community. Common sequelae of covictimization, as well as cultural experiences of the African American community, frame a discussion of the implications of covictimization for the development of moral reasoning. Recommendations for future research and intervention are provided.

Black or African American↗